Abstract: A battery pack comprising: a secondary battery including a safety valve; a gas absorption portion including a gas absorbent represented by zeolite and a container hermetically enclosing the gas absorbent; and a case housing the secondary battery and the gas absorption portion. The safety valve is configured to discharge a gas produced in the secondary battery at the time of abnormality. The container includes a principal surface facing the safety valve, for example, and when the gas is discharged, the container is unsealed by rupturing of at least the principal surface of the container by an effect of heat or pressure of the gas.

Abstract: A module case 23 is provided with a first outlet opening 35 and a first inlet opening 37 formed in side surfaces of the module case 23 opposite to each other. A plurality of battery modules 21 are arranged in a direction to which the first outlet opening 35 is open. The first outlet opening 35 of one of the battery modules 21 is connected to the first inlet opening 37 of an adjacent battery module 21 through a connecting member 57.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a cooling member mounted between battery cells to remove heat generated from the battery cells during charge and discharge of the battery cells, wherein the cooling member includes a plate-shaped cooling fin configured to have a structure in which two battery cell contact portions disposed in tight contact with outer sides of the battery cells in a state in which the cooling fin is disposed between the respective battery cells are continuously formed in a horizontal direction (a lateral direction) and a coolant conduit configured to have a hollow structure in which a coolant flows, the coolant conduit thermally contacting the cooling fin, the coolant conduit being located at the outside of an electrode assembly receiving part of each of the battery cells when the cooling fin is disposed between the battery cells.

Abstract: A current collector with improved flexibility and electrical conductivity includes at least one flexible leg coupled to a central portion of the current collector. The flexible leg extends substantially orthogonally to the central portion when a force is applied to the central portion. Specifically, the at least one flexible leg extends at least 16 percent of the outer width when a 1000 Newton loading is applied between the central portion and the outer portion.

Abstract: A battery terminal unit with a current sensor includes a bus bar for a battery terminal and a receiving portion. The bus bar includes an attachment part attached to a battery post, an extension part extended from the attachment part, and a connection part which continues to the extension part and is configured to connect a wire harness. The receiving portion receives a board on which a magnetic detection element is mounted so that the board is opposed to a surface of the extension part. The attachment part, the extension part and the connection part are integrally formed. The connection part continues to the extension part through an extending portion bent from the extension part so as to be positioned laterally to the extension part.

Abstract: A rechargeable battery includes a plurality of electrode assemblies including positive and negative electrodes separated by a separator and a pair of electrode tabs protruding to both sides. A case receives the plurality of electrode assemblies. First and second current collecting plates cover openings formed on both sides of the case. First and second insulation plates are respectively disposed between the plurality of electrode assemblies and the first and second current collecting plates. The pair of electrode tabs at one side of the electrode assemblies pass through a first through hole formed in the first insulation plate and the pair of electrode tables at the other side of the electrode assemblies pass through a second through hole formed in the second insulation plate.

Abstract: A kit is provided that provides for remotely locating a smoke detector battery from a surface mounted smoke detector of the type that comprises an internal two wire battery connector. The kit comprises a first connector arranged to mate with the internal two-wire battery connector. The kit also includes a length of surface mountable tape wire comprising at least two, flat, thin, flexible, elongate conductors carried by an insulating tape. One surface of the tape carries an adhesive layer or material bonded to the insulating tape. The tape wire is mountable to a flat surface or to adjacent flat surfaces such that said flat electrical conductors are mountable onto an interior wall surface, said wall surface being one of the same wall surface upon which said smoke detector is surface mounted or a wall surface adjacent to the surface upon which said smoke detector is surface mounted. A second connector is configured to connect the first pair of electrical wire conductors to the two elongate conductors.

Abstract: A battery module is disclosed for a high voltage battery pack The battery module is configured so that a plurality of holder plates and a plurality of battery cells are stacked in a vertical direction, thus preventing a defective product from being produced due to incorrect assembly, and a required number of battery cells is stacked to be modularized, thus being advantageous in terms of a package and improving the cooling performance of the battery cells.

Abstract: A battery module includes a plurality of battery cells, and at least one barrier adjoining at least one of the battery cells. The barrier includes a plurality of linear members extending in a crosswise direction across the barrier, and a set of the linear members defining a sloping open area in the form of a passage that widens toward one lateral edge of the barrier.

Abstract: A stacked secondary cell suppresses heat contraction of the opening of a sack-shaped separator even in a high-temperature environment and prevents the occurrence of short circuits between the stacked electrodes. In the disclosed stacked secondary cell, positive electrodes (13) and negative electrodes each having a lead-out terminal (2) are alternately stacked with interposed separators (15). Of positive electrodes (13) and negative electrodes, at least electrodes of one polarity are each housed in sack-shaped separator sacks (15) each formed by two sheet-shaped separators that are bonded together with an opening (3) in one portion. Further, the lead-out terminal (2) of the electrode (13) that is housed in the separator sack (15) protrudes through the opening (3) to the exterior of the separator sack (15), and the outer periphery of the opening (3) is covered by an electric insulating layer (8).

Abstract: The present invention relates to electrochemical cells comprising (A) at least one cathode comprising at least one lithium ion-containing transition metal compound, (B) at least one anode, (C) at least one layer comprising (a) at least one lithium- and oxygen-containing, electrochemically active transition metal compound, and (b) optionally at least one binder, and (D) at least one electrically nonconductive, porous and ion-pervious layer positioned between cathode (A) and layer (C), and at least one electrically nonconductive, porous and ion-pervious layer positioned between anode (B) and layer (C). The present invention further relates to the use of inventive electrochemical cells, to the production thereof, and to a specific separator for the separation of a cathode and an anode in an electrochemical cell.

Abstract: The invention relates to a biaxially oriented single- or multilayer porous foil, the porosity of which is generated by transformation of ss-crystalline polypropylene during orientation of the foil. The Gurley value of the foil is <250 s. The invention also relates to a process for producing the foil by using a low transverse stretching velocity for the transverse orientation process.

Abstract: A separator for a rechargeable lithium battery include a substrate including a plurality of first pores and a porous layer on the substrate, the porous layer including a plurality of second pores, the second pores having a larger average size than the first pores. A rechargeable lithium battery may include the separator.

Abstract: Disclosed is a cathode active material for secondary batteries, comprising at least one compound selected from the following Formula 1: xLi2MO3*yLiM?O2*zLi3PO4 (1) wherein M is at least one element selected from 1 period or 2 period metals having an oxidation number of +4; M? is at least one element selected from 1 period or 2 period metals having a mean oxidation number of +3; and 0.1?x?0.9, 0.1?y?0.9, 0<z?0.2 and x+y+z=1.

Abstract: A nonaqueous electrolyte battery includes a negative electrode including a current collector and a negative electrode active material having a Li ion insertion potential not lower than 0.4V (vs. Li/Li+). The negative electrode has a porous structure. A pore diameter distribution of the negative electrode as determined by a mercury porosimetry, which includes a first peak having a mode diameter of 0.01 to 0.2 ?m, and a second peak having a mode diameter of 0.003 to 0.02 ?m. A volume of pores having a diameter of 0.01 to 0.2 ?m as determined by the mercury porosimetry is 0.05 to 0.5 mL per gram of the negative electrode excluding the weight of the current collector. A volume of pores having a diameter of 0.003 to 0.02 ?m as determined by the mercury porosimetry is 0.0001 to 0.02 mL per gram of the negative electrode excluding the weight of the current collector.

Abstract: Rechargeable lithium battery cell having a housing, a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an electrolyte containing a conductive salt, wherein the electrolyte comprises SO2 and the positive electrode contains an active material in the composition LixM?yM?z(XO4)aFb, wherein M? is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of the elements Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn, M? is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of the metals of the groups II A, III A, IV A, V A, VI A, IB, IIB, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB and VIIIB, X is selected from the group consisting of the elements P, Si and S, x is greater than 0, y is greater than 0, z is greater than or equal to 0, a is greater than 0 and b is greater than or equal to 0.

Abstract: Provided is an technique for protecting a battery pack, in which an insulating film member and a support member are installed in a housing surrounding the battery pack, and the insulating film member is wound around and unwound from the support member fixedly installed in the housing. The technique prevents a short circuit from being caused by a conductive object penetrating into a high-capacity battery used in an HEV, PHEV or EV, so that it can prevent ignition and smoke from being generated by the battery as a result. The technique is configured to mount a battery of an HEV, PHEV or EV within a spatial margin and increase safety in the event of a collision. The technique can be applied to all vehicles using electricity in addition to the HEV, PHEV or EV.

Abstract: Provided is a high voltage secondary battery used for a hybrid electric truck among hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), and more particularly, covers are configured to electrically connect to each other by the earth member to ground the covers so as to move current induced to the covers to a chassis of a car body along the earth member due to the high voltage battery module and set a potential difference of each cover to be 0 (equipotential), thereby preventing a fault of a secondary battery and an electric shock at the time of maintenance thereof from occurring due to noise.

Abstract: A rechargeable battery includes: a first electrode assembly and a second electrode assembly for performing charging and discharging; a case having an inner cavity, the inner cavity retaining the first electrode assembly and the second electrode assembly; a lead tab including a first tab connected to the first electrode assembly and the second electrode assembly, and a pair of second tabs, the pair of second tabs being respectively connected to the first electrode assembly and the second electrode assembly; and a terminal electrically connected to the first and second electrode assemblies through the lead tab, the terminal protruding outside the case.

Abstract: A pouch type lithium secondary battery includes: an electrode assembly including electrode tabs respectively connected to two electrodes, the two electrodes having different polarities; and a case to house the electrode assembly such that the electrode tabs extend to the outside of the case, wherein one stepped part through which the two electrode tabs simultaneously extend is formed in a sealing portion of the case. In the electrode sealing portion of the pouch type lithium secondary battery having short width, sealing of the case is improved by the one stepped part, thereby improving efficiency of the manufacturing process of the battery.

Abstract: A composite positive electrode active material includes: a positive electrode active material which includes a transition metal; and a reaction suppressor which is formed so as to cover a surface of the positive electrode active material, and which is made of a polyanion structure-containing compound having a cation moiety composed of a metal atom that becomes a conducting ion and having a polyanion structural moiety composed of a center atom that is covalently bonded to a plurality of oxygen atoms. A transition metal-reducing layer which has self-assembled on the surface of the positive electrode active material in contact with the reaction suppressor owing to reaction of the transition metal with the polyanion structure-containing compound, has a thickness of 10 nm or less.

Abstract: A layered composite material which is suitable, in particular, for use in a redox flow battery, contains at least one layer of a textile fabric and at least one graphite-containing molded body which is obtained by a method in which graphite particles are mixed with at least one solid organic additive to form a mixture and the thus obtained mixed is then compressed.

Abstract: In an electrode according to the present invention including a three-dimensional network aluminum porous body as a base material, the electrode is a sheet-shaped electrode, and a cell of the three-dimensional network aluminum porous body has an elliptic shape having a minor axis in the thickness direction of the electrode in a cross section parallel to the longitudinal direction and thickness direction of the electrode, and a cell of the three-dimensional network aluminum porous body has an elliptic shape having a minor axis in the thickness direction of the electrode in a cross section parallel to the width direction and thickness direction of the electrode. The electrode is preferably obtained by subjecting the three-dimensional network aluminum porous body to at least a current collecting lead welding step, an active material filling step and a compressing step.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide an electrochemical element which has a high capacity and is low in cost. The electrochemical element of the present invention is an electrochemical element including an electrode for an electrochemical element, wherein a current collector of positive electrode and/or a current collector of negative electrode is a metal porous body having continuous pores and a mixture containing an active material is filled into the continuous pores.

Abstract: Composite materials containing sulfurized polymers and sulfur-containing particles can be used in lithium-sulfur energy storage devices as a positive electrode. The composite material exhibits relatively high capacity retention and high charge/discharge cycle stability. In one particular instance, the composite comprises a sulfurized polymer having chains that are cross-linked through sulfur bonds. The polymer provides a matrix in which sulfide and/or polysulfide intermediates formed during electrochemical charge-discharge processes of sulfur can be confined through chemical bonds and not mere physical confinement or sorption.

Abstract: The invention relates to lithium-bearing iron phosphate in the form of micrometric mixed aggregates of nanometric particles, to an electrode and cell resulting therefrom and to the method for manufacturing same, which is characterized by a nanomilling step.

Abstract: In the method for manufacturing a particulate electrode active material provided by the present invention, a compound comprising phosphorus or boron is added to a mixed material prepared by mixing a carbon source supply material prepared by dissolving a carbon source (102) in a predetermined first solvent and an electrode active material supply material prepared by dispersing a particulate electrode active material (104) in a second solvent which is a poor solvent with respect to the carbon source, and a mixture of the electrode active material particles and the carbon source obtained after the addition is calcined, thereby producing a particulate electrode active material in which a conductive carbon coat derived from the carbon source is formed on the surface.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an anode of a lithium secondary battery containing a current collector layer and an active material layer laminated on the current collector layer, wherein the current collector layer has a layer made of NixCu6-xSn5 (x is 0.30-2.0). The anode can achieve a lithium secondary battery showing superior charge-discharge cycle characteristic.

Abstract: The present invention provides a surface modified cathode and method of making surface modified cathode with high discharge capacity and rate capability having a lithium-excess Li[M1-yLiy]O2 (M=Mn, Co, and Ni or their combinations and 0<y?0.33) cathode surface with a surface modification comprising lithium-ion coated sample conductor, or an electronic conductor, or a mixed lithium-ion and electronic conductor to suppress the elimination of oxide ion vacancies, reduce the solid-electrolyte interfacial (SEI) layer thickness, reduce the irreversible capacity loss in the first cycle, and enhance the rate capability.

Abstract: Mixed oxide which has the composition LixMn0.5?a Ni0.5?b Coa+b O2, where 0.8?x?1.2, 0.05?a?0.3, 0.05?b?0.3, ?0.1?a?b?0.02 and a+b<0.5, and has a BET surface area of from 3 to 20 m2/g, a multimodal particle size distribution and a d50 of less than or equal to 5 ?m. Mixed oxide which has the composition Lix Mn0.5?a Ni0.5?b Coa+b O2, where 0.8?x?1.2, 0.05?a?0.3, 0.05?b?0.3, ?0.1?a?b?0.02 and a+b<0.5, and has a BET surface area of from 0.05 to 1 m2/g, a d50 of less than or equal to 10 ?m and a ratio of the intensities of the signals at 2?=18.6±1° to 2?=44.1±1° in the X-ray diffraction pattern of greater than or equal to 2.4.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to anode materials having high surface areas and improved cycle performance made by surface treatments of spheroidized graphite powders. The surface treatments provide a high surface area protective coating over the spheroidized graphite powder. The anodes made according to the disclosed embodiments have improved cycle life and long term high temperature storage performance. In the disclosed embodiments, a spheroidized graphite powder is coated with a high surface area protective coating. The high surface area protective coating improves the performance and durability of an anode made from disclosed 200 material. The high surface area protective coating can include polymers, metal compounds and/or hard carbon. Further, in some embodiments, a protective coating, that may or may not have a high surface area but does have increased durability, can be formed by heat treating the spheroidized graphite in oxidizing or inert atmospheres.

Abstract: Particular functional nanocomposite materials can be employed as electrodes and/or as electrodes in energy storage systems to improve performance. In one example, the nanocomposite material is characterized by nanoparticles having a high-capacity active material, a core particle having a comminution material, and a thin electronically conductive coating having an electronically conductive material. The nanoparticles are fixed between the core particle and the conductive coating. The comminution material has a Mohs hardness that is greater than that of the active material. The core particle has a diameter less than 5000 nm and the nanoparticles have diameters less than 500 nm.

Abstract: The method for producing an electrode for an electrochemical element of the present invention includes a slurry filling step of filling a slurry containing an active material into continuous pores of an aluminum porous body having the continuous pores, and a slurry drying step of drying the slurry filled, and in this method, after the slurry drying step, an electrode for an electrochemical element is produced without undergoing a compressing step of compressing the aluminum porous body having the slurry filled therein and dried. In the electrode, a mixture containing an active material is filled into continuous pores of an aluminum porous body having the continuous pores, and porosity (%) of the aluminum porous body, the porosity being represented by the following equation, is 15 to 55%.

Abstract: Disclosed are: an all solid state secondary battery wherein a solid electrolyte layer can be formed thin and the internal resistance is low; a method for manufacturing an all solid state secondary battery, by which an extremely thin solid electrolyte layer can be formed; and a method for manufacturing an all solid state secondary battery, by which application unevenness of a slurry composition for a solid electrolyte layer is reduced and the internal resistance can be lowered. Specifically disclosed is an all solid state secondary battery which comprises a positive electrode that has a positive electrode active material layer, a negative electrode that has a negative electrode active material layer, and a solid electrolyte layer that is arranged between the positive and negative electrode active material layers.

Abstract: A copolymer suitable for use in forming a solid polymer electrolyte film comprising a first monomer represented by Formula (1): wherein n is 2 to 1,000; m is 2 to 1,000; x and y are individually 1 to 100; p is 0 to 10; and q is 1 to 10, R1 is an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and A is an alkyl acryloyl group an acryloyl group, alkyl acryloyl group, methacryloyl group, alkyl methacryloyl group, a vinyl group, an allyl group, a styryl group, or a combination of two or more thereof; and a second monomer chosen from a hydroxyl-substituted alkyl acrylate, a hydroxyl-substituted alkyl methacrylate, or a combination of two or more thereof. The copolymer may be used to form a solid polymer electrolyte composition comprising (i) the copolymer, (ii) a plasticizer, and (iii) a salt. The solid polymer electrolyte may be used to form a solid polymer electrolyte film, which may be suitable for use in electrochemical devices.

Abstract: The problem of the present invention is to provide a sulfide solid electrolyte material having excellent ion conductivity. The present invention solves the problem by providing a sulfide solid electrolyte material comprising an M1 element (such as a Li element), an M2 element (such as a Ge element and a P element), and an S element; having a peak in a position of 2?=29.58°±0.50° in an X-ray diffraction measurement using a CuK? line; and having an IB/IA value of less than 0.50 when a diffraction intensity at the peak of 2?=29.58°±0.50° is represented by IA and a diffraction intensity at a peak of 2?=27.33°±0.50° is represented by IB.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte solution containing a cyclic sulfone compound having a 1,3-dithietane-1,1,3,3-tetraoxide structure is provided. The cyclic sultone compound is preferably a compound represented by formula (I) [wherein in formula (I), R1 to R4 each represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, or the like].

Abstract: The main object of the present invention is to provide a nonaqueous electrolyte having favorable radical resistance. The present invention attains the object by providing a nonaqueous electrolyte comprising an ionic liquid having a cation portion and an anion portion, an organic solvent, and a metal salt, characterized in that the maximum electric charge calculated by the first-principle calculation in the cation portion of the ionic liquid and the organic solvent is 0.3 or less.

Abstract: A method for determining a rate of accumulation of nitrogen in an anode side of a fuel cell stack. The method includes determining a concentration of nitrogen in an anode loop and determining a number of moles of nitrogen in the anode loop. The method also includes determining a rate of accumulation of nitrogen in the anode loop and determining a permeability factor of nitrogen through fuel cell membranes in the fuel cell stack using the determined rate of accumulation of nitrogen in the anode loop.

Abstract: The present invention provides in embodiments a method for purification of inlet gas streams for a solid oxide cell operated in both, electrolysis and fuel cell mode, the solid oxide cell comprising at least a first electrode, an electrolyte and a second electrode, the method comprising the steps of:—providing at least one scrubber in the gas stream at the inlet side of the first electrode of the solid oxide cell; and/or providing at least one scrubber in the gas stream at the inlet side of the second electrode of the solid oxide cell; and—purifying the gas streams towards the first and second electrode; wherein the at least one scrubber in the gas stream at the inlet side of the first electrode and/or the at least one scrubber in the gas stream at the inlet side of the second electrode comprises a material suitable as an electrolyte material and a material suitable as an electrode material, and wherein the material suitable as an electrolyte material and a material suitable as an electrode material form trip

Abstract: A water control sheet having superior drainage and gas diffusion properties and superior handling characteristics, and a gas diffusion sheet, a membrane-electrode assembly and a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, which utilize the water control sheet, are provided. The water control sheet is independent and located for use adjacent to a catalyst layer of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, and is formed of a nonwoven fabric containing conductive fibers containing conductive particles at least inside a hydrophobic organic resin. The gas diffusion sheet, the membrane-electrode assembly and the polymer electrolyte fuel cell according to the present invention have the above water control sheet.

Abstract: A method is provided for operation of a fuel cell with improved water management by maintaining reduced anode pressure relative to cathode pressure, relative to atmospheric pressure, or both. Typically, the fuel cell comprises a membrane electrode assembly comprising nanostructured thin film cathode catalyst.

Abstract: The disclosed fuel cell system includes a reformer that generates a reformed gas containing hydrogen by reforming a raw fuel and water with a reforming catalyst, a fuel cell that generates power in a cell unit using the reformed gas, a raw fuel introducing unit that introduces the raw fuel into the reforming catalyst, an unreformed gas generation information acquisition unit that acquires information on unreformed gas generation in the reforming catalyst, and a control unit that performs introduction amount reduction control of causing the raw fuel introducing unit to reduce the introduction amount of the raw fuel on the basis of the information on unreformed gas generation acquired by the unreformed gas generation information acquisition unit.

Abstract: A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system having a hot zone with a center cathode air feed tube for improved reactant distribution, a CPDX reactor attached at the anode feed end of the hot zone with a tail gas combustor at the opposing end for more uniform heat distribution, and a counter-flow heat exchanger for efficient heat retention.

Abstract: An ECU estimates a dispersion among wet states of cells arranged in a lamination direction of a fuel cell. When it is determined that the dispersion among the wet states is equal to or exceed a threshold, the ECU controls a flow rate of a coolant, flow rates of gases, and pressures of gases to suppress the dispersion among the wet states below the threshold. The ECU controls the flow rate of the coolant with higher priority than the other parameters.

Abstract: A gas supply device for use in a fuel cell system, comprises: a first injector configured to have a first maximum valve-openable pressure; a second injector arranged in parallel with the first injector and configured to have a lower flow rate than the first injector and a greater second maximum valve-openable pressure than the first maximum valve-openable pressure; a first pressure sensor located upstream of the first and second injectors; and a controller configured to control open/close operation of the first and second injectors, wherein at a start of the fuel cell system, (i) when pressure in the upstream of the first and second injectors is greater than the first maximum valve-openable pressure but is less than or equal to the second maximum valve-openable pressure, the controller opens the second injector, and (ii) when the pressure in the upstream of the first and second injectors is less than or equal to the first maximum valve-openable pressure, the controller opens the first injector or the second i

Abstract: A fuel cell system includes a fuel cell, an operation controller and an air-conditioning mechanism. In response to a heating request for the air-conditioning mechanism during ordinary operation where the fuel cell is operated at an operating point on a current-voltage characteristic curve of the fuel cell, the operation controller compares a heat value-based required current value that is a current value of an operating point that is located on the current-voltage characteristic curve and satisfies a required heat value for the fuel cell with an output-based required current value that is a current value of an operating point that is located on the current-voltage characteristic curve and satisfies a required output for the fuel cell. When the output-based required current value is equal to or greater than the heat value-based required current value, the operation controller causes the fuel cell to be operated at an operating point on the current-voltage characteristic curve.

Abstract: An oxidation-resistant ferritic stainless steel comprising: a ferritic stainless steel comprising Cr, wherein a {110} grain orientation fraction of a surface of the ferritic stainless steel as measured using electron back scattered diffraction pattern (EBSD) is about 5% or more; and a chromium oxide layer formed on the surface of the ferritic stainless steel is provided.

Abstract: An adhesive material is used to bond between layers of a fuel cell. The adhesive material includes an adhesive resin, conductive particles and a conductive resin.

Abstract: A catalyst layer composition for a fuel cell includes an ionomer cluster, a catalyst, and a solvent including water and polyhydric alcohol; and an electrode for a fuel cell includes a catalyst layer comprising an ionomer cluster having a three-dimensional reticular structure, and a catalyst, a method of preparing a electrode for a fuel cell includes a catalyst layer comprising an ionomer cluster having a three-dimensional reticular structure, and a catalyst, and a membrane-electrode assembly for a fuel cell including the electrode and a fuel cell system including the membrane-electrode assembly.