Abstract: Tourbillon mechanism for a watch having a turning cage mounted in pivoting manner in a first and second cage bearing lodged in fixed elements of the watch; an escapement mobile integral with the cage; and a regulating element in the form of a spiral balance capable of oscillating around a balance staff according to pulses received from the escapement mobile. The balance staff is mounted in pivoting manner in the balance bearings lodged outside the cage. The outer extremity of the spiral hairspring is fastened to the cage through a hairspring stud.

Abstract: Escape wheel (1) including a toothed impulse wheel (2) and a toothed release wheel (4) pivoting synchronously about an axis (D1). The toothed release wheel (4) includes moveable gears (5) each with a release tooth (6), radially moveable relative to the axis (D1) and returned to a position of balance by first return device (7), and a locking tooth (8), returned in a first radial direction (S1) towards a stop member by second return device (9). The impulse tooth (6) includes drive device (11) arranged to cooperate, when the impulse tooth moves in a second opposite radial direction (S2), with complementary drive device (12) of the locking tooth (8) for driving the locking tooth in the second direction (S2) and, when the impulse tooth moves in the first direction (S1), to remain at a distance from the complementary drive device (12) without driving the locking tooth (8).

Abstract: The invention relates to a single piece coaxial escape wheel set (100, 100?) including a first toothing (108, 108?) formed at the periphery of a plate (103, 103?) and a second toothing (113, 113?). According to the invention, the second toothing (113, 113?) is formed in a single piece with the plate (103, 103?) of the first toothing (108, 108?) so as to reduce any problems of alignment of one in relation to the other and to decrease the overall mass of the wheel set (100, 100?). The invention concerns the field of timepieces.

Abstract: A winding and time-setting control device for a timepiece movement including, connected in rotation, a movement stem secured in rotation to a sliding pinion driven in translation by a lever between winding and time-setting positions, and a control stem sliding between winding and time-setting control positions, actuating a pull-out mechanism. The mechanism includes a first pull-out piece including, about a first axis, an arm movable with the control stem, and a pivot cooperating with a complementary pivot of a second pull-out piece driving the lever and including an arm movable inside a housing in the movement stem. A timepiece incorporating a device of this type is also disclosed.

Abstract: An analog timepiece includes a casing, a time displaying device, an electronic device received in the casing, a main control unit (MCU) communicated with the time displaying device and the electronic device for selectively controlling an operation of the time displaying device and sad electronic device and a multi-functional actuator. The multi-function actuator includes an actuator button movably provided on the casing to selectively move between an idle position, a time adjustment position and a triggering position, wherein in the idle position, the actuator button disengages with the MCU to allow normal operation of the electronic device, wherein in the time adjustment position, the actuator button is moved from the idle position to allow adjustment of the time displaying device, and wherein in the triggering position, the actuator is moved to engage with the MCU for triggering an operation of the electronic device.

Abstract: A system for determining a blackbody temperature of an electrical discharge including a light-tight enclosure, a viewing aperture sheet received in the light-tight enclosure, the viewing aperture sheet having a first side and a second, opposite side, and defining at least one viewing aperture having a known area, a radiometer having a sensor aperture, the sensor aperture being received in the light-tight enclosure on the first side of the viewing aperture sheet, the sensor aperture being positioned a known distance from the viewing aperture, and an electric current source having an electrode, the electrode being received in the light-tight enclosure on the second side of the viewing aperture sheet.

Abstract: Apparatus and method are provided for facilitating simulation of heated airflow exhaust of an electronics subsystem, electronics rack or row of electronics racks. The apparatus includes a thermal simulator, which includes an air-moving device and a fluid-to-air heat exchanger. The air-moving device establishes airflow from an air inlet to air outlet side of the thermal simulator tailored to correlate to heated airflow exhaust of the electronics subsystem, rack or row of racks being simulated. The fluid-to-air heat exchanger heats airflow through the thermal simulator, with temperature of airflow exhausting from the simulator being tailored to correlate to temperature of the heated airflow exhaust of the electronics subsystem, rack or row of racks being simulated. The apparatus further includes a fluid distribution apparatus, which includes a fluid distribution unit disposed separate from the fluid simulator and providing hot fluid to the fluid-to-air heat exchanger of the thermal simulator.

Abstract: An electronic clinical thermometer attachment unit, which is configured to be attached to an electronic clinical thermometer, inputs an external sound, determines whether the external sound is a buzzer sound notifying completion of measurement by the electronic clinical thermometer, based on whether the input external sound has a pattern of a buzzer sound notifying completion of the measurement, and performs notification output for notifying a user when it is determines that the external sound is a buzzer sound notifying completion of the measurement.

Abstract: The gas-actuated thermometer is formed as a unitary, monolithic glass structure with a gas bulb at one end and an indicator tube extending therefrom. The bulb and tube are permanently and hermetically sealed to contain the actuating gas therein. A closed cell foam indicator resides in the indicator tube. The indicator travels along the tube in accordance with the expansion and contraction of the gas within the bulb and adjacent portion of the tube. A second gas or mechanical spring is provided in the opposite end of the tube to balance the pressure of the indicator gas. The indicator tube, and preferably also the bulb, are flattened to an elliptical or similar cross-sectional shape. This facilitates the fit of the device for use as an oral medical thermometer, and the wider cross section enables both Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales to be marked along the indicator tube.

Abstract: A radiation protection device attaches to the C-arm of a fluoroscope and shields and collimates the X-ray beam between the X-ray source and the patient and between the patient and the image intensifier. One embodiment has a radiation shield of X-ray opaque material that surrounds the C-arm of the fluoroscopy system, the X-ray source and the image intensifier. A padded slot fits around the patient's body. Another embodiment has conical or cylindrical radiation shields that extend between the X-ray source and the patient and between the patient and the image intensifier. The radiation shields have length adjustments and padded ends to fit the device to the patient. The radiation protection device may be motorized to advance and withdraw the radiation shields. A blanket-like radiation shield covers the patient in the area surrounding where the X-ray beam enters the body.

Abstract: A scanning system and methods for inspecting contents of a container. High-energy penetrating radiation collimated into a fan beam illuminates an inspected container from one side, while a plurality of detector plates are disposed on the opposite side of the container. Each detector plate has a plurality of detector modules, each of which, in turn, is disposed on a remotely activated alignment and has multiple detector elements. A controller governs the orientation of each of the plurality of detector plates based at least on the detector signal generated by its detector elements such that each detector element of each detector module of each detector plate may be aligned to within a specified fraction of the transverse dimension of the fan beam as measured at the exit slot.

Abstract: A cam assembly is provided for adjustment of a drill feed guide wear pad. The cam assembly has an eccentric bushing with a shank portion extending circumferentially about a first axis and defining a bore along a second axis. The second axis is generally parallel and offset from the first axis. The bushing has a head portion extending from the eccentric bushing portion, with the bore extending though the head portion. The bushing is sized for insertion into an aperture of a drill feed guide wear pad, and is rotatable causing the shank portion to engage the aperture of the wear pad to provide a camming action to position the wear pad relative to a drill feed guide. The head portion is shaped to interact with a tool for rotating the bushing.

Abstract: A preload assembly for a thrust bearing. The preload assembly includes a carrier plate having a central annular protrusion, wherein the annular protrusion has an inner diameter and an outer diameter; an inner disc spring; an outer disc spring; and a housing having an annular channel for housing the carrier plate, the inner disc spring, and the outer disc spring.

Abstract: In a wheel support bearing assembly including double row rolling elements between an outer member and an inner member, a sensor unit is fitted to one of the outer and inner members, which serves as a stationary member. The sensor unit is made up of a sensor mounting member and at least one or more strain sensors fitted to the sensor mounting member. A sensor signal processing circuit to process an output signal from the strain sensor is provided in the sensor mounting member.

Abstract: A highly reliable combined bearing capable of achieving equal and sufficient lubrication of a plurality of roller bearings with a simple and compact structure is provided. The combined bearing includes a first roller bearing and a second roller bearing which are in contact with each other and arranged on the same axis. A lubricating oil inlet introduces a lubricating oil into an inner space formed between the first roller bearing and the second roller bearing, the lubricating-oil inlet being provided on at least one of an outer ring of the first rolling bearing and an outer ring of the second rolling bearing.

Abstract: A rolling bearing assembly includes a rolling bearing which includes a plurality of rolling elements interposed between an inner ring and an outer ring thereof and retained by a cage, the cage being in a sliding contact with a guiding surface provided on an inner periphery of the outer ring and a lubrication device for supplying a lubricant to the rolling bearing. The lubrication device includes an annular groove extending along the inner periphery of the outer ring in adjoining relation with the guiding surface of the outer ring and storing a grease therein and an annular grease reservoir member disposed in proximity to the annular groove and storing a grease therein. The grease stored in the grease reservoir member and the grease stored in the annular groove are interconnected by the grease present between the reservoir and the annular groove.

Abstract: A sealing arrangement which has a long or increased service life and high reliability even in soiled or aggressive surroundings. The sealing arrangement for a bearing has a first bearing ring and second bearing, which is rotatable relative to the first bearing ring, and a seal that is arranged in the region of the first bearing ring and that extends in the direction of the bearing periphery. The second bearing ring has a peripheral scaling surface and the seal has at least two peripheral sealing lips that sealingly rest on the sealing surface.

Abstract: The wheel bearing assembly connects a journal section of the hub and a joint body. The wheel bearing assembly has an adapter section is connected to a joint cap, a journal section connected to a wheel hub. A separate inner ring is located on the journal section. The adapter section and the journal section intermesh by means of end gearing. The assembly also has a tensioning element that mutually braces the adapter section and the journal section under an overall pre-tension, the end gearing being braced by a first pre-tension along a first force path A between the adapter section and the journal section and the inner ring being braced by a second pre-tension along a second force path B between the adapter section and the journal section. At least some sections of the first and second force paths A and B are parallel.

Abstract: The replaceable bearing for a conveyor roller is installed in a bearing housing, which is removably installed within the end of the conveyor roller. The bearing housing threads into a mating insert or sleeve, which is permanently installed within the end of the conveyor roller. Alternatively, the inside of the conveyor roller may be threaded and the bearing housing threaded directly into the conveyor roller, if roller wall thickness is sufficient. The outer face of the housing includes a plurality of notches so that a mating wrench engages the notches to thread the housing and its bearing into or out of the end of the roller. The replaceable bearing allows the bearing and its housing to be replaced while retaining the conveyor roller.

Abstract: A tapered roller bearing includes an outer ring, an inner ring, a tapered roller interposed between the outer ring and the inner ring, and a cage holding the tapered roller. The tapered roller bearing is for being used in an idler portion of an automobile transmission that switches between an idle state in which the outer ring rotates freely in relation to the inner ring and a shift state in which the outer ring rotates synchronously with the inner ring. In one embodiment, the tapered roller bearing has a ratio of roller dynamic load rating Cr to static load rating Cor of Cor/Cr?1.4. In an alternative embodiment, MoS2 processing is performed on a surface of the tapered roller and the tapered roller bearing has a ratio of roller dynamic load rating Cr to static load rating Cor of Cor/Cr?1.3.

Abstract: A connector (100) includes an insulative housing (1) having a receiving slot (141) formed therein; an optical module (3) for transmitting optical data and being movably received in the receiving slot; a compression coil spring (4) having a first end for biasing the optical module to move in the receiving slot; a metal shell (7) shielding the insulative housing; and a sleeve (40) encircling a second end of the compression coil spring (4) opposite to the first end for retaining the compression coil spring therein.

Abstract: A photoelectric connector assembly includes a first and a second connector and a photoelectric signal conversion module. The first connector defines a mating cavity, first terminals including contacting sections exposing to the mating cavity and a first light transmission module including convex lenses at a front thereof exposing to the mating cavity and first light ports at a rear thereof. The second connector includes an insulating seat and second terminals. The seat defines a rear mating end loading the second terminals and a receiving cavity opening upwards. The conversion module is inserted in the receiving cavity and includes second light ports coupled with the first light ports of the first light transmission module and conductive pads touching with the second terminal.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an optical fiber connector, and in particular to a Subscriber Connector (SC)-type push/pull optical fiber connector and to a method of forming and using such a connector. The SC-type optical fiber connector (101) is made up of an optical fiber (8), a cylindrical ferrule (14), a ferrule holder (16), a spring biasing means (17), a ferrule holder carrier (50), an inner housing (120), and an outer housing (40). The optical fiber (8) is held within the ferrule (14) and the ferrule (14) is held by the ferrule holder (16). The ferrule holder (16) is engaged within a receiving portion (54) of the ferrule holder carrier (50), said holder and carrier being relatively moveable with respect to each other along the ferrule axis (5) between limits defined by an interaction between the ferrule carrier (50) and the ferrule holder (16).

Abstract: The optoelectronic assembly for high speed signal transmission based on surface-emitting/receiving components is disclosed. The assembly contains a mounting plate with a top side used for the mounting of the components; single or multiple electrooptical or optoelectronic transducer components with the optical ports of the transducer on the top side and a bottom side used for assembly; a micro-mirror component; an optical transmission path wherein the transmission axis is oriented substantially parallel to the surface of the transducer components and to the top side of the mounting plate; and a transducer component mounted with the bottom side on the mounting plate near a micro-mirror component mounted above the transducer component in such a configuration that the optical transmission path to or from the transducer is reflected at the mirror surface such that the transducer is optically coupled to this same transmission path.

Abstract: A single-reflex camera includes a mirror box, and a focus detecting unit. The mirror box further includes a first opening on a side of the image-pickup optical system, which the light flux that has passed the image-pickup optical system enters, and a bottom plate arranged between the mirror and the focus detecting unit, the bottom plate including a plate-shaped front part that extends so as to approach to an optical axis of the image-pickup optical system from the first opening. Part of the condenser lens is located on a side of the optical axis of the image-pickup optical system with respect to a line that is made by extending, parallel to the optical axis of the image-pickup optical system, an end of the first opening on a side of the bottom plate.

Abstract: A dust-screening member arranged in front of an image forming unit that holds an image forming element configured to generate an optical image, is formed into a box shape that includes a plate-shaped polygonal light transmitting part that passes light entering from or to the image forming element, and a plurality of foot portions that tilt by a predetermined angle and extend from all sides of the light transmitting part or portions near all sides in a direction in which the image forming unit is located. The light transmitting part and the plurality of foot portions are formed using the same material. A vibrating member is fixed to at least one of the plurality of foot portions. The dust-screening member is held by an elastic force of an elastic member arranged between the plurality of foot portions and a support member configured to support the plurality of foot portions.

Abstract: A shutter assembly includes a plurality of shutter blades movable between an open position and a closed position, a drive ring having first and second oppositely-facing sides, at least one of the shutter blades being movably coupled to the first side, and a first permanent magnet coupled to the second side of the drive ring. The shutter assembly also includes a first solenoid selectively energizable to alternately attract and repel the first permanent magnet along an arcuate path beneath the first solenoid, thereby transitioning the plurality of shutter blades between the open and closed positions. The shutter assembly also includes a sensor assembly configured to detect a location of the first permanent magnet along the path.

Abstract: A print apparatus is supplied that feeds continuous paper with suppressing its swelling caused by perforations or crease. In the print apparatus, a platen is furnished opposite to a printing section; a medium support member is furnished capable of changing an interval from the platen and supports a record medium toward the platen; and a medium support auxiliary member is furnished on the opposite side to the platen in the medium support member, and when the medium support member is made to separate from the platen, the medium support auxiliary member is made to protrude from the medium support member.

Abstract: A method for transporting a print medium along a path includes controlling relative rates at which a first drive and a second drive urge the print medium downstream along the path to create a buckle in the print medium. The buckle is formed at a first zone along the path between the first and second drives. With the buckle formed in the print medium, a first operation is performed on the print medium at a second zone along the path upstream from the first zone. At the same time a second operation is performed on the print medium at a third zone downstream along the path from the first zone.

Abstract: A paper cutting device for cutting sheet material from the lengthwise edges of the material toward the middle comprising a stationary blade and first and second movable blades with the sheet material placed between the stationary blade and the first and second movable blades. The paper cutting device enables the spacing between the stationary blade and the first and second movable blades to be opened by moving the stationary blade frame and the movable blade frame relative to each other. The first movable blade and second movable blade are supported on a first stud and second stud, respectively, near the distal ends of the edge of the blade part of the stationary blade so that the paths of the blade tips overlap when cutting the sheet material. The movable blade drive mechanism drives the first movable blade and second movable blade with the first movable blade leading and the second movable blade following.

Abstract: The present invention refers to an article to be used to hold and carry writing instruments, such as an eraser and a markers for a white board; the article includes means to support the article in a removable way on a flat surface, such as a wall, a blackboard, a table or a similar surface, so that both the eraser and the markers can be easily located by the user during a working session. In the embodiment illustrated, the article has the capacity to hold one eraser and up to three conventional markers.

Abstract: A hand-held, battery powered liquid applicator having an on-board reservoir. An electric motor drives a piston in the reservoir via a pinion gear member and rack gear. A gear shifter may disengage the pinion gear member from the rack gear. A battery compartment may have a door has recess to enable a user to grasp a dry cell located farthest from the door. The rack gear may have modified profile teeth at the end of travel to allow the pinion gear member to slip when the piston is urged past the end of travel. The piston may have a length substantially equal to a characteristic length of the reservoir. Liquid may be drawn into the reservoir by powered or manual retraction of the piston and liquid may be delivered from the reservoir to an applicator head by powered or manual motion of the piston into the reservoir.

Abstract: The present invention provides a joining member for connecting an ink accommodating member and a ballpoint pen tip provided in a ballpoint pen, the joining member comprising, as a constituent material, a resin comprising a copolymer of polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate. By this means, it is possible to provide a joining member for a ballpoint pen having, in particular, both sufficiently excellent transparency and gas barrier properties.

Abstract: A fluid-powered bath brush that uses the kinetic energy of moving water to operate skin-cleaning attachments. In one embodiment, the bath brush comprises a brush head member having at least one brush head housing, a water wheel, a first drive gear, a second drive gear and a brush element rotatably mounted thereon, an adaptor with an outlet side adapted to be connected to a showerhead and an inlet side adapted to be connected to a first fluid-dispensing means that carries water to the showerhead and contains a diverter which diverts the flow of water from the first fluid-dispensing means to the showerhead to the flow of water from the first fluid-dispensing means to the brush head member and a flexible second fluid-dispensing means containing at least two tubes for carrying water connecting the brush head member and the adaptor.

Abstract: A device for rotatably bearing an aircraft interior fitting component, in particular a lowerable shell of a luggage rack includes a bearing bush as well as a bearing bolt which is adapted to be rotatably accommodated in the bearing bush. The bearing bolt is disposed in a bearing bolt guide such that it is movable between a first and a second position and retainable in at least one position in the bearing bolt guide by a retaining device.

Abstract: The invention relates to a protection device (1) for a knuckle joint (21) e.g. for the steering and/or suspension of a vehicle, which comprises an annular flange (2) for securing a thermal screen (3) to the knuckle joint, said screen extending lengthwise substantially perpendicular to the flange (2) and widthwise substantially along the annular periphery of the flange. The screen and the flange are formed as a single part in a metal sheet that is folded in a linking area between the screen and the flange, the screen further including a surface portion in the form of a side tab (6) extending along the annular periphery of the flange, said side tab being separated from the flange by a notch (12) in the metal sheet, in the form of a slot.

Abstract: A tube arrangement comprises a first tube and at least one second tube, the first tube and the second tube being arranged in relation to one another with an offset transversely with respect to the longitudinal direction of the tubes and with a partial overlap region in the longitudinal direction of the tubes, so that a first end of the first tube is arranged at a side of the second tube and a second end of the second tube is arranged at a side of the first tube. The tube arrangement has, further, at least one connection element which fixedly connects the first tube and the second tube to one another in the overlap region.

Abstract: A locking device for locking together first and second elements that are movable relative to each other in an axial direction. The device has a bushing secured to a first element and catches that are cantilevered-out in an axial direction and are elastically deformable. The device also has an anchor portion secured to a second element and an annular setback to receive hook-shaped ends of the catches. The device also has a locking sleeve mounted to move relative to the catches between a release position in which the catches are free to flex, and a blocking position in which the catches are prevented from flexing, wherein the locking sleeve is movable in rotation relative to the catches and includes a circumferential succession of gaps and of obstacles.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are disclosed for securely, yet releasably, connecting separate parts. A shaft engages a cooperating socket to form a connection capable of sustaining service loads. The shaft has a protruding pin which slides within a slot in the socket to guide the shaft into locked engagement with the socket. The shaft also has a cantilever body which wedges into a tapered region in the socket to frictionally bind the shaft and socket together.

Abstract: Systems and methods described herein provide for a flush-mounted vehicle control barrier having a shallow foundation. According to one aspect of the disclosure provided herein, a vehicle control barrier includes a sub-frame, a wedge plate, and an actuator mechanism that is coupled to the sub-frame and disposed within an interior space of the sub-frame.

Abstract: A vehicle restraining system using an electrical impulse to disable the control system of a targeted vehicle including a roadway module placed at a location to engage the targeted vehicle for delivering the electrical impulse to the vehicle; a roadside module for generating the energy required for the electrical impulse and delivering the energy to the roadway module; and an operator interface module for operating the restraining system. In addition, a method of disabling the control system of a vehicle by delivering an electrical impulse to the vehicle includes the steps of charging a vehicle restraining system; setting the charged vehicle restraining system to disable the next encountered vehicle; detecting the next encountered vehicle, and delivering the electrical impulse to the targeted vehicle.

Abstract: A detectable warning tile is a molded sheet having generally planar top and bottom surfaces, the top surface having a plurality of spaced apart truncated domes in relief thereon, the bottom surface having a grid pattern of depressions therein. Partitions rising from the bottom surface are positioned within the interior of the domes and are integral therewith. The bottom surface may have an adhesive layer for bonding with a solid under-surface. Alternately, anchors may be engaged with the bottom surface for securing the tile in a uncured cement, concrete or blacktop surface.

Abstract: A new method of sealing the seam between two adjacent sections of asphalt pavement deploys an adhesive elastomeric gasket which completely envelopes the vertical faces of the adjacent lanes on three sides—i.e., above, below and along each face. Since the gasket extends partly underneath each section of paving, it is laid down before each lane is paved, thereby taking advantage of the heat of the fresh asphalt to effectively and rapidly cure the adhesive component of the gasket to insure a strong bond on both sides of the seam.

Abstract: A method for compacting a surface of granular materials is disclosed. The method is applicable to wheeled compaction equipment such as pneumatic-tire compactors, drum-type compactors and asphalt compactors. The propel system includes a controller programmed to send a first at least substantially constant propel command that propels the compaction equipment in a forward direction. The controller then changes the speed of the compaction equipment by providing a second varying propel command that may increase or decrease the speed resulting from the first command. As a result, the speed of the compaction equipment oscillates.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a combination sealant dispensing and spreading apparatus for selectively dispending and spreading sealant upon a paved surface, the apparatus comprising a moveable frame having a lower support, a sealant tank the lower support operably connected to a V-shaped spreading means for spreading sealant from the tank upon the paved surface.

Abstract: A vibratory device for use with a concrete finishing tool having a float pad is disclosed. The vibratory device has a mounting plate, a housing attached to the mounting plate, a motor, and a power source. The mounting plate is attached to a top side of the float pad. The housing is attached to said mounting plate. The motor is positioned in the housing and is operatively attached to the mounting plate. The power source is positioned in the housing and is in communication with the motor. Optionally, a counterweight is positioned in the housing and is attached to the motor. The actuation of the motor causes the mounting plate and the float pad to vibrate.

Abstract: A containment boom mooring system for efficiently anchoring containment booms over extended periods of time and in varying sea conditions. The containment boom mooring system generally includes a clamping frame having a first and second frame section pivotally connected upon a first end and having a latching assembly upon a second end for securing the frame sections in a pivotally closed position, a first and second resilient retainer extending along the inner sides of the first and second frame sections to frictionally engage a first side and a second side of a containment boom, a first and a second buoyancy member extending from the first and second frame sections, and an anchor assembly extending from the clamping frame which is adapted to extend below a water surface for mooring the clamping frame.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed that includes a ditch liner formed with two opposing walls. A plurality of friction control corrugations is formed in both of the two opposing walls. The apparatus also includes one or more subsurface aprons.

Abstract: A hose comprising an inner tubular structure, an outer tube and an insulation layer, wherein the inner tubular structure comprises a tubular body disposed between inner and outer gripping members, the tubular body including a sealing layer, and being formed of a material capable of withstanding cryogenic temperatures, wherein the outer tube comprises a rubber layer and a reinforcing layer disposed around the rubber layer, wherein the insulation layer is either incorporated in the inner tubular structure and/or is disposed between the inner tubular structure and the outer tube.

Abstract: A method of driving a pipe into the ground includes steps of placing a pipe to be driven into the ground onto a series of at least two spaced skids each having an upwardly opening cradle thereon so that the pipe spans and is supported by the skid cradles, one skid proximate a front end of the pipe and the other skid proximate a rear end of the pipe, each skid including a vertical jack mechanism for raising and lowering the pipe supported by the skid, positioning the pipe in a position for ramming into the ground by operating the vertical jack mechanisms as needed to raise the pipe into the ramming position, and ramming the pipe using an impact ramming tool applied to push the pipe into the ground.