Abstract: A grill of bread maker and a multifunctional bread maker are provided. The bread maker includes a casing, an oven, a door or a cover for closing the oven, a bread bucket and more than one set of support device for toasting food. The bread bucket is loaded in the cavity of the oven when it is necessary to use the bread bucket to make bread; the support device for toasting food is loaded in the cavity of the oven when it is necessary to use the support device for toasting food to toast food. The support device for toasting food includes a grill and toasting pans (8). The grill includes a longitudinal supporting frame (11, 21, 31), one or more supporting-holding frames (15, 25, 35) for supporting the toasting pans (8) and supporting underframes. The longitudinal supporting frame (11, 21, 31) is in the middle, and the supporting-holding frame (15, 25, 35) is on both sides of the longitudinal supporting frame (11, 21, 31).

Abstract: Within a housing, a rotating shaft extends horizontally, and curved unbinding rods are secured to the rotating shaft at diagonally opposed positions to extend in radial directions. Within the housing, an inner wall surface is arranged along a circular arc whose center is aligned with an axis of the rotating shaft and whose diameter is slightly larger than a diameter of a circle drawn by rotating tips of the unbinding rods. A portion of the inner wall surface is formed as an unbinding surface having a circular arc cross sectional shape facing the unbinding rods with a small clearance. A mass of noodles for one meal charged into the housing from the inlet is sent in the counter-clockwise direction by the unbinding rods rotated at a high speed and is hit by the unbinding rods repeatedly to perform an effective unbinding function.

Abstract: A system for protecting tubes in a heat recovery system is provided. Such tubes are often protected by shielding that is attached thereto the tubes by a plurality of band clamps. Each band clamp is associated with a guard that protects the same from the hot gases traveling through the field of tubes. In addition, an automated tool is provided for tensioning the bands about the shields. The automated tool allows the band clamps to be properly interconnected to the shields in a preferred manner.

Abstract: An assembly (10) for forming an object from a workpiece (40) by hot isostatic pressing, the assembly comprising: a flexible membrane (20) adapted to at least partially form an enclosure around the workpiece; and a former (30) for placement adjacent to the workpiece, the former being configured to form a surface (42) of the object. A method of forming an object from a workpiece (40) by hot isostatic pressing, the method comprising: placing the workpiece adjacent to a former (30) adapted to form a surface (42) of the object; and enclosing the workpiece in an enclosure at least partially formed by a flexible membrane (20).

Abstract: An auger compactor bin system that reduces the amount of trash and waste that escapes through the auger hole formed on the bin. The system includes a bin with an auger hole formed on one end in which an auger nozzle is inserted. Mounted over the auger hole is a sealing disk assembly that includes a coaxially aligned ring spacer, an inner mounting ring affixed to the end of the bin, a flat circular elastic disk with an inner bore or circular valve, an outer ring and a plurality of threaded connectors. During operation, the auger nozzle is axially aligned over the bin's auger hole and inner hole or circular valve formed on the elastic disk. When the bin is then forced over the auger nozzle, the elastic disk bends inward and stretches to create a tight seal around the nozzle. When the bin is full, the bin is then moved so that the nozzle is pulled through the disk and the disk rebounds to its original flat configuration and keeps waste and trash from escaping.

Abstract: A trash compaction container and system is disclosed. The trash container includes a compaction system that manually reduces the volume of trash disposed within the trash container.

Abstract: The present invention provides a hologram forming apparatus, including: an embossed hologram sheet; a roller which forms a nip portion between the embossed hologram sheet and the roller, wherein a recording medium bearing a toner image is conveyed to the nip portion so that the toner image is brought into contact with the embossed hologram sheet, and the recording medium and the embossed hologram sheet are heated while being nipped and conveyed in the nip portion; a cooling portion for cooling the recording medium that has passed through the nip portion and is in a contact state with the embossed hologram sheet; and a separating portion for separating the recording medium from the embossed hologram sheet, the recording medium having passed through the cooling portion and bearing the toner image on which an embossed shape of the embossed hologram sheet is transferred.

Abstract: The invention discloses a metal pattern formation system produced in the following steps: an organic liquid is first printed on a substrate to form a base pattern. A metal is then evaporated to generate several metal particles for covering the printed substrate. At last, the substrate is heated to vaporize the base pattern, and the metal particles adhered to the substrate forms a metal pattern complementary to the base pattern.

Abstract: In an apparatus for imprinting a material web including a transport arrangement for moving the material web through the apparatus along stations for applying coloring agents to the material web and fixing the coloring agent applied to the web, and a web buffer arranged in the web transport direction of the material web ahead of the first imprinting station for accommodating a section of the material web moved back out of the station area upon shutdown of the apparatus, at least one clamping structure (11a, 11b) is provided for fixing the material web (3) during the movement of the material web back out of the station area.

Abstract: Lithographic printing plates are imaged using an inkjet printer to imagewise apply a chemical or masking agent onto the plate surface. In some embodiments, the chemical causes an affinity change, thereby facilitating lithographic printing.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for printing a material onto a substrate with a relief printing form made from a photosensitive element. The method includes forming an in-situ mask having a line screen resolution equal to or greater than 250 lines per inch on the photosensitive element, exposing the element to actinic radiation through the in-situ mask in an environment having an inert gas and a concentration of oxygen between 190,000 and 100 ppm, and treating the exposed element to form a relief structure having a plurality of raised surfaces with a line screen resolution equal to or greater than 250 lines per inch. Printing is accomplished by applying an imaging material to the plurality of raised surfaces and contacting to transfer the imaging material to the substrate. The method is suitable for printing high resolution graphic images, as well as for forming a uniform layer of imaging material on the substrate.

Abstract: A method for controlling the inking in printing presses having at least one control computer and at least one printing unit with an inking unit and a dampening unit, includes carrying out settings for controlling the inking in the inking unit and/or dampening unit of the printing press through the use of the control computer. The settings are displayed on a display device and the settings that are carried out are recorded and stored periodically by the control computer.

Abstract: A decorative, wood fire-rated door with a graphic or image imprinted or applied to a front or rear face on a pre-assembled door that does not change or impact the door's overall fire-rating. With the use of a flatbed or large format UV inkjet printing machine, a fine art quality image that utilizes ultraviolet inks can be produced directly onto the planar surface of a pre-assembled fire-rated door. Alternatively, the photographic files can also be produced onto an adhesive backed graphic panel with a protective laminated layer that can be applied directly onto the door surface.

Abstract: A propellant charge body for insertion into a propellant charge chamber in a firearm for firing caseless ammunition has a base body which contains a propellant charge. The diameter of the base body is less than the internal diameter of the propellant charge chamber. Radial projections are formed in one or more subareas on the circumference of the base body and match the radius of the base body in these subareas to the internal radius of the propellant charge chamber.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a less lethal munition including a ring airfoil projectile. The flight trajectory of the projectile has increased accuracy resulting from the aerodynamic stabilization of the projectile. In some embodiments, the projectile is both aerodynamically stabilized and spin stabilized.

Abstract: A base insert for a cartridge case comprises a base end having a lip and a groove proximate the lip and having a primer pocket defined in the base end and an insert end having a base wall and a cylindrical wall extending there from, the base wall and cylindrical wall defining a powder fill pocket. The base wall has a flash hole disposed therein and an inner surface facing the powder fill pocket. The cylindrical wall has an inner surface intersecting with the inner surface of the base wall and an outer surface defining the outer circumference of the base insert. The intersection of the inner surface of the base wall and the inner surface of the cylindrical wall is curved or forms an oblique angle, while the outer surface of the insert end is not curved and does not form an oblique angle.

Abstract: A method of forming an inner can of a gas cartridge including securing inner can material and pre-stressing the material such that flexion thereof during gas cartridge use is distributed.

Abstract: A sensor head-transporting roller carriage has four pairs of wheels acting around pivot points at the four corners of the carriage, which is advanced along tracks that are supported by vertical structures. The lateral wheel spacing is chosen in correlation with the track support interval distances such that the vertical travel of all the wheels together is averaged, to be zero. As a result, variations in displacement alignment of the sensor are minimized. In addition, the pivot mechanism results in a fifty percent reduction in the effect of random vertical deflections caused by track debris or wheel concentricity etc. versus standard non-pivoting wheel sets. The roller carriage moves the sensor head along the cross direction to monitoring physical characteristics of a web of material that is moving in the machine direction.

Abstract: A low-floor railcar bogie of the present invention includes: a bogie frame including a pair of left and right side beams and a cross beam, each of the left and right side beams including a front portion, an intermediate portion, and a rear portion in a vehicle longitudinal direction, the intermediate portion being located at a position lower than the front portion and the rear portion, the cross beam connecting the intermediate portions of the pair of side beams each other; a pair of front and rear axle beams formed separately from the bogie frame, respectively located on a front side and rear side of the cross beam, and each extending in a vehicle width direction; independent wheels rotatably supported by left and right side portions of the axle beams, respectively; primary suspensions configured to elastically couple the front and rear portions of the side beams and the left and right side portions of the axle beams; and secondary suspensions provided on upper surfaces of the front and rear portions of the

Abstract: A rail vehicle with a contactlessly operating trapping protection apparatus in a door area is provided. The trapping protection apparatus has an inner and an outer contactless sensor, each sensor detecting obstructions in the door area. Further, a control device for controlling a door movement of a door of the rail vehicle is provided. The control device is configured such that, when only the inner sensor is interrupted, the door is moved further in the closing direction while, when the outer sensor is interrupted, a closing movement of the door is stopped.

Abstract: Slurry coating composition for selectively enriching surface regions of a metal-based substrate, for example, the under-platform regions of a turbine blade, with chromium. The slurry coating composition contains metallic chromium, optionally metallic aluminum in a lesser amount by weight than chromium, and optionally other constituents. The composition further includes colloidal silica, and may also include one or more additional constituents, though in any event the composition is substantially free of hexavalent chromium and sources thereof. The coating composition can be used in a process that entails applying the coating composition to a surface region to form a slurry coating, and then heating the coating to remove any volatile components of the coating composition and thereafter cause diffusion of chromium from the coating into the surface region to form a chromium-rich diffusion coating.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a bituminous binder including bitumen and at least two additives making it possible to reduce the manufacturing, processing and compacting temperatures of mixes and asphalts, the first additive being a Tall Oil derivative, alone or in a mixture, and the second additive being a monoester of a mixture of fatty acids. The disclosure also relates to low-temperature methods for the preparation of the mixes and asphalts obtained from the binder containing additives. The disclosure finally relates to the use of the binder containing additives in order to produce mixes and asphalts at lower temperatures, and the use of these mixes or asphalts, in particular in road applications, for sub-base courses, base courses, foundation courses, surface courses such as binder courses and/or wearing courses.

Abstract: In a process for the continuous conditioning of gypsum plaster, the gypsum plaster is passed from a calcination facility connected upstream to a gypsum plaster cooler in the form of particles. In the gypsum plaster cooler, soluble calcium sulphate anhydrite is initially converted to calcium sulphate hemi-hydrate and calcium sulphate dihydrate to calcium sulphate hemi-hydrate, and crystal defects are eliminated. Subsequently, the gypsum plaster is brought into contact with ambient air and dehumidified by the latter and thereby simultaneously cooled indirectly.

Abstract: A mobile computer lapdesk is provided, which includes a desk portion and soft-goods member coupled to a bottom side of the desk portion. The desk portion includes a desk surface and an adjustable member operatively coupled to the desk surface, wherein a mobile computer is coupled to the adjustable member in one of a portrait or a landscape orientation. The adjustable member may also include audio recesses, wherein the audio recesses provide passive sound amplification in response to coupling a mobile computer to the rotatable member with the audio recesses adjacent speakers of the mobile computer.

Abstract: A load equalizing pallet apparatus for transporting a concentrated load and for use with load binders is disclosed and comprises a load equalizing base and a plurality of shoes. The base is constructed substantially out of wood, has a periphery and, in use, receives said load. The shoes are metal and, in use, are arranged about the periphery of the base and rigidly engaged thereto. Each shoe has a plurality of lugs, the lugs, in use, being engaged by said load binders to couple said load to said pallet.

Abstract: An emergently openable safe door having a mechanic lock and an electronic lock. The mechanic lock has a shell and a cylindrical plug in the shell. The plug has a primary keyway for a primary key and an emergent keyway for an emergent key. The mechanic lock and an electric lock are able to respectively be opened with a primary key and enter cod normally and be opened with the primary key and a emergent key emergently when the electronic lock thereof malfunctions or an enter code thereof is forgotten.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for quenching the effluent gas of a furnace comprising: a) providing a furnace comprising a radiant zone enclosure means having a plurality of tubes disposed therein, an inlet means for introducing the process fluid into the tubes, means for exposing the external surface of the tubes to radiant heat for heating said process fluid and thereby produce an effluent gas, b) providing a quench zone having a plurality of quench tubes in which the effluent gas is passed and such as the inlet of one quench tube is connected to the outlet of one or more tubes of the radiant zone, c) recovering the effluent gas after it has been cooled in the quench tubes, wherein, at least a part of the quench tubes and advantageously all the quench tubes are tubes having means inside of it, on all the length or a part of the length, to promote turbulent flow by breaking the boundary film on the internal surface of the tube.

Abstract: A combustion system comprising a burner and a combustion chamber, is connected by way of a line to a membrane unit having a high-temperature membrane for extracting the combustion oxygen from the air, the membrane unit having a feed line for a flushing gas on the permeate side. The combustion system further comprises a circulation element for recirculated flue gas, a heat exchanger being disposed upstream of the membrane unit inside the flue gas line. Disclosed is a method for operating this combustion system, in which carbon-containing fuel is burned in an oxygen-flue gas atmosphere, and in which the oxygen for combustion is produced from air by means of a membrane unit comprising a high-temperature membrane, and in which the flue gas is in part recirculated.

Abstract: A slurry distributor comprises a slurry delivery pipe (B) to which, in use, the slurry is supplied, the slurry delivery pipe having a longitudinally extending slot (E). There is an injector rotor (A) within which the slurry delivery pipe (B) is disposed, a plurality of tines (C) and a plurality of outlet ports (D) on the injector rotor (A). The tines (C) are adapted for cutting into the soil upon movement of the injector rotor (A) over the soil surface and the arrangement is such that, as the outlet ports (D) of the injector rotor (A) pass the slot (E) during rotation of the injector rotor (A) relative to the slurry delivery pipe (B), the slurry will pass through the slot (E) into the outlet ports (D).

Abstract: An agricultural row unit for use with a towing frame hitched to a tractor includes an attachment frame adapted to be rigidly connected to the towing frame, a linkage pivotably coupled to the attachment frame, and a row unit frame having a leading end pivotably coupled to the linkage to permit vertical pivoting movement of the row unit frame relative to the attachment frame. A hydraulic cylinder coupled to the attachment frame and the linkage, for urging the row unit frame downwardly toward the soil, includes a movable ram extending into the cylinder, and a hydraulic-fluid cavity within the cylinder for receiving pressurized hydraulic fluid for advancing the ram in a direction that pivots the linkage and the row unit frame downwardly toward the soil.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an agricultural row unit for use with a towing frame hitched to a tractor includes an attachment frame adapted to be rigidly connected to the towing frame. A support member is pivotably coupled to the attachment frame to permit vertical pivoting movement of the support member relative to the attachment frame, and at least one furrow-closing device is mounted on the support member. A hydraulic cylinder is coupled to the support member for urging the row unit frame downwardly toward the soil. The hydraulic cylinder includes a movable ram extending into the cylinder, and a hydraulic-fluid cavity within the cylinder for receiving pressurized hydraulic fluid for urging the ram in a first direction that pivots the support member in a first vertical direction. An accumulator has a fluid chamber containing a pressurized gas for urging the ram in a second direction that pivots the support member in a second vertical direction.

Abstract: A embroidery clamp for thick fabric includes a movable clamping window support that is pivotally connected to a frame and extends around a pivotal axis. An actuating system applies a force to the end of the clamping window support and rotates the support around to pivotal axis to move clamping windows together. The clamping window supports have resilient properties and are configured for flexure.

Abstract: A sewing machine operating device includes a base, a connecting mechanism which electrically connects the sewing machine operating device to a sewing machine body, a plurality of operating members which is mounted on the base and operated by a user with his/her foot, a signal output unit which generates an operation signal and delivers the operation signal via the connecting mechanism to the sewing machine body, the operation signal being according to operation of each operating member, and a position adjusting mechanism which changes a position of at least one of the operating members mounted on the base.

Abstract: A sewing machine operating device includes a connection unit which is connectable to a sewing machine body, an output unit which generates and delivers an operation signal according to an action of user's foot, a placement pedestal on which user's foot is placed, a support unit which supports the placement pedestal so that the placement pedestal is movable in any direction, and a detection unit which detects that the placement pedestal or user's foot occupies any one of different predetermined positions when the user has moved the placement pedestal with user's foot being placed on the placement pedestal.

Abstract: A feed mechanism that advances fabric comprises at least one dog that mechanically advances the fabric toward a sewing head and at least one actuator that is coupled to and actuates the at least one dog in a servo controlled motion so that the sewing head sews the fabric at a desirable position.

Abstract: The invention relates to an aerodynamic wind propulsion device, particularly for watercrafts, comprising an aerodynamic wing being connected to a steering unit located below the aerodynamic wing via a plurality of tractive lines, a tractive cable, a first end of the tractive cable being connected to the steering unit and a second end of the tractive cable being connected to a base platform, the aerodynamic wing having an aerodynamic profile which generates an uplift force in the direction of the tractive cable when the airflow direction is about perpendicular to the tractive cable. According to the invention, an aerodynamic wing is provided being coupled to a steering unit located close below the wing via a plurality of tractive lines of different elasticity.

Abstract: This embodiment relates generally to the deployable assembly (30) for a suspended device (38), that may lead to the stabilization of a watercraft (32), such as kayaks and canoes, which allows an operator (134) to stand or move in the watercraft (32) without it rocking or rolling over. The deployable assembly with an example pontoon (112) connected to a folding and rotate-able arm (80) that enable pivotal and rotate-able movement of each pontoon between storage (128) and deployed positions. A locking housing (102) secures the pontoon (112) from substantial movement when at or in between operating and storable positions (128). The deployable assembly (30) is mounted to a watercraft (32) which allows for extending a stabilizing pontoon individually on each side of the watercraft from a rest position (128) to an operative position, by solo means.

Abstract: A wireless water ski handle system used with a personal water ski towing watercraft that includes a handle component that selectively attaches to a standard water ski handle and contains a manual control module and a wireless transmitter. The control module includes directional control buttons, power ON and OFF buttons, and power Up and Down buttons. Located in the watercraft is a wireless receiver that communicates with the transmitter. Coupled to the receiver is a self-correcting propulsion and steering system that senses undesirable changes to the watercraft's motion caused by the water-skier when pulled by the watercraft. When a difference is detected, a command module located in the watercraft automatically controls the watercraft's propulsion and steering systems so the watercraft follows the desired path and velocity. The system also includes an auto-back tracking feature that automatically reduces power to the last known marked geographic point the skier was upright.

Abstract: An approaching and retaining device, in particular for a boat door, includes a fixed assembly adapted to be associated with a frame and a mobile assembly adapted to be associated with a wing. The fixed assembly includes a nib which can slide freely in a first through hole of the mobile assembly; structure for automatically operating an actuator connected to the nib in a manner to determine an approaching movement of the wing towards the frame and a compression force against an elastic element positioned between the frame and the wing. The mobile assembly includes an external element rigidly secured to the wing; an internal strike adapted to be inserted into a second through hole of the main body, the internal strike including a transversal hole adapted to house the nib; and a threaded pin which allows the internal strike to move relative to the external element.

Abstract: A boat mooring line dispenser comprises a reel onto which a mooring line or a respective mooring line (if there is more than one reel) can be wound. The reel has resilient biasing means urging it to rotate in a direction such as to wind in the line. A unidirectional clutch mechanism acts, when engaged, in opposition to the resilient biasing means so that the line can be drawn out and will remain in its extended condition. The unidirectional clutch can be released selectively to cause the line to be withdrawn automatically by winding it onto the reel by the resilient biasing means. A cleat, or jamming cleats secure the line when extended so that the moored vessel is held securely. A damper or brake prevents rewinding of the line at excessive speed.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a module for producing electric power for a main ship, capable of supplying the power required to propel the main ship, the module being produced in the form of a secondary ship separate from the main ship and including a power plant, the secondary ship being provided with an electrical connector for establishing an electrical connection between the power plant and the main ship and a lock for interlocking with the main ship in order to secure the former from moving from the main ship, the electrical connector being suitable for supplying electric power to the propulsion motor of the main ship.

Abstract: An onboard lift leg construction for a pontoon boat has a plurality of movable support legs including rear telescoping tube support legs that are fixed to a frame of a pontoon boat. The telescoping tube support legs each include an outer tube fixed to the frame, and an inner tube slidably mounted within the outer tube. A linear hydraulic actuator is secured to a head member that is supported on the outer tube. The actuator has an extendable and retractable rod that is attached or secured to the lower end of the inner tube such that when the actuator is extended, the inner tube is also extended to effectively lift the pontoon boat to which the outer tube is attached. The forward portions of the pontoon boat frame can be provided with pivoting lift legs for lifting the pontoon boat.

Abstract: The modular floating bar with optional canopy mounts is a floatation device with optional canopy mounts therefor. The device includes a plurality of modular segments that can be assembled and arranged in a various patterns to create a floating structure that is usable in pools, lakes and ponds or in any water that is relatively calm and devoid of strong current pulls. The modular segments are provided with a hinge and pin arrangement that permits easy assembly. The segments incorporate structure for retaining cups and beverage coolers therein. Support structure is also provided for mounting a canopy on the assembled segments.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a security barrier for preventing trespass onto a water vessel. The security barrier includes one or more modular frame members, a strand of razor wire attached to the frame member and a suspension fastener for removably suspending the security barrier from a mounting surface of a water vessel.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring stem nut wear in a valve having a threaded valve stem that is positioned to engage the threads of a stem nut. In a preferred embodiment, a tool is mounted on the stem nut, wherein the tool rotates when the stem nut rotates. The tool indicates a measurement of stem nut rotation. An indicator indicates stem movement. The stem nut is rotated and the amount of percent wear is observed. Rotation continues until the stem begins to move. The tool provides a reading when the stem begins to move that indicates an amount of stem nut wear.

Abstract: A device, which is attachable to a bicycle, extends out laterally from the bicycle in a direction toward or into a lane of traffic. The device may be approximately three feet in length and cylindrical in shape. The device serves as a reminder of the leeway that must be given between a bicycle and a passing car, and deters drivers of passing automobiles from encroaching within three feet of the bicycle to which the device is attached. The device is constructed of a flexible polymer material, preferably polyethylene foam. The flexible construction allows the device to flex upon impact by a passing vehicle, thereby preventing substantial effect upon the trajectory of the bicycle and preventing damage to the vehicle. The device can be designed in two parts which can separate in the unlikely event that the end becomes attached to a passing vehicle.

Abstract: A display system is disclosed. The display system includes a display for presenting a visual output to a user, a piezoelectric element overlaying the display, and a rotor disposed adjacent the piezoelectric element and in mechanical communication therewith, wherein a selective energizing of the piezoelectric element causes a rotational movement of the rotor.

Abstract: A Czochralski (“CZ”) single-crystal growth process system continuously grows crystal boules in a chamber furnace during a single thermal cycle. Finished boules are transferred from the furnace chamber, without need to cool the furnace, to an adjoining cooling chamber for controlled cooling. Controlled cooling is preferably accomplished by transporting boules along a path having an incrementally decreasing temperature. In order to maximize crystal boule yield in a single furnace thermal cycle, the crucible assembly may be recharged with crystal growth aggregate and/or slag may be discharged during the crystal boule growth process without opening the furnace.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus (1) for manufacturing a silicon carbide single crystal, which comprises: a crucible main body (11) that is opened at the top and holds a sublimation material (50) in the bottom portion (11a); a cover member (12) which covers the upper opening (11b) of the crucible main body (11); and a cylindrical guide member (70) which is provided in the crucible main body (11) for guiding the growth of the silicon carbide single crystal when the silicon carbide single crystal is grown from a seed crystal (60). The guide member (70) is separably configured of a first divided body and a second divided body.

Abstract: An oxide semiconductor film with excellent crystallinity is formed. At the time when an oxide semiconductor film is formed, as a substrate is heated to a temperature of higher than or equal to a first temperature and lower than a second temperature, a part of the substrate having a typical length of 1 nm to 1 ?m is heated to a temperature higher than or equal to the second temperature. Here, the first temperature means a temperature at which crystallization occurs with some stimulation, and the second temperature means a temperature at which crystallization occurs spontaneously without any stimulation. Further, the typical length is defined as the square root of a value obtained in such a manner that the area of the part is divided by the circular constant.