Abstract: In imaging system (100), a spatial light modulator (101) is configured to produce images (102) by scanning a plurality light beams (104,105,106). A first optical element (107) is configured to cause the plurality of light beams to converge along an optical path (114) defined between the first optical element and the spatial light modulator. A second optical element (115) is disposed between the spatial light modulator and a waveguide (1401). The first optical element and the spatial light modulator are arranged such that an image plane (117) is created between the spatial light modulator and the second optical element. The second optical element is configured to collect the diverging light (118) from the image plane and collimate it. The second optical element then delivers the collimated light to a pupil (120) at an input of the waveguide.

Abstract: Systems and methods for faster acquisition and processing of OCT image data are presented. In one embodiment of the present invention, an OCT system is operated in two different acquisition modes of different axial resolutions to allow for efficient collection of OCT Angiography data while also collecting high resolution OCT data. In another embodiment, a reduced subset of a collected data set is used for OCT Angiography data analysis. In another embodiment, a sweep of a swept-source laser is split into different spectral components covering different transverse locations on the sample. A further aspect includes the ability to process all or a portion of collected OCT data with one motion contrast technique before or while a second set is processed using a different motion contrast technique.

Abstract: Reference images from one or more OCT scanners are correlated with associated OCT scan data, which is in turn registered and correlated to a wide field image so as to present the OCT scan data registered and aligned to the correct location on the wide field image so as to permit displaying OCT scan data taken at different times or on different machines on a single screen all registered to the wide field image.

Abstract: An optical imaging system (1) for in-vivo retinal imaging, the system (1) comprising: an optical source (3) for generating incoherent light in a plurality of wavelength bands; an optical imaging sub-system (6) configured to split light from said optical source (3) into a plurality of beams, to introduce a path difference between said beams of light, and recombine those beams to form interference fringes that are imaged on a subject (21); and an image capture device (29) configured to capture light from the subject (21) being imaged, and to form an image of said subject (21).

Abstract: An eye examination system including a patient display visible by the patient during examination and an image capturing device arranged to take an image of the patient's eye during examination, the patient display being arranged to receive and display in real time the image for the patient to view during examination.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for quantitative imaging of the retinal fundus. The method for retinal health assessment comprises imaging the retinal fundus of a patient's eye at different wavelengths within a spectral range and determining spectral reflectivity of the retina for each pixel within a field of view (FOV). The retinal health is assessed based on the spectral reflectivity of the retina. The metabolic and anatomical activity of the eye is monitored to detect, at the earliest stage, activity that could lead to the onset of blinding eye diseases such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, cataracts, etc.

Abstract: An apparatus including an illumination unit for illuminating an eye to be inspected with light from an observation light source or light from a photographing light source; an photographing unit for guiding reflected light from the eye to an photographing element, to record an image thereof; a calculation unit for calculating an appropriate observation or photographing light intensity based on an illumination light intensity of the illumination unit and an image signal of the photographing element; an automatic light intensity adjustment unit for causing one of the observation and photographing light sources to emit light at the calculated light intensity; and a control unit for controlling the adjustment unit according to a selected one of a mode of acquiring the fundus image and a mode of acquiring the anterior ocular image.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a dual focusing optical coherence imaging system. The dual focusing optical coherence imaging system includes: a light source unit for generating broadband light; a main optical distributor for distributing the light generated from the light source to allow the light to be propagated; an interference unit including first and second interference parts for forming interference signals with respect to different focused areas of an object to be detected using the light distributed from the optical distributor, and a common sample arm commonly connected to the first and second interference parts; an optical switch connected to the first and second interference parts to select at least one of the interference signals transmitted from the first and second interference parts; and a detection unit for converting the interference signal selected by the optical switch according to a preset mode into an electrical signal.

Abstract: A device for measuring a user's range of clear focus (accommodation) comprising: a display for displaying a test image to the user at a first size; a sensor for determining the separation between the display and the user; and a processor for determining the angular subtence of the image to the user and to resize the test image in order to substantially maintain the angular subtence of the image when the separation between the display and the user is varied.

Abstract: Methods for analyzing and visualizing OCT angiography data are presented. In one embodiment, an automated method for identifying the foveal avascular zone in a two dimensional en face image generated from motion contrast data is presented. Several 3D visualization techniques are presented including one in which a particular vessel is selected in a motion contrast image and all connected vessels are highlighted. A further embodiment includes a stereoscopic visualization method. In addition, a variety of metrics for characterizing OCT angiography image data are described.

Abstract: For the model-based determination of the biometry of eyes, the eye is illuminated by a light source via a scanning unit, the focus of the measuring light beam in the eye is moved or shifted laterally and/or axially via an adjusting device and the light fractions back-scattered by the boundary surfaces and from the tissue of the eye via an interferometer are detected by a sensor and relayed to a control and evaluation unit by which a parametric eye model which describes at least two boundary surfaces present in the eye is adapted to the scan or scans. The invention relates to the field of ophthalmology and serves in particular for the optical determination of the biometry of eyes by application of two-dimensional optical coherence tomography images. However, the method is not limited to the use of coherence tomography nor to the utilisation of optical measurements.

Abstract: A projection apparatus is disclosed. The projection apparatus includes a light source module, a first light splitting element, a first light valve unit, a first light modulator, a second light modulator and a light consolidating element. A light beam is provided by the light source module, and is split into a first and a second polarized light beam by the first light splitting element. In different time sequences, the first and the second polarized light beams are formed into a first, a second, a third and a fourth image light by the first light valve unit. Then, these image lights are transformed into viewing angle images by the first and the second light modulators. Then, via the light consolidating element, the first, the second, the third and the fourth view angle images are projected to a viewer and a stereoscopic image is formed.

Abstract: A faceted lightpipe arrangement and method have been described for use with an imaging projector system. A plurality of facets can be arranged to receive beams of light and to converge the beams of light while traveling from an input end to an output end of the lightpipe. The faceted lightpipe provides for a high degree of color mixing and a high degree of intensity uniformity.

Abstract: A light emitting device includes a substrate, a laminated body formed by stacking a first cladding layer, a first active layer, a second cladding layer, a third cladding layer, a second active layer, and a fourth cladding layer on the substrate in this order, a first electrode connected to the first cladding layer, a second electrode connected to the second cladding layer and the third cladding layer, and a third electrode connected to the fourth cladding layer, the first active layer generates first light using the first electrode and the second electrode, the second active layer generates second light using the second electrode and the third electrode, and a side surface of the first active layer is provided with an emitting section for emitting the first light, and a side surface of the second active layer is provided with an emitting section for emitting the second light.

Abstract: A light source apparatus comprises a beam flux conversion optical system for making all the light emitting areas conjugate to one geometrical-optical output image, all the solid light emitting elements being in series connected to each other and fixed to a heat sink to be insulated to one another, circuits on the input and output sides of an electric supply circuit being not insulated, the electric supply circuit including an interface circuit for receiving a modulation amount specifying signal from a host circuit, wherein a ratio of ON time to a switching cycle of the switch element is controlled in a feedback manner so that a difference between current values indicated by the output current signal and a target current signal may become small, and the interface circuit generating analog quantity correlated to the amount of modulation specified by a modulation amount specifying signal through a data insulation transmission unit.

Abstract: A substrate guided relay includes multiple output couplers and multiple light valves positioned between the substrate and the output couplers. The number of light valves may be equal to the number of output couplers, or may be more or less than the number of output couplers. The light valves may be enabled sequentially, or may be enabled based on the position of a user's eye. The light valves may include liquid crystal material.

Abstract: A liquid immersion lithography apparatus includes a projection system having a final optical element via which a substrate is exposed to an exposure beam through an immersion liquid located between the final optical element and the substrate, and a nozzle member. The nozzle member has a first opening on one side of the final optical element and from which the immersion liquid is supplied, a second opening on a second side of the final optical element and from which the immersion liquid is collected, and a liquid recovery portion that surrounds a path of the exposure beam and from which the immersion liquid is collected. During exposure, an upper surface of the substrate faces the liquid recovery portion, and the immersion liquid is supplied from the first opening while the immersion liquid supplied from the first opening is recovered from the second opening and the liquid recovery portion.

Abstract: A liquid immersion lithography apparatus and method exposes a substrate with light via a projection system and a liquid. A table assembly has a top surface and is movable relative to the projection system while supporting the substrate. The table assembly top surface has a first opening portion, and a top surface of a sensor is arranged inside of the first opening portion. The sensor top surface is positionable opposite the projection system by the table assembly such that a gap, in which the liquid can be maintained, is formed between the projection system and the sensor top surface. The table assembly and sensor top surfaces are apposed on a substantially same plane, or are substantially co-planar.

Abstract: In a lithographic projection apparatus, a structure surrounds a space between the projection system and a substrate table of the lithographic projection apparatus. A gas seal is formed between said structure and the surface of said substrate to contain liquid in the space.

Abstract: A liquid immersion lithography apparatus and method exposes a substrate with light via a projection system and liquid. A table assembly has a top surface and is movable relative to the projection system while supporting the substrate. The top surface and the substrate are positionable opposite to the projection system such that the liquid is maintained between the projection system and a portion of one or both of the top surface and a surface of the substrate. A sensor has a top surface arranged at the top surface of the table assembly and is positionable opposite to the projection system such that a gap, in which the liquid can be maintained, is formed between the projection system and the top surface of the sensor. The top surfaces of the table assembly and of the sensor are apposed on a substantially same plane, or are substantially co-planar.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus exposes a substrate with an exposure light via a projection optical system and a liquid, and includes a flow channel forming member and a substrate stage. The flow channel forming member forms an immersion area of the liquid at an image surface side of the projection optical system. The substrate stage has a wall portion provided so as to surround a support portion which supports the substrate, and a recovery port capable of recovering the liquid in a recess formed at an outside of the wall portion with respect to an optical axis of the projection optical system. When a cleaning is performed, a cleaning liquid is recovered via the recovery port.

Abstract: An immersion exposure apparatus and method exposes a substrate with an exposure beam via an optical element and immersion liquid. A table mounts the substrate. A member is positionable under the optical element. A holding member is arranged to hold the member such that the member is located opposed to the optical element. Each of the table and the member are configured to maintain the immersion liquid below the optical element when located opposed to the optical element. The member is positionable to be away from a position below the optical element when the substrate, mounted on the table, is located opposed to the optical element. The table is movable to be away from below the optical element while the member is held opposed to the optical element.

Abstract: An immersion exposure apparatus and method exposes a substrate with an exposure beam via an optical element and immersion liquid. The apparatus includes a substrate stage having a table and a member. The table mounts the substrate and is configured to maintain the immersion liquid below the optical element when located opposed to the optical element. The member is configured to maintain the immersion liquid below the optical element when, located opposed to the optical element. The substrate stage is configured such that, when the table is located opposed to the optical element, the table and the member are movable relative to the optical element in a state in which a surface of the table and a surface of the member are arranged adjacent to each other so that the immersion liquid below the optical element is thereby transferred from the table to the member.

Abstract: An immersion exposure apparatus and method expose a substrate with an exposure beam via an optical assembly and via immersion liquid. A first stage on which a substrate is mounted is positioned below the optical assembly so that the immersion liquid is maintained in a space between the optical assembly and the substrate. The first stage is replaced below the optical assembly with a second stage while maintaining the immersion liquid below the optical assembly. The replacing includes arranging a movable member, which is independently movable relative to the first and second stages and away from below the optical assembly, to face the optical assembly so as to substantially maintain the immersion liquid below the optical assembly while the first and second substrate stages are away from below the optical assembly. A control system controls a drive system to move the first and second stages.

Abstract: A reflective optical element and an EUV lithography appliance containing one such element are provided, the appliance displaying a low propensity to contamination. The reflective optical element has a protective layer system includes at least two layers. The optical characteristics of the protective layer system are between those of a spacer and an absorber, or correspond to those of a spacer. The selection of a material with the smallest possible imaginary part and a real part which is as close to 1 as possible in terms of the refractive index leads to a plateau-type reflectivity course according to the thickness of the protective layer system between two thicknesses d1 and d2. The thickness of the protective layer system is selected in such a way that it is less than d2.

Abstract: A method of operating a projection exposure tool for microlithography is provided. The projection exposure tool has a projection objective for imaging object structures on a mask into an image plane using electromagnetic radiation, during which imaging the electromagnetic radiation causes a change in optical properties of the projection objective.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are used to form patterns on a substrate. The apparatus comprises a projection system, a patterning device, a low-pass filter, and a data manipulation device. The projection system projects a beam of radiation onto the substrate as an array of sub-beams. The patterning device modulates the sub-beams to substantially produce a requested dose pattern on the substrate. The low-pass filter operates on pattern data derived from the requested dose pattern in order to form a frequency-clipped target dose pattern that comprises only spatial frequency components below a selected threshold frequency. The data manipulation device produces a control signal comprising spot exposure intensities to be produced by the patterning device, based on a direct algebraic least-squares fit of the spot exposure intensities to the frequency-clipped target dose pattern. In various examples, filters can also be used.

Abstract: A mask and an optical filter manufacturing apparatus including the same are provided. A mask used for a roll-to-roll process of forming patterns in a base film configured to move along a curved surface includes a mask body having a curved surface disposed opposite a roll around which the base film is wound and a plane surface corresponding to the reverse side of the curved surface. The curved surface of the mask body is disposed a predetermined distance apart from a curved surface of the roll. The mask and optical filter manufacturing apparatus enable formation of uniform patterns on the base film to enhance the quality of products and precisely attain the properties of the base film.

Abstract: Within area where of four heads installed on a wafer stage, heads included in the first head group and the second head group to which three heads each belong that include one head different from each other face the corresponding areas on a scale plate, the wafer stage is driven based on positional information which is obtained using the first head group, as well as obtain the displacement (displacement of position, rotation, and scaling) between the first and second reference coordinate systems corresponding to the first and second head groups using the positional information obtained using the first and second head groups. By using the results and correcting measurement results obtained using the second head group, the displacement between the first and second reference coordinate systems is calibrated, which allows the measurement errors that come with the displacement between areas on scale plates where each of the four heads face.

Abstract: A substrate table comprising a base and a plurality of burls that project from the base, wherein an upper surface of the burls is provided with a multilayer coating.

Abstract: A distance-measuring system includes a light source, a light detector, and measuring optics for projecting light emitted by the light source to a target and for guiding light reflected from said target towards the light detector. The distance-measuring system also includes reference optics for guiding light emitted by the light source within the system towards the light detector as internal reference light and a variable attenuator for adjusting intensity of light incident on the light detector. The variable attenuator includes an attenuating filter arranged in a beam path between the measuring optics and the light detector and an actuator coupled to the attenuating filter for moving the attenuating filter. The distance-measuring system further includes an optical selector coupled to at least one of the actuator or the attenuating filter and moved by the actuator together with the attenuating filter.

Abstract: A laser scanner (10) detects and determines distances of objects comprises a light transmitter transmitting light in a plurality of consecutive individual pulses. A rotatable deflection unit (18) for the periodical deflection of the transmission light beam (16) into the monitoring zone (20) and an angular measurement unit (30) generates angular position signals (62) in dependence on an angular position of the deflection unit (18). An evaluation unit (32) identifies a received pulse associated with an object from a histogram (110) taken from a histogram memory (32a, 32b) to determine the distance of the object by means of a light propagation method. The histogram (110) is collected over a time interval which is associated with the angular position signal (62). In this connection at least two histogram memories (32a, 32b) are provided in order to collect a first histogram and a second histogram in overlapping time intervals.

Abstract: A medical device calibration apparatus, system and method include a calibration template (202) configured to position an optical shape sensing enabled interventional instrument (102). A set geometric configuration (206) is formed in or on the template to maintain the instrument in a set geometric configuration within an environment where the instrument is to be deployed. When the instrument is placed in the set geometric configuration, the instrument is calibrated for a medical procedure.

Abstract: A method and system to detect an improvised explosive device is disclosed. In a particular embodiment, the method includes dispersing a mixture containing a fluorescent material uniformly over a ground cover, illuminating the ground cover with wavelengths of visible light or ultraviolet (UV) light causing the fluorescent material to fluoresce in a visible light spectrum, and detecting where the mixture has been disturbed on the ground cover by visually observing inconsistencies in the fluorescent material on the ground cover that is fluorescing to indicate a location of the improvised explosive device. The method also includes that the mixture is adapted to cling to a person, clothes, or any combination thereof, upon contact.

Abstract: Apparatuses and systems for submicron resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) are disclosed. The system may use white light sources having wavelengths within 400-1000 nanometers, and achieve resolution below 1 ?m. The apparatus is aggregated into a unitary piece, and a user can connect the apparatus to a user provided controller and/or light source. The light source may be a supercontinuum source.

Abstract: A light-monitoring apparatus includes a power source, a light detector, a computer processor coupled with the power source and in communication with the light detector and configured to receive and record light exposure detected by the light detector, an output device coupled with the computer processor, and a computer-readable medium coupled with the computer processor and storing instruction code for summing the recorded light exposure from the computer processor over time and communicating a signal to the output device to generate and communicate a signal indicating that a cumulative threshold light exposure for achieving a health benefit has been reached. The apparatus can accordingly be used by an individual to monitor cumulative light exposure from both natural and artificial sources, e.g., in the treatment of seasonal or non-seasonal depression.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining a digital signature from an article. A coherent light source directs a beam to illuminate the article and a detector arrangement collects data points from light scattered from many different parts of the article to collect a large number of independent data points, typically 500 or more. By collecting a large number of independent signal contributions specific to many different parts of the article, a digital signature can be computed that is unique to the area of the article that has been scanned. This measurement can be repeated whenever required to test authenticity of the article. Using this method, it has been discovered that it is essentially pointless to go to the effort and expense of making specially prepared tokens, since unique characteristics are measurable a in a straightforward manner from a wide variety of every day articles.

Abstract: A system, apparatus and method for testing optical fiber systems by providing a near-end and far-end harness that loops the set of fibers in the fiber system together. The near-end harness has an interface to connect to the tester. The tester then effects testing on the entire set of fibers, which are looped together by the configuration of the two harnesses creating a single optical path that traverses the entire set or subset of fibers in the network, so a launched test signal propagates through the entire set of looped fibers, providing measurement results for the fibers.

Abstract: There is disclosed a distributed optical fibre sensing system in which the sensor fibre comprises at least first and second waveguides used for separate sensing operations. The sensor fibre may be, for example, a double clad fibre having a monomade core and a multimode inner cladding.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a system and method for nondestructively measuring the refractive index and the central thickness of a lens. The system comprises a radius measurement module arranged for measuring the curvature radius of the first surface of the lens; a focus measurement module arranged for measuring the best focus distance of the first surface of the lens; and a calculation module arranged for performing the first or the second calculation process according to the lensmaker's formula. Wherein, when the central thickness is given, the calculation module performs the first calculation process according to the curvature radius, the best focus distance and the central thickness to calculate the refractive index. On the contrary, when the refractive index is given, the calculation module performs the second calculation process according to the curvature radius, the best focus distance and the refractive index to calculate the central thickness.

Abstract: A luminous intensity test device includes an optical frequency converter, a display, and a processor. The optical frequency converter selectively converts at least a portion of light emitted by a light source into a digital signal. The display displays a color selection interface. The processor processes the digital signal and obtains the luminous intensity. When a tester inputs a color parameter into the color selection interface via an input device, the optical frequency converter converts a kind of light to the digital signal and then the processor processes the digital signal to obtain a luminous intensity and display the luminous intensity on the display.

Abstract: Provided herein is an apparatus, including a photon emitting means for emitting photons onto a surface of an article, a photon detecting means for detecting photons scattered from features in the surface of the article; and a mapping means for mapping the features in the surface of the article, wherein the apparatus is configured to process more than one article every 100 seconds.

Abstract: In semiconductor surface inspection apparatus, foreign matter that sticks to the wafer can reduce the quality of the wafer. The present invention is directed to improving the internal cleanliness of the apparatus. Specifically, during rotation of a semiconductor wafer, foreign matter suspended in an atmosphere surrounding the wafer is attracted to a central section of the wafer, and that while heading from the central section of the wafer, towards an outer edge thereof, the foreign matter is most likely to stick to the wafer. In conventional techniques, sufficient consideration is not given to such likelihood of foreign matter sticking This invention supplies a medium from two directions to an inner circumferential section of a substrate. In accordance with the invention, foreign matter that sticks to a wafer can be reduced more significantly than in the conventional techniques.

Abstract: A defect inspection method includes: illuminating an area on surface of a specimen as a test object under a specified illumination condition; scanning a specimen to translate and rotate the specimen; detecting scattering lights to separate each of scattering lights scattered in different directions from the illuminated area on the specimen into pixels to be detected according to a scan direction at the scanning a specimen and a direction approximately orthogonal to the scan direction; and processing to perform an addition process on each of scattering lights that are detected at the step and scatter approximately in the same direction from approximately the same area of the specimen, determine presence or absence of a defect based on scattering light treated by the addition process, and compute a size of the determined defect using at least one of the scattering lights corresponding to the determined defect.

Abstract: The invention relates to a chamber for analyzing a sample by means of Raman spectroscopy, characterized in that the chamber is provided in the form of an opaque parallelepiped having: (a) on one of the vertical walls thereof, a hatch for introducing a sample; (b) on the bottom wall thereof, a first opening, and means (4) for attaching a light source, for providing excitation radiation, and a lens (22) enabling the convergence of the excitation radiation so as to define a focal point for the excitation radiation; and (c) a second opening and means for attaching a sensor enabling the Raman scattered light to be detected on a vertical wall or the bottom wall, said attachment means (4) including adjustment means (8) for varying said focal point of the excitation radiation along a vertical axis, so as to enable an adjustment of the height of said focal point within the analysis chamber.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device (100) for identifying biotic particles in a medium to be analyzed, comprising a measuring cell (104), through which the medium to be analyzed can flow and in which the identification of the biotic particles is carried out by means of Raman spectroscopy, and a feed (102) by means of which the medium to be analyzed can be fed to the measuring cell (104). The device (100) according to the invention is characterized in that the feed (102) comprises at least one sensor (101) with which the presence of biotic particles in the medium flowing through the feed (102) can be ascertained. The feed (102) has a controllable bypass valve (103) downstream of the sensor (101), and the medium can be selectively fed to the measuring cell (104) or to a bypass channel (106) via said bypass valve.

Abstract: An atomic absorption spectrometer, including: a light source combination; a detection device; a flame atomization device; a hydride generation device; a graphite furnace atomization device; and an adjustment mechanism. The flame atomization device includes a flame atomizer. The hydride generation device includes a hydride atomizer. The graphite furnace atomization device includes a graphite furnace atomizer. An axis of the flame atomizer, an axis of the hydride atomizer, and an axis of the graphite furnace atomizer are adjusted by the adjustment mechanism to coincide with an optical axis of the light source combination.

Abstract: Various systems and methods of monitoring laser safety by sensing contact of the system with a sample are provided. The system includes a focusing element for focusing an incident light from a laser light source onto a sample, an optical element having a collection zone for collecting a signal from the sample, a reflected light sensor for sensing a reflected light from the sample, wherein the reflected light sensor is located outside the collection zone of the optical element and on an inner surface of a housing of the system, an electrical circuit operably connected to the reflected light sensor and the laser light source and configured to control power to the laser light source in accordance with the reflected light sensed by the reflected light sensor and a spectral analyzer for processing the signal. Methods and other systems are also described and illustrated.

Abstract: A measurement device and method for the detection of airborne particles. The device includes a nozzle designed to produce a laminar flow of air with a flow path beyond the nozzle, a first laser and a second laser being positioned for emitting time-amplitude modulated laser light with intersecting laser beams with a laser beam intersection region in a region of the air flow path, and two photodetectors positioned for the detection of laser light scattered in the laser beam intersection region by airborne particles contained in the laminar air flow. The lasers are designed for emission of time-amplitude modulated laser light of identical laser emission wavelength, and the photodetectors are positioned and designed each for the detection of scattered laser light from both lasers.

Abstract: The scattered light from the measurement target substance passes through a light receiving window, and is received by a detector for +? scattered light and a detector for ?? scattered light which are arranged symmetrically to each other across an optical axis at an equal angle or an equal interval in a vertical direction. A light source is fixed by a light-source holder (that is a base member on which the light source is arranged), and the detectors are arranged on and fixed to a detector holder (that is a base member on which the detectors are arranged). In this manner, drift of the light quantity data caused by the thermal deformation of the optical system can be corrected by comparing values of the light quantity data of the detectors.