Abstract: Methods for separating glass articles from glass substrate sheets are described herein. In one embodiment, a method includes focusing a laser beam on at least one surface of the glass substrate sheet such that the laser beam has an asymmetrical intensity distribution at the at least one surface of the glass substrate sheet. The method further includes translating the laser beam on the at least one surface of the glass substrate sheet along a desired groove line to form at least one groove on the at least one surface of the glass substrate sheet. The at least one groove extends partially through a thickness of the glass substrate sheet along the desired groove line and has bevelled or chamfered walls. The glass article may be separated from the glass substrate sheet along the at least one groove.

Abstract: There is provided a method for producing a porous glass having high porosity and nanosized pores even at a deeper portion in the glass. A method for producing a porous glass includes the steps of preparing a glass body containing boron, subjecting the glass body to heat treatment for phase separation, and bringing the phase-separated glass body into contact with a boron-containing solution having a boron concentration of 5 to 140 ppm.

Abstract: A fusion down-draw method for making a glass sheet using a forming body comprising an upper part (101) made of a first material and a lower part (103) made of a second material, where the first material has lower creep rate than the second material at the normal operating temperature of the forming body, and an fusion down-draw forming apparatus comprising such forming body. The invention is advantageous in that it solves the issues of internal stress and long-term creep issue of a unitary forming body made of a single material such as zircon.

Abstract: In a method for producing and refining a glass melt in a glass melting end, a mixture is fed to the glass melting end, the mixture is transformed into the glass melt under the action of heat in the glass melting end, and fuel is combusted with air and/or oxygen being supplied above the glass melt in order to generate heat in the glass melting end. In order to improve the thermal conditions inside the glass melting end, according to the invention wood dust is introduced as fuel into the combustion space present above the glass melt in the glass melting end and is combusted there, with air and/or oxygen being supplied.

Abstract: A method of increasing efficiency in glass batch melting by controlling the reaction paths of batch constituents as they melt, preventing early formation, flow, segregation and pooling of low-viscosity liquids. The glass batch raw material components are separated into first and second portions with different respective compositions, resulting in first and second respective compositions having first and second respective reaction paths. The respective portions are combined with remaining raw materials to define a mixture which is then introduced into the melter and reacted to yield a homogeneous glass melt. The first composition has a first melting temperature having a first reaction path resulting in a first liquid having sufficient viscosity to minimize flowing. The second composition has a second melting temperature and the first liquid fluxes the second composition to yield a molten glass composition.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a laser annealing apparatus includes a laser device, an anneal chamber including a stage, a first housing, and an incidence window which is attached to the first housing, an optical module including a second housing and an emission window which is attached to the second housing, and a seal member which surrounds an optical path which connects a position where the emission window is attached and a position where the incidence window is attached, and effects sealing between the optical module and the anneal chamber, an inside of the seal member being an atmosphere of an inert gas.

Abstract: A sock having a toe section, mid-section, and ankle section, wherein the denier of the toe and ankle sections is significantly less than the denier of the mid-section to provide increased stretch in the mid-section of the sock. To further increase the stretch in the mid-section of the sock, the mid-section is knitted with a longer stitch loop than the toe and ankle sections. A hosiery garment includes a leg section and a control top section. The control top section includes a stretch band that provides increased vertical stretch in that area. The stretch band is knitted in a jersey knit pattern with four courses of spandex yarn, where as the remainder of the control top section and leg sections are knitted with alternating courses of spandex and textured yarns.

Abstract: A displacement sensor module 1 for mounting on a telescopic-type damper 30, a damper/detector assembly including such a displacement sensor module and a telescopic-type damper, and a household appliance including such a damper/detector assembly is provided. The displacement sensor module 1 includes at least one coil element 4, an electronic detection unit 8 connected to the at least one coil element 4 and adapted to detect an impedance change of the at least one coil element, and a coil housing 2 for receiving and additionally or alternatively a coil support 6 for supporting the at least one coil element 4 and for supporting the electronic detection unit 8. The displacement sensor module 1 is adapted to be mounted on a telescopic-type damper 30, wherein in particular the housing 2 or support 6 is adapted to fit over a portion of a pre-assembled damper 30.

Abstract: A power shut-off and sealing device comprising a metal body, inside which is made a longitudinal blind hole, in which is rigidly fixed one end of a cable, a longitudinal through hole for placement of the locking segment of the cable, the longitudinal blind and through holes being made parallel to each other, a cable locking device, made in the form of two spring-loaded balls and located in the inner cavity of the body, characterized in that in the inner cavity of the body, formed by stamping out a solid metal sheet, is placed a shut-off mechanism, comprising three spring-loaded balls, interacting with the cable upon locking and located between a three-leafed washer and a separator, pushed from above by a spring, and the lower part of the inner cavity of the body is slightly convergent.

Abstract: The present invention provides a pick-resistant handcuff, which includes a fixed arc-shaped hook having an accommodation chamber, a movable arc-shaped hook having one end pivotally connected to the fixed arc-shaped hook and a plurality of projecting teeth provided at the other end thereof which can be rotated into the accommodation chamber, an elastic member having one end fixed in the accommodation chamber and another end split into two pressing parts, two locking members pivotally connected in the accommodation chamber and each pressed by the corresponding pressing part and provided with a plurality of lock projecting teeth for engaging with the projecting teeth, and a spacer located between the two locking members and having a through hole corresponding in configuration to a key tooth groove of a key. Thus, the movable arc-shaped hook can only be released from engagement with the locking members by the key, but not a pointed object.

Abstract: A lock, which is designed as a panic lock for a door of freezing room, includes a chassis (1, 2) and a latch bolt (3), which is displaceably guided into the chassis, impinged upon by a spring force in the direction of extension and beveled at least on one side. A two-part nut is rotationally mounted inside the lock. The inside part is able to be actuated by an inner operating lever, including an inner catch which enables the latch bolt (3) to be actuated at least in the insertion direction. An outer nut part (7), which can be actuated by an outer operating lever, includes an outer catch (10) enabling the latch bolt (3) to be actuated in the insertion and extraction direction. When the operating lever is not actuated, structure (15, 16) places the catch (10) of the nut part (7) in a neutral position in which the catch (10) is not in contact with the latch bolt (3). Structure (21-24) are also provided for locking the outer catch (10) in the neutral position thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed are various embodiments of lock devices, systems, and methods. A lock of the application can include an internal mechanism to permit backdriven operation and lost motion operation. In one form the lock can be made from an assembly of parts that have locating features that require one way installation/assembly. The lock can include an internal power source capable of driving electronics used to determine handedness of a door.

Abstract: Disclosed are various embodiments of lock devices, systems, and methods. A lock of the application can include an internal mechanism to permit backdriven operation and lost motion operation. In one form the lock can be made from an assembly of parts that have locating features that require one way installation/assembly. The lock can include an internal power source capable of driving electronics used to determine handedness of a door.

Abstract: An electrical lock system comprises an electric motor, a remote control unit for authenticating authorized users prior to granting permission and communicating such information to a motor (5) driver circuitry wherein said motor (5) is built-in in a doorknob whose axis of rotation is arranged coaxial to said cylinder's longitudinal axis such that said motor's shaft extend along a cylinder adaptor region integrating said doorknob to said lock cylinder. Said adaptor portion is coupled to a mechanical bloc connecting said adaptor region to a battery bloc and to said motor (5) through an intermediary body integral to said doorknob enclosing said motor (5) and gear mechanism.

Abstract: An electrically controllable lock assembly (20) including a lock bolt (28), a first hub (36), a second hub (68), a first hub locker (64), a second hub locker (72), a first driver (62) and a second driver (70). The lock bolt (28) is movable between a latching position and an unlatching position. The first hub (36) is adapted to move the lock bolt (28) in response to movement of a first handle. The second hub (68) is adapted to move the lock bolt (28) in response to movement of a second handle. The first hub locker (64) is positionable to selectively prevent or allow movement of the lock bolt (28) in response to torque being applied to the first hub (36) from the first handle. The second hub locker (72) is positionable to selectively prevent or allow movement of the lock bolt (28) in response to torque being applied to the second hub (68) from the second handle.

Abstract: A lock system is disclosed. The lock system includes a lock and one or more keys. The lock includes a plurality of tumblers configured for interaction with associated key features. A tumbler includes at least two sections and defines at least two contact points. One contact point is configured to interact with a feature included on either of an operator key or a master key, while the other contact point is configured to interact with a feature included on a separate key. A key according to the present disclosure includes features configured to interact with a contact point on each tumbler, such as with only one of the two contact points. One of the keys may include channels defined on surfaces thereof. Such channels accommodate the set of contact points that the features of such key are not interacting with, allowing access to and interaction with the appropriate set of contact points.

Abstract: A method for the production of an agent for enhancing soil growth is described, comprising: grinding a biomass feedstock to produce ground biomass particles; subjecting the ground biomass particles to a biofractioning process including an auger reactor; selectively collecting at least one volatile component as it is released from the ground biomass particles; collecting a last remaining nonvolatile component comprising BMF char; rendering a surface of the BMF char hydrophilic; exposing the BMF char to microorganisms; and adding the BMF char to soil.

Abstract: Compositions and methods for the delivery of organic nitrogen and phosphorus to plants are disclosed wherein the organic nitrogen comprises an effective amount of a non-genetically modified hydrolyzed plant protein and the phosphorus comprises phytic acid. The compositions may be applied as a foliar spray or dust to the plant or to soil or water surrounding the plant.

Abstract: Ammonium sulfate nitrate double salts may be produced using a process that result in complete or nearly complete conversion to the 2:1 double salt. In some embodiments, the disclosure pertains to methods of controlling moisture content during the production process.

Abstract: The present application relates to a vibration damping system for a rolling mill comprising a rolling cage and a bending adjustment system (3,3?) of the rollers comprising hydraulic actuators acting on the rollers and hydraulic circuits (18, 19) for feeding, and hydraulic damping means (25, 31, 32) of a force connected to the hydraulic circuits (18, 19) for actuating a damping effect by means of the hydraulic actuators. The hydraulic damping means comprises a pair of hydraulic pumps (25B, 25C) or a pair of hydraulic cylinders with a dual chamber, connected in an opposite direction to each other to the hydraulic circuits (18, 19).

Abstract: A roll cleaning apparatus having a cleaning member mounted to a support member that extends lengthwise relative to a first roller of the machine. The cleaning member has a brush having a substantial area to place against the surface of the roll. The cleaning member may be movable between an engaged position against the roll during operation, and a disengaged position spaced away from the roil in a non-operating condition, such as when replacement of the cleaning member is desired. The roll cleaning apparatus may include a drive connected to cause linear reciprocation of the cleaning member. The roll cleaning apparatus may have a drive or actuator mounted to move the cleaning member between the engaged and disengaged positions, and may be operable to bias the cleaning member against the roll in use. The roll cleaning member may have a contact head that includes an array of abrasive bristles.

Abstract: In a method for drawing a tube blank while supplying lubricant to an inner surface of the tube blank from a discharge opening of a rod, the lubricant is adhered appropriately to the inner surface both in the circumferential direction of the tube blank and in the longitudinal direction thereof without using any application member such as a core. While drawing a metal tube blank 2 by passing between a die 10 for shaping an outer surface and a plug 11 for shaping an inner surface, the lubricant L is discharged intermittently from a discharge opening 21 provided in an outer peripheral surface of a rod 20 supporting the plug 11 toward an upper region 40 of the tube blank 2 positioned higher than the center of the tube 2 in the up-and-down direction to thereby make the lubricant adhere to a portion of the inner surface of the tube 2 including the highest position P1 of the inner surface of the tube 2.

Abstract: The invention concerns a 4-high/6-high/18 HS cassette-type roll stand in which bending force is transmitted to bending journals (6) of roll inserts (7) by piston-cylinder units that are connected with Mae West blocks (3). Here, the piston at the piston rod (1) is fixedly connected with the Mae West block (3) and the cylinders (4) fit around the bending journals (6) at the inserts (7) of the rolls, so that thereby bending force can be transmitted directly to the bending journals (6) of the roll inserts (7).

Abstract: An extrusion method capable of performing extrusion by means of an extrusion die that can improve oxidation resistance while maintaining the excellent performance of titanium sintered body is provided. The present invention is directed to an extrusion method in which an extrusion material F is extruded through an extrusion hole 33 of a main die body 31. A main die body 31 is prepared, wherein the main die body 31 is constituted by surface-coated cermet material 1 containing cermet base material 11 formed of a sintered body including at least one or more titanium compounds selected from the group consisting of titanium carbide, titanium nitride, and titanium carbonitride as a main component, and an oxidation resistant film 12 formed on a section on the cermet base material 11 corresponding to at least an inner peripheral surface of the extrusion hole and formed of a complex oxide containing titanium. The extrusion die is preheated to a temperature of 420 to 520° C. before initiating the extrusion.

Abstract: A protrusion forming device includes a holding portion holding an object that is be processed, a tool bit having a cutting portion capable of cutting an object held by a holding portion, and a drive portion capable of driving the tool bit. The tool bit is movable along a cut-in pathway so that the cutting portion is inserted into the object. The cutting portion is movable along a further-cut pathway so as to form a protrusion part that is cut in a linear shape and is connected to the object. The tool bit continuously contacts the protrusion part while moving along a forming pathway such that the protrusion part extends perpendicular to an outer surface of the object.

Abstract: A die for forging a toothed section of a gear rack of a steering device, including a first die part (9) having a first molding recess (11) for molding the toothing and a second die part (10) having a second molding recess (12), which has the shape of the back area of the gear rack opposite the toothing. The die parts (9, 10) can be moved toward each other in a closing direction (13) into an end position, in which the die parts have a distance (s) from each other, wherein a main cavity (14) is formed between the die parts (9, 10) in a region of the molding recesses (11, 12) of the die parts (9, 10), the main cavity being open on opposite sides to secondary cavities (16, 17), which lie in respective regions between the first and second die parts (9, 10).

Abstract: A processing tool to process workpieces, for example cold working holes and/or installing expandable members into holes includes an expansion assembly with a plurality of elongated expansion segments. A first band and a second band couple the expansion segments into an array with the expansion segments circumferentially distributed about a longitudinal axis, with a passageway extending between the arrayed segments. The processing tool may include a tuning assembly that allows a radial expansion amount of the expansion assembly to be adjusted without altering a stroke length of a drive member of the processing tool. Sensors may sense various aspects of the processing performed by the processing tool to enable analysis and storage of information regarding performance of the process and/or materials processed by the processing tool.

Abstract: A method of operating a sensor system including at least one sensor for detecting an analyte gas and a control system includes electronically interrogating the sensor to determine the operational status thereof and upon determining that the operational status is non-conforming based upon one or more predetermined thresholds, the control system initiating an automated calibration of the sensor with the analyte gas or a simulant gas.

Abstract: An acceleration detection device is provided with a zero point correction unit for correcting a zero point position of a sensor signal value by using the correction amount (absolute value of a correction value) based on the acceleration when the vehicle transitions from a stopped state on a sloping road to a running state. The acceleration detection device is also provided with a correction amount restriction unit for restricting the correction amount, thereby suppressing calculation of an excessive correction amount due to road surface irregularities or movement of the occupant and deterioration in correction accuracy.

Abstract: A method and system for calibrating an ultrasonic wedge and a probe are disclosed. The calibration method includes the steps of automatically determining the ultrasonic signal acquisition width and the first ultrasonic signal gate based on the theoretical parameters of the ultrasonic wedge and the probe. The calibration method can also include the steps of automatically determining the operating status of transducer elements in a phased array transducer and then determining the actual parameters of the ultrasonic wedge based on the live transducer elements.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a vacuum insulation material, which includes a barrier film and a core, wherein a rigid body thinner than a reference thickness or a getter harder than a reference hardness is formed between the barrier film and the core, or the rigid body thinner than the reference thickness is formed on the getter formed between the barrier film and the core to ensure surface flatness and surface hardness of the vacuum insulation material.

Abstract: There is provided a protective device, and in particular a device to assist in minimising injury to a person's hips caused by a fall. The device includes a plurality of guards, and a securing portion to hold the guards in position adjacent to and over top of a person's hip joints. The guards are formed from rigid material so as to transfer the force of an impact into soft tissue and muscle surrounding the person's hip joints. Community assembly alerts is configured to alert a monitoring service upon detection that a fall has occurred.

Abstract: The invention is directed towards methods and apparatus for accurately detecting the presence and concentration of an oxidant in a turbid water sample. This method is very helpful in allowing accurate and efficient (not too much nor too little) amounts of microbe killing oxidants to be introduced to water supplies that require oxidants but which at present cannot be measured properly. The method comprises the steps of: passing the water through at least one filter array, passing the filtered water to an analyzer, and then returning from the analyzer a measurement of the concentration. The filter array comprises at least one filter constructed and arranged to remove turbidity inducing material but not oxidant from the water sample. The analyzer can be a commonly commercially available analyzer that currently cannot accurately measure the oxidant concentration if the water had not been so filtered.

Abstract: A portable electronic device comprises a housing and a chemical sensor arranged inside the housing which chemical sensor is adapted to measure a property of at least one analyte. The device further comprises an opening in the housing for exposing the chemical sensor to the fluid to be analyzed.

Abstract: Composite sampling of a fluid flowing through a conduit includes collecting, in a vessel coupled to the conduit through which the fluid is flowing, a first discrete sample of fluid from the conduit, the first discrete sample having a first selected volume, and collecting, in the vessel and at a first interval from the first sample, a second discrete sample of the fluid from the conduit, the second discrete sample having a second selected volume, thereby forming a composite sample in the vessel while the vessel is coupled to conduit. The composite sample includes the first discrete sample and the second discrete sample, and may include one or more additional discrete samples. An apparatus for collecting the composite sample includes a gas chromatograph, and is arranged such that the composite sample is provided to the gas chromatograph without removing the composite sample from the apparatus or transporting the composite sample.

Abstract: The present invention provides a gas chromatography—inverse gas chromatography combined analysis device, which includes a gas chromatography column and an inverse gas chromatography column, an input end of the gas chromatography column is connected to a sample feeder, an output end of the gas chromatography column is connected to an input end of the inverse gas chromatography column, the output end of the gas chromatography column is further connected to a first detector, the input end of the inverse gas chromatography column is further connected to a carrier gas tube, an output end of the inverse gas chromatography column is connected to a second detector, and the first detector and the second detector are both connected to a signal collector.

Abstract: A particle separation system for separating particles in an airflow upstream of a detection chamber in an aspirating smoke detector is disclosed. The particle separation system includes an airflow path for directing the airflow from an inlet to an outlet. The airflow path includes a first airflow path section in a first direction and a second airflow path section in a second direction, the first and second directions being different relative to each other. The airflow path also includes at least one electrically charged surface such that the airflow undergoes electrostatic precipitation as it traverses the airflow path. A method of separating particles in an airflow upstream of a detection chamber in an aspirating smoke detector is also disclosed.

Abstract: An atmospheric cloud height, humidity profile, or temperature measuring method and arrangement are provided. In the method, pulsed laser signals (14) are transmitted through transmission optics (2, 3, 4, 5, 6) to the atmosphere and the signal (15) reflected or scattered back from there is detected. An interference filter (3) is used in the optics, in order to stabilize the transmitted optical power to the centre wavelength of the interference filter (3).

Abstract: In order to obtain a knock detection device of an internal combustion engine which satisfies two objects of following capability and separation from a continuous knock generation state, when a background level is calculated by ((current background level)=(filter coefficient)×(previous background level)+(1?filter coefficient)×(output signal from knock sensor)), updating quantity of the background level is limited by ((1?filter coefficient)×(value not lower than maximum value of output signal from knock sensor at time when knock is not generated)).

Abstract: Systems and methods for generating low or ultra-low concentrations of oil-based challenging compounds for filtration media are provided. Embodiments of the generators utilize bypass air in addition to the source of challenge. A HEPA filter which utilizes spunbond scrim material and ePTFE membrane for use in an aseptic pharmaceutical filtration air handling system for installation and testing is provided. The installation and testing configuration includes the ePTFE filter with a low or ultra-low concentration of challenging aerosol in the upstream side of the filter along with a scanning device for determining the upstream concentration, all completed in situ within a pharmaceutical air handling system. At the downstream side of the ePTFE filter is positioned another scanner which may be a discrete particle counter. The system and configuration allows for exposure to ePTFE filtration media for certification by low or ultra-low concentrations of oil based challenging compounds.

Abstract: A device for carrying out a test on a fluid circuit of an aircraft including a test unit which includes, at the inlet, at least one means of connection to a pressurized gas supply connected to means for regulating the pressure of the gas provided by the supply as a function of the test to be carried out and, at the outlet, at least two connection means connected to the means for regulating the pressure of the gas, wherein at least two connection means have different dimensions tailored to a range of pressures or a given pressure.

Abstract: A package testing system or apparatus that may be mounted directly onto an F/F/S machine and allows for communication with an F/F/S machine in the form of either a digital or analog signal. The communication may be implemented into a PID loop which allows for a predetermined burst pressure set point to be reached “automatically” by either the burst pressure controller or the F/F/S controller to automatically adjust the sealing parameters via the PID loop. The system may employ a novel sealing system that uses either a viscous solution or a series of laminated materials to seal either the needle entry point or the puncture side of the material in its entirety, thereby eliminating the use of known sealing patches that cover the porous webbing in testing. Methods for conducting such testing and for operating such systems are within the scope of the present disclosure.

Abstract: An apparatus and a system is provided that may be utilized to determine oil migration and oil displacement from a pre-oiled air filter. The present invention may also be utilized to determine if oil is displaced from the air filter onto a portion of the apparatus for visualization to a user. The present invention utilizes a demonstration apparatus having a system for forcing air through the oil subjected air filter thereby attempting to force displacement of the oil from the air filter. The apparatus utilizes a blowing means whereby the oil infused air filter is subject to higher than normal air flow and whereby the apparatus has a deflection portion whereby if oil is displaced from the air filter, it is deflected onto the deflection portion where it would be physically viewable to an observer present in the vicinity of the apparatus.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus for a gate valve including a body and a sensing bore. A subassembly includes a body with a sensing bore; a bonnet contacting the body; and at least one of a vein and a plug in the sensing bore.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are devices for measuring, at one or more time points, one or more properties or changes in properties of a fluid sample. The devices may comprise a chamber defining an internal volume of the device suitable for receiving and retaining the fluid sample; a plurality of layers, the plurality comprising at least a first layer below the chamber, at least a second layer above the chamber, and a substrate layer between the first and second layers, wherein: the substrate layer is linked to at least one suspended element located within the chamber; the suspended element is linked to the substrate layer by at least two compliant structures located within the chamber; and the suspended element is configured to oscillate upon application of an actuating signal to at least one electrically conductive path, which runs across at least two of the compliant structures and the suspended element. Related methods and uses are also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus for a gate valve including a body, a stem, and a sensing bore. A subassembly includes a body, a stem, and a sensing bore; a bonnet contacting the body; and at least one of a vein and a plug in the sensing bore.

Abstract: The invention provides a signal processor that receives a signal containing information about an acoustic signal that is generated by at least one acoustic transmitter, that travels through an aerated fluid in a container, and that is received by at least one acoustic receiver arranged in relation to the container, including inside the container; and determines the gas volume fraction of the aerated fluid based at least partly on the speed of sound measurement of the acoustic signal that travels through the aerated fluid in the container. The signal processor also sends an output signal containing information about the gas volume fraction of the aerated fluid. The signal processor may be configured together with at least one acoustic transmitter, the at least one acoustic receiver, or both.

Abstract: A sensor device and a related method for measuring the flow of a fluid and/or for detecting the presence of a substance have such respective structural and functional features as to allow reliable measurements at very reduced costs. The sensor device includes at least a temperature difference sensor based on the Seebeck thermoelectric effect and integrated in a sensor device support, together with a heating element also integrated in this support. A method for measuring the flow of a fluid and/or the presence or the level of a substance uses the sensor device.

Abstract: Internal components of power generation machinery, such as gas and steam turbines are inspected with an optical camera inspection system that is capable of automatically positioning the camera field of view (FOV) to an area of interest within the machinery along a pre-designated navigation path and capturing images without human intervention. Automatic camera positioning and image capture can be initiated automatically or after receipt of operator permission. The pre-designated navigation path can be defined by operator manual positioning of an inspection scope within the power machine or a similar one of the same type and recording of positioning steps for future replication. The navigation path can also be defined by virtual simulation. The inspection system includes a multi-axis inspection scope suitable for inspection within the turbine section of a gas turbine.

Abstract: A first passage has a branch position where a second passage is branched from the first passage to move air along a reference vector. The second passage accommodates a thermal sensor. The first passage has a throttle at a downstream of the branch position. The throttle has a throttle wall surface having a normal vector directed inwardly. A width direction is perpendicular to both a flow direction of air in the throttle and the reference vector. The throttle wall surface has a specific region, in which the normal vector includes a vector component in the width direction, and an angle ? between the normal vector and the reference vector is in a range of 90 degrees<?<180 degrees.