Abstract: A vernier adjustor for a feed dispenser is provided. The vernier adjustor includes first and second slotted members moveable in slidable relation and a pin, the first and second slotted members each including a plurality of slots separated by respective first and second spacings. The pin is adapted for placement within an aligned slot pairing to fix movement of the first slotted member relative to the second slotted member. The first and second slotted members are positionable in increments less than the first and second spacings. In particular, the first and second slotted members are positionable in increments substantially equal to the difference between the first spacing and the second spacing. Movement of the first slotted member relative to the second slotted member provides an incremental raising or lowering of a feed gate.

Abstract: A bird feeder is provided having a seed reservoir with a side wall that has at least one seed access opening and an adjustable feed port assembly. The feed port assembly includes a base mounted to the side wall in a fixed relationship thereto and having a central opening in communication with the seed in the reservoir. Fitted to the base is a rotatable insert having a perch coupled thereto in fixed relationship so that the perch and insert rotate as a unit. The insert is rotatable between two positions, an upright position in which the perch is below the base central opening enabling birds to feed while standing on the perch, and an upside down position in which the perch is above the base central opening, requiring birds to hang upside down from the perch to feed.

Abstract: A cover for a bowl, such as a pet food or water bowl, that comprises a lower cover molded on or affixed to the lower surface of a bowl, and a plastic decorative outer sleeve secured to the outer surface of the bowl and held in place by the lower cover. The outer cover provides aesthetically pleasing exterior features. The lower cover provide skid resistance properties, being fabricated from rubber or plastic secured to the lower outer surface of the metallic bowl.

Abstract: A modular system and method is provided that enables the consumer to design/build his or her own bird feeder based on interchangeable modular components that include multiple bases of different styles, multiple nutrient reservoirs of different styles, and one or more additional components, each having different styles. The system and method provides an on-line store that allows consumers to view the various styles for each component and to select their own base, reservoir, etc. Once the desired components have been selected on-line, a bill of materials listing the components is printed at a manufacturing facility where the selected components are pulled from a common inventory, assembled into a custom feeder and shipped to the consumer.

Abstract: An automatic replenishing mechanism for a pet drinking fountain is a container having a water injection element, a float, a linkage set, and a sealing plug. The water injection element, connected to the container, has a water inlet and a base. The float, connected by a link bar to the base, is located underneath the water inlet and limited by a guiding portion to float longitudinally. The sealing plug is mounted on the link bar near the water inlet. When water level rises to elevate the float, the link bar rotates to push the sealing plug. When the float floats to a predetermined level, the sealing plug blocks the water inlet to stop water supply. When a pet drinks water and the water level drops, the float sinks from the predetermined level. The link bar rotates to retreat the sealing plug from the water inlet, thereby automatically replenishing water.

Abstract: An animal containment fence includes posts that may be anchored to a surface, connection members that may be transversely coupled to the posts, and flexible cross-members disposed between the posts by telescopically and reciprocally engaging the connection members transversely coupled to the posts. The engagement between the connection members and the cross-member moves reciprocally upon a flexion of the cross-member due to application of a force less than a release force to the cross-member. The engagement between the connection members and the cross-member releases upon a flexion a flexible cross-member due to application of a force equal to or greater than a release force. A method of assembling the animal containment fence includes anchoring posts to a surface, transversely coupling connection members to the posts, and telescopically and reciprocally engaging cross members with the connection members.

Abstract: A modular semi-rigid animal lead and restraint, comprising a rigid or semi-rigid staff portion to which may be attached a flexible or semi-rigid leash portion, optionally further comprising a variety of modular attachment points such as rings, clips, threaded studs or sockets, or additional leashes or leash attachment means.

Abstract: An absorbent article for pets includes a front surface layer, a back surface layer, and an absorbent body, and is formed in a rectangular shape having a first end portion, a second end portion, and a pair of side portions. The first end portion is arranged on the body of the pet, and the second end portion side is detachably attached to the outer surface of the first end portion when worn. The absorbent article further includes an engaging member arranged on the outer surface side of the first end portion, and is engageable with the inner surface of the second end portion. A part of the outer surface of the back surface layer is formed from a member engageable with the engaging member. A low rigidity area is formed towards the second end portion side of the section on the first end portion where the engaging member is arranged.

Abstract: A pet diaper is equipped with a front surface layer, a back surface layer, and an absorbent layer disposed between the front surface layer and the back surface layer). The pet diaper has a back portion, an abdominal portion, and a crotch portion disposed between the back portion and the abdominal portion. The pet diaper is further equipped with: a first cut portion that is provided on the back portion and that is formed as a convex curve rounding towards the end portion of the back portion; a second cut portion that is provided closer to the crotch portion than the first cut portion and that is formed as a convex curve rounding towards the end portion of the back portion; and a first perforated portion that is formed so as to extend from the second cut portion towards the first cut portion.

Abstract: A boiler includes a flue gas duct and heat exchanger pipes in the flue gas duct. The boiler includes a planar silencer plate, which silencer plate includes sound absorbing material, and said first silencer plate being placed downstream of one of said heat exchanger pipes in the flow direction of flue gases in said flue gas duct. Furthermore, a silencer for a flue gas duct with a rectangular cross-section in a boiler, the silencer including at least a first and a second planar silencer plate substantially parallel to the flow direction of flue gases, the silencer plates including sound absorbing material. The first silencer plate is placed at an angle to the second silencer plate, wherein the width of the resonating area of the flue gas duct becomes narrower in two directions transverse to the flow direction of the flue gases.

Abstract: A lower cam housing is formed to be a separate body from a cylinder head and the lower cam housing is arranged at a joint surface of the cylinder head, a first upper oil passage reaching from an oil entry passage to the joint surface is formed inside the cylinder head and an upstream end of the first upper oil passage is opened at the joint surface, and a second upper oil passage through which the oil reaches to the joint surface via an upper side than the joint surface is formed in the lower cam housing, where an upstream end of the second upper oil passage is in communication with the oil entry passage side at the joint surface, and a downstream end of the second upper oil passage is in communication with the first upper oil passage at the joint surface.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for using a crankcase vent tube pressure or flow sensor for diagnosing a location and nature of crankcase system integrity breach. The same sensor can also be used for diagnosing air filter plugging and PCV valve degradation. Use of an existing sensor to diagnose multiple engine components provides cost reduction and sensor compaction benefits.

Abstract: A valve timing control apparatus includes a driving-side rotation member, a driven-side rotation member, a fluid chamber, an advanced angle chamber and a retarded angle chamber, a fluid control valve portion controlling supply and discharge of fluid relative to each of the advanced angle chamber and the retarded angle chamber, an accumulator accumulating a portion of fluid supplied to the fluid control valve portion from a pump at a fluid storage portion during an operation of an internal combustion engine and supplying fluid accumulated at the fluid storage portion to the fluid control valve portion at a start of the internal combustion engine, and a supply flow passage connecting the pump, the fluid control valve portion, and the accumulator in series. The accumulator includes a relief control valve portion configured to maintain a pressure of fluid accumulated at the fluid storage portion equal to or smaller than a predetermined value.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling a variable valve timing mechanism includes an electronic controller which includes a microcomputer converges a valve timing of a variable valve timing mechanism to a target changing amount based on a deviation between the target changing amount and an output of a sensor for detecting a changing amount of the valve timing.

Abstract: A concentric cam shaft assembly, including: a first camshaft; a second camshaft including at least a portion disposed radially within the first camshaft; and at least one phasing assembly including first and second electric motors and a first input gear arranged to rotate at a first speed in response to receiving rotational torque from a crankshaft of an engine. The rotational torque is arranged to rotate the first and second camshafts. The first electric motor is arranged to circumferentially off-set the first camshaft with respect to the first input gear. The second electric motor is arranged to circumferentially off-set the second camshaft with respect to the first input gear.

Abstract: A valve timing control apparatus includes: an urging member to which a set load is provided to act, to the cam shaft, an urging force from one of the most retard angle position and the most advance angle position toward the intermediate phase position; and a controller configured to sense, as the intermediate phase position, a position at which a relative rotational speed between the driving rotational member and the cam shaft is varied by the relative rotation of the cam shaft beyond a region in which the cam shaft is controlled by the set load of the urging member, when the cam shaft is controlled to be relatively rotated from the one of the most retard angle position and the most advance angle position beyond the intermediate phase position.

Abstract: A valve opening-closing timing control apparatus includes a partition portion partitioning a fluid pressure chamber into an advanced angle chamber and a retarded angle chamber, a phase control portion controlling a rotational phase of a driven-side rotational member relative to a driving-side rotational member, a lock mechanism including a lock member and a lock recess for locking the rotational phase at a predetermined phase, a lock control portion switching the lock mechanism between a locked state and an unlocked state by supplying and discharging a pressurized fluid to and from the lock recess, a phase controlling supply passage supplying the pressurized fluid to the advanced angle chamber and the retarded angle chamber, a lock controlling supply passage supplying the pressurized fluid to the lock recess, and a one-way valve blocking the pressurized fluid supplied to the lock controlling supply passage from flowing into the phase controlling supply passage.

Abstract: A camshaft assembly comprising an outer shaft, an inner shaft received within the outer shaft, and a bushing disposed about the inner shaft, the bushing having an outer surface defining at least one longitudinal groove extending at least partially along a length of the bushing, wherein the longitudinal groove cooperates with the outer shaft to define a fluid passage.

Abstract: A reciprocating internal combustion engine having a crankcase in which at least one cylinder and one piston are arranged, having a cylinder head sealing the cylinder, the inlet and outlet channels thereof being controlled by at least one gas exchange valve each, designed as an intake and exhaust valve, which can be actuated by cams of at least one camshaft and transfer elements driven thereby, wherein the cams are designed as slide cams having at least one cam per slide cam unit (1) which are arranged in a rotationally fixed but axially movable manner on a base shaft, wherein there is one device having at least one extendable actuator pin and which can be preferably electromagnetically actuated per slide cam unit (1) for adjusting the slide cam unit (1) to different axial positions via slide grooves (10, 11) on the circumference of the slide cam unit (1) interacting with the actuator pin, wherein the adjusting device is arranged in a stationary manner on a component of the internal combustion engine, wherein

Abstract: In an internal combustion engine that causes a predetermined gas flow in a combustion chamber, discharge plasma generated by a discharge device is caused to effectively absorb energy of an electromagnetic wave emitted from an electromagnetic wave emission device. At a time when a discharge operation and an emission operation are simultaneously performed so as to ignite a fuel air mixture, an emitting position of the electromagnetic wave on an antenna during the emission operation is located downstream of the discharge gap in a direction of the gas flow at the discharge gap so as to face toward the discharge plasma that has been drifted due to the gas flow.

Abstract: A saddle-ride type vehicle is capable of reducing influence of travelling wind on an open end of an air hose, thus preventing fluctuations in the internal pressure of a float chamber of a carburetor. The saddle-ride type vehicle includes a carburetor placed rearward of an engine and an air cleaner placed rearward of the carburetor. An air hose configured to regulate the internal pressure of a float chamber of the carburetor is connected to the carburetor. A recessed portion is provided at a side wall of an air-cleaner case of the air cleaner, the side wall being located along a lateral side of the vehicle. An open end of the air hose is placed at the recessed portion of the air-cleaner case.

Abstract: There is provided a vehicle starting apparatus that reduces vibration of an engine caused when the engine starts so that vibration of the vehicle can be decreased. A vehicle starting apparatus according to the present invention is provided with an engine starting apparatus that starts an engine mounted in a vehicle, wherein before the engine is ignited, the engine starting apparatus makes a cranking rotation speed of the engine lower than a rotation speed corresponding to the resonance frequency of the engine, and after the engine has been ignited, the engine starting apparatus increases the rotation speed of the engine up to a rotation speed that is the same as or higher than said rotation speed corresponding to the resonance frequency.

Abstract: An iron-based corrosion resistant and wear resistant alloy includes (in weight percentage) carbon from about 1.6 to 3%, silicon from about 0.8 to 2.1%, manganese up to 1.0%, chromium from about 12.0 to 15.0%, molybdenum from about 2.0 to 4.0%, nickel from about 0.2 to 0.8%, copper up to 4.0%, boron up to 0.5%, and the balance including iron and incidental impurities. The alloy is suitable for use in elevated temperature applications such as in valve seat inserts for combustion engines.

Abstract: A cylinder of a combustion engine for a vehicle includes at least one intake duct and a spark plug which in turn includes a ground electrode. The spark plug is mounted in the cylinder such that during an operation of the combustion engine the ground electrode is cooled in as optimum a manner as possible by an airflow generated by the at least one intake duct. A spark plug and a method for manufacturing a cylinder of a combustion engine are also provided.

Abstract: A cylinder head (1) includes a water jacket (4) formed around an ignition plug mounting hole (5). Upper surfaces (12 to 14) of portions of the water jacket (4) between intake ports (7) and the ignition plug mounting hole (5) and between exhaust ports (8) and the ignition plug mounting hole (5) are set to be lower than upper surfaces (15 to 17) of the remaining portions of the water jacket (4) around the ignition plug mounting hole (5) to increase the rigidity. Thereby, deformation of the cylinder head (1) due to cylinder internal pressure is limited, and the stress concentration around the ignition plug mounting hole (5) due to such deformation is reduced.

Abstract: A piston for an internal combustion engine includes a piston body made of an aluminum alloy material containing silicon and having a piston ring groove formed therein and an anodic oxide film formed on the piston ring groove, wherein a metal containing nickel and zinc is deposited around silicon particles in the anodic oxide film.

Abstract: A piston for an internal combustion engine is provided. The piston includes a piston body which is made of steel. The piston body has a crown portion with an upper combustion surface, a pair of skirts which depend from the crown surface, a pair of pin bosses for receiving a wrist pin and a plurality of pin boss bridges which extend from the pin bosses to the skirts. Each of the pin boss bridges extends axially to a lower end which is opposite of the crown portion and has a rib with an increased thickness at its lower end. At least one of the pin boss bridges has a generally flat counter-bore surface for providing a reference location for machining of the piston body.

Abstract: A piston ring system, having an internal diameter >400 mm, for a piston of a two-stroke internal combustion engine, includes at least a first and a second piston ring each having a convex running surface with a crest of the convexity in contact with a cylinder wall and each being inserted into a respective first and second piston ring groove in the piston, wherein the first piston ring faces a combustion chamber and the second piston ring is disposed axially beneath the first piston ring, and wherein the crest of the convexity of the first piston ring is disposed beneath a radial plane passing through a midpoint of axial height of the first piston ring, and the crest of the second piston ring is disposed above a radial plane passing through a midpoint of axial height of the second piston ring.

Abstract: A fluid delivery system formed of a first component and a second component. The first component includes a first surface and a pair of first walls extending outwardly from the first surface. The second component includes a second surface facing the first surface. The second component includes a pair of second walls and a pair of inner walls which both extend outwardly from the second surface. Each of the pair of second walls and each of the pair of first walls are vibrationally welded at a primary weld joint. The pair of inner walls extends outwardly from the second surface and sealingly contacts the first surface to define a fluid passage and a pair of cavities on either side of the fluid passage. Weld flash formed during the vibrational welding of the primary joints is contained within the pair of cavities and prevented from entering the fluid passage.

Abstract: A working fluid case includes a housing and a breather device. The breather device includes a vent passage located in a recess formed in the housing.

Abstract: An engine includes: a cylinder; a first bearing that is at least partially integrally formed with the cylinder and configured to rotatably support a first shaft of a crankshaft; a second bearing that is at least partially integrally formed with the cylinder and configured to rotatably support a second shaft of the crankshaft; and a first crankcase member and a second crankcase member that include a resin-based material, and respectively constitute part and remaining part of a crankcase that houses the crankshaft. A connecting portion between the first crankcase member and the second crankcase member is continuously connected along substantially an entire length by at least one of fitting, bonding, and welding.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine having an engine body and an acoustic and thermal cover assembly are provided. The engine body includes an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) pipe extending therefrom and the acoustic and thermal cover assembly is positioned adjacent to the engine body. The acoustic and thermal cover assembly includes a first section and a second section extending along the engine body. The assembly further includes an acoustic and thermal shield extending along the first section, a plastic shell extending along the second section, the acoustic and thermal shield and plastic shell forming a cover, and an insulating layer positioned between the cover and the engine body.

Abstract: A rotary machine is provided which includes a chamber. The chamber includes an island having an island outer surface. The outer surface is an elongated convex shape. The island includes a crankshaft port. The chamber includes a front-plate attached to a front surface of the island. A concave shaped contour is included, which is biased toward the island outer surface and which rotates with respect to the island. A working volume is defined between an inner surface of the contour and the outer island surface. At least one front-plate engaging bearing is provided, which extends from a front surface of the movable contour and over a guide edge of the front-plate. The front-plate engaging bearing engages the guide edge during a combustion cycle.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine is provided. The engine comprises at least one combustion chamber. The engine is suitable for various types of fuel. The engine, depending on fuel type, may have at least one spark plug. The engine uses an external source of compressed oxidant, such as air, which is delivered from a compressor and/or pressurized storage tank. Compressed oxidant, such as air, is delivered directly into the combustion chamber. Fuel is delivered directly into the combustion chamber. Oxidant and fuel mixture is ignited either by means of a spark plug, laser ignition, or by other means, or ignites spontaneously, depending on fuel type and pressure in the combustion chamber. The engine may comprise at least one cylinder, or may be of rotary or other type. A hybrid vehicle based on such an engine is provided. An automatic parking system for such a vehicle is provided.

Abstract: An apparatus including a reciprocating internal combustion engine with at least one piston and cylinder set and an intake stream; at least one liquid atomizer in fluid communication with the intake stream operable to provide a plurality of liquid droplets with a diameter less than 5 ?m to the intake stream; and a controller where the controller is able to adjust an index of compression for the engine by: calculating a wet compression level in response to an engine operating limit and adjusting the at least one liquid atomizer in response to the wet compression level.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a combustion bowl shape of a direct injection diesel engine for reducing soot. The combustion bowl shape of the direct injection diesel engine for reducing soot according to the present disclosure includes: a lip part protruding from an internal circumferential surface; a main combustion bowl formed at a lower side based on the lip part; and a sub combustion bowl formed at an upper side based on the lip part, in which a diameter ratio of a combustion bowl entrance diameter of the sub combustion bowl to a main combustion bowl maximum diameter of the main combustion bowl is 1.10 to 1.40.

Abstract: In certain embodiments, a time-varying spark current ignition system can be applied to improve spark plug ignitability performance and durability as compared to conventional spark ignition systems. Two performance parameters of interest are spark plug life (durability) and spark plug ignitability. In certain embodiments, spark plug life can be extended by applying a spark current amplitude as low as possible without causing quenching of the flame kernel while it is traveling within an electrode gap and/or by applying spark current of a long enough duration to allow the spark/flame kernel to clear a spark plug gap. In certain embodiments, ignitability can be improved by applying a high enough spark current amplitude to sustain the flame kernel once outside the spark plug gap and/or by applying a spark current for long enough to sustain the flame kernel once outside the spark plug gap.

Abstract: Disclosed is a combustion chamber of a diesel engine provided with a bowl having a concave shape so that fuel injected from an injector creates a swirl or squishing flow to be mixed with air, and the combustion chamber of the diesel engine includes: a pip protruding from a center of a lower surface of the bowl toward the injector; a lip part protruding from a side surface of the bowl toward the injector; and a main combustion chamber provided on a lower portion of the lip part and a sub combustion chamber provided on an upper portion of the lip part, with the lip part interposed therebetween, in which a surface of the sub combustion chamber is formed in a flat shape or a concave bowl shape to have a depth of the sub combustion chamber of 0.8 mm or lower.

Abstract: An apparatus for reducing a pumping loss may include an auxiliary runner formed in an air-intake unit supplying air to a cylinder, wherein intake air may be temporarily stored in the auxiliary runner by using a flow of an exhaust gas during an exhaust stroke, and the intake air stored in the auxiliary runner may be supplied to the cylinder together with the air introduced to the air-intake unit during an intake stroke.

Abstract: A carburetor comprising a throttle cable housing mountable over a throttle cable and couplable to a retainer or receptacle that is an integrated part of the carburetor assembly. The throttle cable housing is configured with a molded protrusion that snaps into the retainer or receptacle on the carburetor so that once installed the throttle cable housing cannot be removed without a special tool. The retainer or receptacle accepts the snap in throttle cable housing and can be positioned in a variety of ways to facilitate the requirements of the engine manufacturer. In a rotary carburetor, the retainer or receptacle is preferable formed on the rotor cover. In a carburetor with a butterfly throttle valve, the retainer or receptacle is preferable formed as an integrated part of the metering chamber cover.

Abstract: The present invention is a proposal relating to cooperative manipulation of an actuator which actively changes a supercharging pressure and a throttle in the case of application of torque demand control to an internal combustion engine with a supercharger. A control device provided by the present invention separately determines a target air quantity for manipulation of the throttle, and a target air quantity for manipulation of the actuator. In more detail, driver required torque which is included in required torque is converted into an air quantity in accordance with a predetermined conversion rule, and the air quantity which is obtained by the conversion is determined by calculation as a reference target air quantity. The reference target air quantity is used as a target air quantity for throttle manipulation, and is also used as a target air quantity for actuator manipulation at a normal time.

Abstract: An engine control system for a vehicle, includes a delay and rate limit module, a throttle control module, a phaser control module, and an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) control module. The delay and rate limit module applies a delay and a rate limit to a first torque request to produce a second torque request. The throttle control module determines a target throttle opening based on the second torque request and selectively adjusts a throttle valve based on the target throttle opening. The phaser control module determines target intake and exhaust phasing values based on the second torque request and selectively adjusts intake and exhaust valve phasers based on the target intake and exhaust phasing values, respectively. The EGR control module determines a target EGR opening based on the first torque request and selectively adjusts an EGR valve based on the target EGR opening.

Abstract: A combustion control device for an engine capable of operation over a wide range and in which the NOx discharged amount is small is provided, as well as a combustion method for a homogeneous lean air/fuel mixture. The combustion method for a homogeneous lean air/fuel mixture of the present invention forms a homogeneous lean air/fuel mixture inside of the cylinder of the engine, and then causes this homogeneous lean air/fuel mixture to combust by way of spark ignition. A temperature at which a steep rise in a laminar burning velocity occurs when changing a cylinder temperature under a pressure condition corresponding to compression top dead center is defined as an inflection-point temperature. With the combustion method of the present invention, the cylinder temperature at compression top dead center inside of the cylinder is raised to higher than the inflection-point temperature upon combusting the homogeneous lean air/fuel mixture.

Abstract: A low-pressure circuit for a fuel injection system, such as a common-rail injection system, includes a predelivery pump by means of which fuel can be drawn out of the fuel tank and supplied via a fuel line to a low-pressure region of a high-pressure pump. A metering unit for flow rate regulation is located in the low-pressure region, a zero-delivery line with a zero-delivery throttle branches off downstream of the metering unit, and an overflow line with an overflow valve branches off upstream of the metering unit. There is located in the zero-delivery line a shut-off element, which can be switched between an open position and a closed position, for the selective opening or blocking of the zero-delivery line.

Abstract: An injection rail for automotive systems with engine fuelled by a gas engine, especially dual-fuelled diesel-natural gas systems, comprising a main body including a gas inlet duct, a mixing chamber and a plurality of gas outlet nozzles communicating with the mixing chamber and suitable for being connected to the engine. A plurality of gas interception injectors is associated with the inlet duct. Each injector has an inlet passage communicating with the gas inlet duct and an outlet passage leading into the mixing chamber.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for varying fuel injection pressure in a gaseous-fueled vehicle. A mechanical pressure regulator may be modified to regulate the pressure of gaseous fuel to varying pressures based on electronic pressure feedback and engine operating conditions. In one example, a regulating pressure in a low pressure chamber of a pressure regulator may be varied by controllably flowing gaseous fuel into or out of a reference chamber of the pressure regulator, and the gaseous fuel exhausted from the reference chamber may be directed to the engine for combustion.

Abstract: An objection of the present invention is to provide a fuel injection valve with a reduced variation in an injection amount and, in order to achieve this object, a method for adjusting stroke, the method being able to correct change in an amount of stroke caused by welding. In the method for adjusting the amount of stroke of a movable member of a fuel injection valve including a nozzle member having a seat face, a nozzle holder member to which the nozzle member is joined by welding, and the movable member having a valve seat portion for coming in contact with the seat face, the amount of stroke of the movable member is adjusted by plastically deforming a deformable portion provided to the nozzle holder member after joining the nozzle member and the nozzle holder member by welding.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for reducing fuel vapor generation from a fuel tank in a hybrid vehicle. A layer of gel-foam fire retardant is layered over the surface of fuel in the fuel tank. In response to the layer being below a fuel level in the fuel tank, fuel pump operation may be automatically disabled.

Abstract: A vapor purge valve in an engine is provided. The vapor purge valve includes a purge valve inlet, a purge valve outlet, and a muffler including a housing at least partially enclosing a diffuser in fluidic communication with the purge valve inlet and the purge valve outlet.

Abstract: A vaporized-fuel processing apparatus includes an intake passage, a chamber, a first purge guide hole, and a second purge guide hole. The intake passage is defined by an intake manifold and a throttle body. The chamber communicates with the intake passage. The first purge guide hole is to guide vaporized fuel adsorbed in a canister toward the chamber. The second purge guide hole is to guide the vaporized fuel adsorbed in the canister toward the chamber.