Abstract: Optical fiber sensors adapted to measure strain or pressure are disclosed. The optical fiber sensor has a lead-in optical fiber having an end surface at a forward end, and a first optical element having a body with an outer dimension, Do, a front end surface coupled to the lead-in optical fiber, a pedestal including a retracted surface that is spaced from the front end surface, the retracted surface at least partially defining an optical cavity, a gutter surrounding the pedestal, the gutter having a gutter depth defining an active region of length, L, the first optical element further exhibiting L/Do?0.5. Also provided are systems including the optical fiber sensor, and methods for manufacturing and using the optical fiber sensor. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Abstract: An optical waveguide device which is free from interference with an optical path between a light emitting element and an optical waveguide thereof, and to provide a method of manufacturing the optical waveguide device. A light emitting element (5) is provided on an upper surface of a first under-cladding layer (21), and a second under-cladding layer (22) is provided on the upper surface of the first under-cladding layer (21), covering the light emitting element (5). A core 3 which receives light emitted from the light emitting element (5) through the second under-cladding layer (22) is provided on an upper surface of the second under-cladding layer (22). The core (3) is located in a position such that the light emitted from the light emitting element (5) is incident on the core (3).

Abstract: A connection device includes a ground electrode layer that is provided in a substrate, a first transmission path that is provided on the ground electrode layer via a dielectric layer, and a plurality of leads that are connected to the first transmission path and the ground electrode layer or the first transmission path and a plane that is electrically connected to the ground electrode layer. The plurality of leads are fitted into through-holes that are provided in a second transmission path and a ground electrode on a flexible substrate to be electrically connected.

Abstract: In a multi-chip module (MCM), integrated circuits are coupled by optical waveguides. These integrated circuits receive optical signals from a set of light sources which have fixed carrier wavelengths. Moreover, a given integrated circuit includes: a transmitter that modulates at least one of the optical signals when transmitting information to at least another of the integrated circuits; and a receiver that receives at least one modulated optical signal having one of the carrier wavelengths when receiving information from at least the other of the integrated circuits. Furthermore, the MCM includes tunable drop filters optically coupled to the optical waveguides and associated integrated circuits, wherein the tunable drop filters pass adjustable bands of wavelengths to receivers in the integrated circuits. Additionally, control logic in the MCM provides a control signal to the tunable drop filters to specify the adjustable bands of wavelengths.

Abstract: A high power single mode fiber laser system has a monolithic active fiber configured with a double bottleneck-shaped multimode (MM) core which is capable of supporting substantially only a fundamental mode at a given wavelength. The core has opposite uniformly configured end regions, frustoconical transformer regions running inwards from the respective end regions, and a central uniformly-dimensioned region which bridges the transformer regions. The MM core is configured with a refractive step-index profile which includes a continuous dip configured to shape an intensity field of the fundamental mode from a Gaussian or dome-shaped field profile to a two-peak-shaped profile and back to the Gaussian filed profile.

Abstract: Provided is a mode converter capable of efficiently coupling or emitting light having a single-peaked spot, and has high flexibility of the shape to be easily manufactured. The mode converter is formed of multiple single-mode waveguides optically coupling areas 1 and 2; when an axis parallel to a light propagation direction is z axis, an axis perpendicular to the z axis in a direction crossing the single-mode waveguides is x axis, an axis perpendicular to the x and z axes is y axis, and a plane passing through a center of the mode converter and includes the z axis is plane 1, the multiple single-mode waveguides are arranged reflection-symmetrically with respect to the plane 1; and the mode converter converts light entering from the area 1 into the even mode to cause the light of the even mode to propagate and couple optically with the area 2.

Abstract: An in-line optical device adapted to be bonded in between ends of an optical fiber line is disclosed. The in-line optical device has an inner optical field interaction region, an outer support structure, and at least one radial opening. In some embodiments, a void region substantially surrounds the inner optical field interaction region. Systems including the in-line optical device and methods of making and using the in-line optical device are provided. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Abstract: A waveguide intersection includes an input waveguide and an output waveguide; a crossing waveguide intersecting the input waveguide and the output waveguide to form an intersection; and a block that is optically joined to the intersection such that a guided mode is produced within the intersection. A method of reducing optical losses within a waveguide intersection includes increasing a cross-sectional height of an intersection such that optical energy passing through the intersection is laterally confined.

Abstract: A photo-conductive switch package module having a photo-conductive substrate or wafer with opposing electrode-interface surfaces, and at least one light-input surface. First metallic layers are formed on the electrode-interface surfaces, and one or more optical waveguides having input and output ends are bonded to the substrate so that the output end of each waveguide is bonded to a corresponding one of the light-input surfaces of the photo-conductive substrate. This forms a waveguide-substrate interface for coupling light into the photo-conductive wafer. A dielectric material such as epoxy is then used to encapsulate the photo-conductive substrate and optical waveguide so that only the metallic layers and the input end of the optical waveguide are exposed. Second metallic layers are then formed on the first metallic layers so that the waveguide-substrate interface is positioned under the second metallic layers.

Abstract: In order to provide a method of manufacturing an optical waveguide, which enables the formation of a smooth mirror face, the following method of manufacturing an optical waveguide having a mirror face is used. The method includes: a photocurable resin sheet laminating step of laminating an uncured photocurable resin sheet for forming a core on a surface of a first cladding layer that has been formed on a substrate; a mirror face forming step of forming a mirror face for guiding light to the core by pressing a die provided with a blade having, in a cross-section, a 45° inclined plane into the photocurable resin sheet; a core forming step of forming a core having the mirror face positioned at an end thereof by selectively exposing to light, and developing, the photocurable resin sheet; and a cladding layer forming step of forming a second cladding layer so as to bury the core.

Abstract: There is provided an optical fiber cable having a plurality of optical fiber members. Each optical fiber member includes an optical fiber and a protective coating surrounding the optical fiber. A polymer coating surrounds the plurality of optical fiber members and a portion of the polymer coating is located between at least some of the optical fiber members. The optical fiber members and the polymer coating form an optical fiber unit. A tight buffer surrounds the optical fiber unit.

Abstract: For an enhanced coupling efficiency between a light source and an optical fiber bundle: the optical fiber bundle is made up by a dense bundle of optical fibers, with an integrated portion composed of fusion-integrated distal ends of the bundled optical fibers, and the integrated portion has, in a longitudinal sectional plane along a center axis of the optical fiber bundle, a lateral side thereof formed, in a shape of arc radially outwardly convex with respect to a straight line interconnecting an end point at a front end face side of the integrated portion and an end point at a rear end side thereof, to locate at a radially inner side with respect to an extension toward the integrated portion of a line constituting an outline of a portion else than the integrated portion of the optical fiber bundle.

Abstract: The present invention relates to optical fibers useful for the transmission of electromagnetic energy at such high levels of power that stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) may be of importance. One aspect of the present invention is an optical fiber for the propagation of optical radiation having an optical wavelength, the optical fiber and optical wavelength having an SBS acoustic wavelength associated therewith, the optical fiber comprising a core having a geometrical center and an outer perimeter; and a cladding surrounding the core; wherein the core is rare earth doped and substantially free of germanium, the optical fiber has a refractive index profile such that the core is guiding for optical radiation having the optical wavelength, and the optical fiber has an acoustic index profile such that the core is antiguiding for an acoustic wave having the SBS acoustic wavelength.

Abstract: Non-circular core optical preforms are provided whose core-cladding interface edge has a sharpness that can be accurately controlled according to application-specific needs. Preform design and fiber fabrication is handled such that precisely edged fiber cores are maintained in the drawn fibers. This provides for markedly improved fiber functions, which rely on the non-circular structure of the core. In short, optical fibers having non-circular wave-guiding regions with precise, controlled edges are provided. By using selected manufacturing techniques that employ lower temperatures than commonly used, prior art techniques and by choosing proper materials with appropriate viscosities for core and cladding, the rounding of the edges of the wave-guiding region is precisely maintained in the final optical fibers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a multi-core optical fiber having a structure to effectively reduce crosstalk between adjacent core regions among a plurality of core regions. The multi-core optical fiber (1) has a leakage reduction portion (50), at least a portion of which is arranged at a position on a straight line connecting adjacent core regions together among a plurality of core regions (10). The leakage reduction portion (50) reduces leakage light in the multi-core optical fiber (1) from each of the core regions (10), thereby effectively reducing crosstalk between adjacent core regions.

Abstract: A multi-core optical fiber 1A in which a plurality of cores can easily be identified even in the case where they are symmetrically arranged in its section has seven cores 10 to 16, a visual recognition marker 20, and a shared cladding 30 enclosing the seven cores 10 to 16 and the visual recognition marker 20. The cores 10 to 16, the visual recognition marker 20, and the cladding 30 are respectively made of silica glass as their main element. The cores 10 to 16 and the visual recognition marker 20 extend along the fiber-axis direction. The respective refractive index of the cores 10 to 16 is higher than the refractive index of the cladding 30. The refractive index of the visual recognition marker 20 differs from that of the cladding 30. In the cross-section perpendicular to the fiber-axis, the cores 10 to 16 are arranged such that they have 6-fold rotational symmetry and line symmetry. The visual recognition marker 20 is arranged at a position which breaks such symmetry.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optical fiber employable in an optical communication system using Raman amplification and adapted to improve OSNR and suppress bending loss at the same time, and the like. The optical fiber is a silica-based optical fiber having a depressed refractive index profile constituted by at least a core, an inner cladding having a low refractive index, and an outer cladding, an effective area Aeff of 110 ?m2 or more at the wavelength of 1550 nm, and a fiber cutoff wavelength ?c of 1.3 ?m or more but 1.53 ?m or less. The depressed refractive index profile is designed such that the ratio Ra(=2b/2a) of the diameter of the inner cladding to the diameter of the core is 2.5 or more but 3.5 or less and that the relative refractive index difference ?? of the inner cladding with respect to the outer cladding is at least the relative refractive index difference ??min where the bending loss at the wavelength for use is minimized but not exceeding (??min+0.06) %.

Abstract: Provided herein are photonic devices configured to display photonic band gap structure with a degenerate or a split band edge. Electromagnetic radiation incident upon these photonic devices can be converted into a frozen mode characterized by a significantly increased amplitude, as compared to that of the incident wave. The device can also be configured as a resonance cavity with a giant transmission band edge resonance. In an exemplary embodiment, the photonic device is a periodic layered structure with each unit cell comprising at least two anisotropic layers with misaligned anisotropy. The degenerate or split band edge at a given frequency can be achieved by proper choice of the layers' thicknesses and the misalignment angle. In another embodiment, the photonic device is configured as a waveguide periodically modulated along its axis.

Abstract: A method of providing an interconnection between a network and service equipment, comprising: providing a network cable connected to the network; breaking out the network cable to expose a plurality of network fibers contained within the network cable; identifying one of the plurality of network fibers requiring interconnection with the service rack; providing an equipment fiber connected to the service equipment; making an interconnection between the identified one of the network fibers and the equipment fiber; storing the interconnected fibers in an interconnected fiber store; and storing at least some of the remaining un-interconnected network fibers at a store remote from the interconnected fiber store.

Abstract: An optical fiber cable management panel is provided with slideable drawers and structure within the drawers for cable management and/or connection to other devices. Tray inserts drop into the drawers to provide the appropriate management and connection devices. A movable take-up mechanism manages the cable entering and exiting the drawers at side openings. Stackable pivoting storage trays on the tray insert include a detent arrangement for holding each tray in a pivoted access position. The tray inserts further include a front key, and a back tab mounting arrangement for mounting the tray inserts to the drawers, and side radius limiters including notches for extending over raised portions of the drawer. The take-up mechanism includes a U-shaped trough section and cable retention tabs. A control mechanism is provided for controlling movement of the take-up mechanism relative to the drawer.

Abstract: A module adapted for use with a datacommunications equipment mounting structure includes: a generally upright divider panel; a cover panel disposed generally parallel to the divider panel, the cover panel and divider panel being spaced apart from each other to form a gap; and a plurality of telecommunications cables, each of the telecommunications cables comprising a plurality of telecommunications patch cords, the cables comprising bundled patch cords at a first end and unbundled patch cords at a second opposite end, the cables being positioned in the gap between the divider panel and cover panel. The bundled patch cords at the cable first end include first interconnection terminals, and the unbundled patch cords at the second end include second interconnection terminals. The first terminals are located at first edges of the divider and cover panels.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a waveguide structure (i.e., preferably an optical waveguide structure) uses a two mask process step sequence for forming a waveguide layer over a substrate. A first mask within the two mask step process sequence is used to etch the substrate to provide a pillar within the substrate. A second mask within the two mask process step sequence is self aligned to, and covers a top and at least a portion of the sidewalls of, the pillar. The second mask is used as a thermal oxidation mask that provides an optical waveguide layer from a top portion of the pillar that is separated from a thinned substrate derived from the substrate by a waveguide isolation layer formed from thermal oxidation of at least a bottom portion of the pillar.

Abstract: A data reading device includes a reading means for reading video data recorded in a video processing device which records and plays back video data and a control means for controlling the reading means so as to read video data from the video processing device by transmitting a reading request of index data to a video writing device which writes the video data to the video processing device when video data whose index data indicating an address of the video data is not recorded in the video processing device from the video processing device, and by designating the address indicated by the index data transmitted from the video writing device.

Abstract: A data conversion method for an information processing device to generate data for copying of defined format data of a clip including playback segment data includes the steps of: performing data input for a data input unit to input copy source data; obtaining copy source clip configuration data including streaming data to be copied from the copy source by a clip adjusting unit; and clip setting for the clip adjusting unit to set one clip including multiple copy source clip configuration data corresponding to a play item in the playlist file defined with a copy source format, as a copy destination clip.

Abstract: There is provided a video transmission apparatus including a signal conversion unit for converting a packet of a local area network for transferring data into data suitable for a non-compressed video signal based on a given standard, and a video synthesis unit for recording the data converted from the packet by the signal conversion unit in an available region of the non-compressed video signal.

Abstract: A method for displaying a record in an initial driving state of a record displaying apparatus is disclosed. The method includes searching execution/non-execution file descriptors of recorded multimedia files, and extracting record files not played back, and outputting a record file alarming message when a record file not played back is extracted. The record displaying apparatus is also disclosed. Execution/non-execution file descriptors of record files are searched upon system initialization of a broadcast receiver. When there is a new record or a record not played back, a record file alarming message is output in a state of being overlaid on a broadcast signal received. Accordingly, the user can access the record file list simultaneously with viewing a broadcast, without using any additional means.

Abstract: Embodiments may be disclosed herein that provide systems, devices, and methods of processing a program stream, the program stream comprising a video and an audio stream.

Abstract: A computer conversation system comprising: at least one server including a processor and memory and configured for communication with a plurality of user computers which each comprise a display; a video recording application configured to record video or receive recorded video from some, and preferably all, of the individual computers of the plurality of user computers; wherein the at least one server is configured to send a sequence of recorded videos to the plurality of users, the sequence of recorded videos based on the videos recorded or received from the individual computers and optionally the system is configured to send a file to the plurality of user computers which results in each of the plurality of computers displaying on the display an array of visual indicators in a set order, wherein each of a plurality of the visual indicators corresponds to at least one recorded video to be sent by the server, and the set order of the array corresponds to the order of at least part of the sequence of recorded

Abstract: ABD-ROM 100 and a local storage 200 contain dynamic scenarios (programs) such as a Java application and a Movie Object. A dynamic scenario reads profile information from PSR 31 of the playback apparatus and judges whether or not the playback apparatus is an audio-only type. If it is judged that the playback apparatus is not the audio-only type, an interactive screen is displayed to perform a control to play back a digital stream according to an operation made onto the interactive screen. If it is judged that the playback apparatus is the audio-only type, a control is performed to play back a digital stream according to an operation that is made without use of the interactive screen.

Abstract: Collection and concurrent integration of supplemental information related to currently playing media. Based on certain characteristics associated with the media, additional information related thereto is identified and output along with the media itself. This provides an enhanced experience for a user, in that, this supplemental information augments the presentation of the media to the user. Such supplemental content can be any one or combination of a wide variety of types including textual information, image content, audio content, video content, etc. This supplemental content may be output automatically in conjunction with the media (e.g., when such media is being output). Alternatively, the supplemental content may be output upon the authorization of a user. The supplemental content may be output in a predetermined location (e.g., location within a video display). Alternatively, such supplemental content may be output within an unused (or infrequently used) area of such a video display.

Abstract: A system comprising: a extraction unit that extracts from each content a signal feature series, being a series of signal features caused to correspond to positions on a time axis of the content; a generator for detects mutual similarity sections, being sections in which the signal features for different contents are similar to each other, from said signal feature series for each content, and generates the content to which each mutual similarity section belongs, information for specifying the position of the above mutual similarity section on the time axis of the content, and a link indicative of a correspondence relation of the mutual similarity section as mutual similarity section link information; and a determination unit that determines a reproduction order of the content based upon a relationship of the position of the mutual similarity section on the time axis of the content that said mutual similarity section link information indicates.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method includes storing a caption file including a set of visual representations of captions for a media program and a video file including video information for the media program. A server receives a request for the media program where the request is associated with a user device. The method determines the caption file and the video file for the media program based on the request. The server then sends visual representations of the captions from the caption file out of band with video information from the video file over a network to the user device. The user device is configured to overlay a visual representation of a caption over a portion of the video information.

Abstract: For a large capacity recording medium, a user interface having high flexibility and enriched representation is accomplished. A flag that represents whether a play item has a multiple angle structure of which the play item is reproduced with a plurality of angles is described. In addition, a flag that represents whether the beginning of each decode unit is an angle switchable point is described. In a seamless multiple angle structure, the current angle can be switched without need to increase the number of interleave units. In a nonseamless multiple angle structure, with the flag, in a predetermined region on the rear end side of each angle, the current angle is prohibited from being switched. Thus, when a play item exits from the multiple angle, discontinuity in the reproduction can be prevented. In addition, with a flag that represents whether a sub play item should be reproduced not in synchronization with a main path, the sub play item of only audio data can be used as a BGM.

Abstract: An apparatus for editing a series of moving images recorded across a plurality of recording media including at least a first and second recording media, comprising: an editing unit which performs editing processing on a part of the series of moving images recorded on the first recording medium; a storage control unit which performs control such that the editing processing is stored; a determination unit which determines whether or not a detachable recording medium has been attached; and a control unit which, in a case where it has been determined that the second recording medium has been attached, performs control for applying the editing processing that has been performed on the part of the series of moving images recorded on the first recording medium and has been stored by the storage control unit, to a part of the series of moving images that is recorded on the second recording medium.

Abstract: An editing apparatus is disclosed. A story determination block determines a story expressed by a time function and provides a reference for selecting an image from among candidate images. An evaluation value computation block computes an evaluation value for each of the candidate images for each selection time in the story based on the story determined by the story determination block and at least one feature value indicative of a feature of each of candidate images set to each thereof. An image selection block selects an image for each selection time from among the candidate images based on the computed evaluation value. An editing processing block links selection images that are images selected by the image selection block for each selection time to each other in a time-dependent manner.

Abstract: A process for presenting live action foreign language feature films in a native language by replacing the physical mouth positions of the original actors to match a newly recorded audio track in a different language with the original and/or replacement actors keeping the essence of the original dialect, while achieving the illusion that the content was originally filmed in the new voice over language. This process applies an artistic, multifaceted approach rather than a purely procedural approach, and utilizes a combination of visual effects techniques to achieve realistic lip sync animation to be convincing to the viewing audience.

Abstract: A system, method, and service of managing data comprises establishing a computerized user profile guideline corresponding to selected television programming interests of a user; instructing a processor to manage data based on the computerized user profile guideline, wherein the data is received from a television programming broadcaster; and managing access to specified television programming when the computerized user profile guideline corresponding to the selected television programming interests of the user is satisfied. The process of managing access may comprise alerting the user with information pertaining to the specified television programming.

Abstract: A television signal recording apparatus comprises a recording unit that makes recordings of television signals and stores metadata representing information in respect of the recordings including the channel and the recording time. A graphical display of made recordings and scheduled recordings is produced in which graphical objects representing respective recordings are arranged in two dimensions, ordered in a first dimension on the basis of the channels and ordered in a second dimension on the basis of the recording times. In the second dimension, the graphical objects are arranged along a time axis which includes discontinuities at times when no recording is present, the discontinuities being graphically represented by graphical symbols that are different according to the period of the discontinuity. An electronic program guide is produced with a similar format, the programs being filtered to select programs and discontinuities being present at times where there is no selected program.

Abstract: Management information for video data and audio data that are created after their recording is started until it is stopped and that are recorded as a stream file on a record medium is more securely stored. When their recording is started, EP entry information contained in management information of the stream file is created. Whenever EP entry information is created, it is written to a nonvolatile memory. After their recording is stopped, fixed value information and so forth that are contained in the management information are created and written to the nonvolatile memory. According to a disc eject operation, the management information written to the nonvolatile memory is written to the disc and the contents stored in the nonvolatile memory are cleared. Likewise, when power is turned off without the eject operation, information stored in the nonvolatile memory is written to the disc.

Abstract: In one method embodiment, providing a multiplex of compressed versions of a first video stream and a first audio stream, each corresponding to an audiovisual (A/V) program, the first video stream and the first audio stream each corresponding to a first playout rate and un-synchronized with each other for an initial playout portion; and providing a compressed version of a second audio stream, the second audio stream corresponding to a pitch-preserving, second playout rate different than the first playout rate, the second audio stream synchronized to the initial playout portion of the first video stream when the first video stream is played out at the second playout rate, the first audio stream replaceable by the second audio stream for the initial playout portion.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a content reproduction apparatus including: a reproduction block configured to reproduce video content; a display block configured to display the reproduced video content; a communication block configured to transmit the video content to a portable reproduction apparatus by wireless communication; a speaker block having at least one first speaker located in proximity and at least one second speaker located in the proximity of the portable reproduction apparatus; and an audio output control block configured to control a reproduction state of the speaker block. In a state where the video content is displayed on the display block, each of the first speaker and the second speaker reproduces audio content related with the video content. In a content non-share state, the audio output control block controls audio output such that the second speaker does not reproduce audio content related with the video content.

Abstract: There is disclosed an apparatus for implementing special mode playback operations in a digital video recorder. The apparatus comprises an Intra frame indexing device capable of receiving an incoming MPEG video stream and identifying therein data packets associated with Intra frames, wherein the Intra frame indexing device modifies header information in a first data packet associated with a first Intra frame to include location information identifying a storage address of a second data packet associated with a second Intra frame.

Abstract: As exemplified, a portable air blowing appliance includes a housing retaining an airflow-producing electric motor-driven blower. The blower is adapted when energized for operation in either a first or a different mode. An electric heating element is adapted when energized to expel heat. An electric switch enables energizing of the blower and the heating element to either cause operation of the blower in the first mode or to cause, simultaneously, operation of the blower in the different mode and heat expulsion by the heating element. The blower is adapted for higher airflow-producing efficacy during the first mode. The heating element is disposed to warm airflow from the blower during the different mode.

Abstract: An IR radiant heater has at least one planar carbon heating element (1) arranged in a housing, which is transparent or at least partially transparent to IR radiation. At least one carbon heating element (1) is a carbon fiber-reinforced carbon (CFC) web arranged in a plane and arranged between two plates (2, 3), of which at least one is transparent or partially transparent.

Abstract: The present invention provides a wireless image transmission device, which includes a lens body which a lens is mounted. The lens body includes a transmitter unit that includes an encoder functioning to provide an encoded signal of wirelessly transmitted images. The lens body has an end forming a first connection section. An electronic device includes a control unit electrically connected to a receiver unit that includes a decoder functioning to wirelessly receive and convert the encoded signal of images from the transmitter unit into a decoded image signal to be applied to the control unit. The electronic device has an end forming a second connection section. The second connection section is connectable to the first connection section of the lens body. When the lens body is separated from the electronic device, the electronic device can receive image taken by the lens body in a wireless manner.

Abstract: Embodiments herein relate to setting a lens position based on focus scores. A plurality of initial positions of a lens are determined. Each of the initial positions may correspond to a position of the lens at which one of a plurality of objects has a highest quality. A focus score may be determined at each of the initial positions for the corresponding object having the highest quality. A final position of the lens between two of the initial positions may be calculated based on the focus scores.

Abstract: A consolidated 2D/3D camera system and method of operation. A consolidated 2D/3D camera system may include a first camera having a first lens and a second camera having a second lens. A 3D frame extractor may extract a first 3D image frame from an image captured by the first camera and extract a second 3D image frame from an image captured by the second camera to provide a stereo image pair. A 2D frame extractor may extract a 2D image frame, different from the first 3D image frame, from the image captured by the first camera.

Abstract: A digital camera is provided with a vertically long camera body having an approximately rectangular solid shape. An LCD panel provided in a rear surface of the camera body is arranged such that longitudinal directions of the display screen and the camera body correspond to each other. The digital camera is operated through a touch panel provided in a lower portion of the display screen. In a taking mode, an image is displayed in a small size on an upper portion of the display screen. In reproducing, the camera body is rotated sideways by 90 degree. In a reproducing mode, display posture of the image is also rotated by 90 degree, and the image is displayed in a large size on the entire display screen.

Abstract: A relay station has an optical switch that switches a reception path of an optical signal. The relay station generates a subsignal that has a wavelength different from the wavelength of a data signal corresponding to a signal to be transmitted and transmits an optical signal obtained by multiplexing the generated subsignal and the data signal. In this state, when the data signal is not included in the received optical signal, the relay station determines whether the subsignal is included in the optical signal. When it is determined that the subsignal is included, the relay station maintains a connection path of the optical switch without switching the connection path.

Abstract: A system and method for performing an in-service optical time domain reflectometry test, an in-service insertion loss test, and an in-service optical frequency domain reflectometry test using a same wavelength as the network communications for point-to-point or point-to-multipoint optical fiber networks while maintaining continuity of network communications are disclosed.