Abstract: Protected anode architectures for active metal anodes have a polymer adhesive seal that provides a hermetic enclosure for the active metal of the protected anode inside an anode compartment. The compartment is substantially impervious to ambient moisture and battery components such as catholyte (electrolyte about the cathode), and prevents volatile components of the protected anode, such as anolyte (electrolyte about the anode), from escaping. The architecture is formed by joining the protected anode to an anode container. The polymer adhesive seals provide a hermetic seal at the joint between a surface of the protected anode and the container.

Abstract: A positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery includes a positive activation material mixture that intercalates and de-intercalates lithium ions, wherein a first positive activation material having an average particle diameter D50 of from 12.5 ?m to 22 ?m and a second positive activation material having an average particle diameter D50 of from 1 ?m to 5 ?m are mixed with a weight ratio of from 95:5 to 60:40.

Abstract: A nonaqueous secondary battery having a positive electrode having a positive electrode mixture layer, a negative electrode, and a nonaqueous electrolyte, in which the positive electrode contains, as an active material, a lithium-containing transition metal oxide containing a metal element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ti, Zr, Ge, Nb, Al and Sn, the positive electrode mixture layer has a density of 3.5 g/cm3 or larger, and the nonaqueous electrolyte contains a compound having two or more nitrile groups in the molecule.

Abstract: Solid state, thin film, electrochemical devices (10) and methods of making the same are disclosed. An exemplary device 10 includes at least one electrode (14) and an electrolyte (16) deposited on the electrode (14). The electrolyte (16) includes at least two homogenous layers of discrete physical properties. The two homogenous layers comprise a first dense layer (15) and a second porous layer (16).

Abstract: Provided is a lithium secondary battery comprising an anode, a cathode and a non-aqueous electrolyte, wherein the anode includes an aqueous binder, and the non-aqueous electrolyte contains (a) a cyclic anhydride or a derivative thereof; and (b) any one anion receptor selected from the group consisting of a borane compound, a borate compound and mixtures thereof. According to the present invention, a stable SEI film is formed on the anode, and the life characteristics of the battery are improved by controlling the LiF content in the SEI film.

Abstract: A nonaqueous electrolyte and a lithium-ion secondary battery using the same, wherein a mixture of a cyclic carbonate, a chain carbonate, a first phosphoric acid ester wherein bonding between carbons is a single bond, and a second phosphoric acid ester wherein bonding between carbons contains a double bond is used as the nonaqueous electrolyte. It is desirable that the first phosphoric acid ester is a trimethyl phosphate. In addition, it is desirable that the second phosphoric acid ester is a dimethylisopropenyl phosphate.

Abstract: A three-dimensional battery having a plurality of non-laminar electrodes including a plurality of cathodes and a plurality of silicon anodes, and an electrolyte solution in fluid contact with the plurality of electrodes, wherein the electrolyte solution includes a selected one of lithium (bis)trifluoromethanesulfonimide (LiTFSI), LiClO4, LiCF3SO3, and LiBOB.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for controlling the amount of air supplied to a fuel cell, which can prevent flooding and membrane dry-out in a fuel cell stack and, at the same time, ensure optimal performance of the fuel cell stack and a humidifier by supplying an optimal amount of air to the fuel cell stack at each operation condition. For this purpose, the present invention provides a method for controlling the amount of air supplied to a fuel cell, the method including measuring the temperature and pressure of humidifier outlet (stack inlet) air, the temperature and pressure of stack outlet air, and the relative humidity of the humidifier outlet (stack inlet) air, and determining the stoichiometric ratio of air or the amount of air supplied to the stack based on the measurement results so as to adjust the relative humidity of the stack outlet air reach a target value.

Abstract: An apparatus for recirculation of a cathode gas in a fuel cell arrangement having a cathode gas supply for supplying the cathode gas to a cathode area, and a cathode gas outlet for carrying the partially consumed cathode gas out of the cathode area, includes a recirculation line for recirculation of the partially consumed cathode gas from a junction point in the cathode gas outlet into a supply point in the cathode gas supply. Blocking apparatus is provided to block the cathode gas supply in the flow direction upstream of the supply point and to block the cathode gas outlet in the flow direction downstream from the junction point, such that a closed circuit for the partially consumed cathode gas is formed when the blocking apparatus is closed.

Abstract: Even if a failure occurs in a bypass valve during low-efficiency power generation, the occurrence of an excessive stoichiometry ratio in a fuel cell can be prevented. An output from a pressure sensor or a current sensor is monitored by a control device, and when a failure associated with a closed-valve malfunction of the bypass valve occurs, the degree of opening of the pressure regulating valve is increased to increase an amount of cathode-off gas exhaust, and a revolution speed of an air compressor is reduced to an amount of air discharged by the air compressor, thereby preventing an excessive stoichiometry ratio in the fuel cell.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus and methods for variably supplying power from a stand-alone fuel cell power supply system including a power conversion unit, a power switching unit and a load control unit. Preferably, a controller manages system configuration to switch the loads, the power conversion and the delivery between the two without reducing capacity by redundantly backing up each individual portion with a bank of at least two modules for each unit. Preferably, controller actuated devices are triggered automatically in response to monitors that sense performance operating parameters and detect values operating outside a threshold range.

Abstract: A fuel cell system and a method of operating the same, the fuel cell system comprising: a fuel cell including at least one unit cell; an switch having first and second ends connected to different type electrodes of the fuel cell; and a circuit unit to detect whether a load is applied to the fuel cell, to control the operation of the switch according to the detection, cycle the switch open and closed to short circuit the fuel cell, in order to prevent the fuel cell from overheating and to consume a residual fuel in the fuel cell. The fuel cell system may further include a converter, a secondary cell, a battery charger, and a switching unit between the load and the fuel cell.

Abstract: An air and coolant control system comprising: a heat source configured to receive air, generate heat, receive coolant, conduct the received coolant to a coolant outlet, and transfer the generated heat to the received coolant, thereby removing the generated heat from the heat source as the coolant is conducted out of the heat source; an air supply source configured to supply the air to the heat source; an air supply control system configured to adjust the supply of air from the air supply source to the heat source based on a dynamic feedback temperature characteristic from the heat source; a coolant supply source configured to supply the coolant to the heat source; and a coolant control system configured to adjust the flow rate of the coolant based on an estimated feed-forward heat source characteristic and to adjust the temperature of the coolant based on the dynamic feedback temperature characteristic.

Abstract: Disclosed are a fuel cell system, and a method of driving the system. The fuel cell system includes a fuel cell stack having a plurality of unit cells producing electricity, a switching unit connecting the plurality of unit cells to a discharge resistor, a switching controller synchronously operated when the voltage of the fuel cell stack reaches an open circuit voltage after power generation of the fuel cell stack is stopped. The switching controller generates select control signals to control the switching unit. The fuel cell system further includes a sensing unit measuring respective cell voltages of the plurality of unit cells and generating cell voltage sensing signals to control activation periods of the select control signals.

Abstract: It is an object of the invention to improve the accuracy of estimating a moisture content and suppress an effect of remaining water at the startup of the fuel cell system. A fuel cell system includes: a fuel cell including a cell laminate; an estimating unit for estimating a residual water content distribution in the reactant gas flow channel and a moisture content distribution in the electrolyte membrane in a cell plane of each single cell while taking into consideration water transfer that occurs between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode via the electrolyte membrane; and an operation control unit for, based on an estimation result from the estimating unit, setting a scavenging time used in a scavenging process for the fuel cell after the fuel cell system is shut down.

Abstract: A fuel cell having an oxygen-containing gas flow field and a fuel gas flow field, an oxygen-containing gas supply apparatus for supplying an oxygen-containing gas to the oxygen-containing gas flow field, a fuel gas supply apparatus for supplying a fuel gas to the fuel gas flow field, a scavenging gas supply apparatus for supplying air as a scavenging gas to the fuel gas flow field, and a controller are provided. The controller includes a voltage detection unit for detecting the voltage of the fuel cell after operation of the fuel cell is stopped and a scavenging control unit for starting scavenging in the fuel gas flow field by the scavenging gas supply apparatus after the detected voltage is decreased temporarily, increased, and decreased again to become a preset voltage or less.

Abstract: A method includes an in-stop-mode power generating process of, if an instruction to stop an operation of a fuel cell is detected, stopping supply of a fuel gas, and supplying an oxide gas to the fuel cell to generate power from an oxide-gas supply apparatus, and then stopping power generation of the fuel cell, and a gas replacing process of, after the power generation of the fuel cell is stopped, activating the gas replacement apparatus at a predetermined timing to supply a replacement gas to the anode side of the fuel cell to replace the fuel gas on the anode side with the replacement gas.

Abstract: When starting operation of a fuel cell below the freezing point, a fuel cell system adjusts the open degree of a hydrogen pressure adjusting valve, introduces hydrogen to a hydrogen entrance of the fuel cell so as to make the total pressure of the hydrogen entrance a first pressure, and starts a hydrogen circulation pump. If at least one of the cell voltages acquired by a cell voltmeter is below a predetermined voltage, the system determines that clogging is caused in a hydrogen flow channel in the fuel cell. When it is determined that clogging is present, the open degree of the pressure adjusting valve is adjusted and hydrogen is introduced to the hydrogen entrance so that the total pressure of the hydrogen entrance is a second pressure which is higher than the first pressure. Then, the hydrogen circulation pump is stopped and the fuel cell is warmed up to dissolve the clogging of the hydrogen flow channel.

Abstract: A fuel cell system (1) is provided and includes a fuel cell stack (3), a cathode recuperator heat exchanger (33) adapted to heat an air inlet stream using heat from a fuel cell stack cathode exhaust stream, and an air preheater heat exchanger (39) which is adapted to heat the air inlet stream using heat from a fuel cell stack anode exhaust stream.

Abstract: Thermally primed fuel processing assemblies and hydrogen-producing fuel cell systems that include the same. The thermally primed fuel processing assemblies include at least one hydrogen-producing region housed within an internal compartment of a heated containment structure. In some embodiments, the heated containment structure is an oven. In some embodiments, the compartment also contains a purification region and/or heating assembly. In some embodiments, the containment structure is adapted to heat and maintain the internal compartment at or above a threshold temperature, which may correspond to a suitable hydrogen-producing temperature. In some embodiments, the containment structure is adapted to maintain this temperature during periods in which the fuel cell system is not producing power and/or not producing power to satisfy an applied load to the system. In some embodiments, the fuel cell system is adapted to provide backup power to a power source, which may be adapted to power the containment structure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to single chamber fuel cells and systems and methods associated with the same. Architectures and materials that allow for high performance, enhanced fuel utilization, mechanical robustness, and mechanical flexibility are described. In some embodiments, multiple fuel cell units are arranged in a single chamber and may be, in some cases, connected to each other (e.g., connected in series, connected in parallel, etc.). Each fuel cell unit can be defined as one or more anode(s), one or more cathode(s), and an electrolyte able to maintain electrical separation between the anode(s) and cathode(s). The multiple fuel cell units are arranged in stacks in some cases. In one set of embodiments, the stacks of fuel cell units can be shaped and/or arranged to enhance the mixing of fuel and oxidant, thus improving distribution of reactants in the reaction zone. For example, the stacks of fuel cells may be arranged as fins within the fuel cell chamber.

Abstract: Provided is a fuel cell which has a buffer space provided on a downstream side of a fuel supply space, and in which an output of a most downstream fuel cell unit is less affected by impurity gas stored in the fuel supply space.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of preventing liquid fuel that has penetrated from an anode from reaching a cathode and of effectively utilizing a cathode catalyst, which provides a membrane electrode assembly for fuel cell having high output density. In a membrane electrode assembly for fuel cell including an anode formed of a catalyst and a solid polymer electrolyte, a cathode formed of a catalyst and a solid polymer electrolyte, and a solid polymer electrolyte membrane formed between the anode and the cathode, an intermediate layer is formed between the cathode and the electrolyte membrane.

Abstract: A method and resulting device for metallic structures including interconnects and sealed frames for solid oxide fuel cells, particularly those with multi-cell electrolyte sheets, includes providing a high-temperature aluminum-containing surface-alumina-forming steel, forming an interconnect structure from the steel, removing any alumina layer from a surface portion of the interconnect where an electrical contact is to be formed, providing a structure having a surface portion with which electrical contact is to be made by the surface portion of the interconnect, and brazing the surface portion of the interconnect to the surface portion of the structure, and sealing fuel cell frames by brazing.

Abstract: The invention relates to a fuel cell stack comprising a base plate supporting fuel cells and a cap of an electrically insulating material, particularly of ceramics, for electrically insulating the fuel cells stacked on top of each other partially enveloping the fuel cells stacked on top of each other. According to the invention it is contemplated that a metal cap provided for guiding cathode gas envelops the cap including the fuel cells together with the base plate and that the metal cap is attached to the base plate in a sealed manner. The invention further relates to a method for producing a fuel cell stack.

Abstract: A proton exchange membrane for a fuel cell, comprising a graft (co)polymer comprising a main chain and grafts comprising at least one proton acceptor group and at least one proton donor group.

Abstract: A seal composition includes a first alkaline earth metal oxide, a second alkaline earth metal oxide which is different from the first alkaline earth metal oxide, aluminum oxide, and silica in an amount such that molar percent of silica in the composition is at least five molar percent greater than two times a combined molar percent of the first alkaline earth metal oxide and the second alkaline earth metal oxide. The composition is substantially free of boron oxide and phosphorus oxide. The seal composition forms a glass ceramic seal which includes silica containing glass cores located in a crystalline matrix comprising barium aluminosilicate, and calcium aluminosilicate crystals located in the glass cores.

Abstract: A polymer electrolyte fuel cell of the present invention includes a membrane electrode assembly (5) having a pair of electrodes (4a, 4b) sandwiching a portion of a polymer electrolyte membrane (1) which is inward relative to a peripheral portion thereof, a first separator (6a), and a second separator (6b), the first separator (6a) is provided with a first reaction gas channel (8) on one main surface, the second separator (6b) is provided with a second reaction gas channel (9) on one main surface such that the second reaction gas channel (9) has a second rib portion (12), the first reaction gas channel (8) is formed such that a ratio of a first reaction gas channel width of an upstream portion (18b) to the second rib portion (12) is set larger than a ratio of a first reaction gas channel width of a downstream portion (18c) to the second rib portion (12), and the ratio of the first reaction gas channel width of the upstream portion (18b) to the second rib portion (12) is a predetermined ratio.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention relate to a reservoir assembly for use in a device, such as a fuel cell system, hydride storage system, hydrogen compressor system, heat pump system or air conditioner system. The assembly includes a first cellular component interconnected with at least a second cellular component in which the interconnected cellular components are arranged together to substantially fill an available device space, one or more end caps coupled to a portion of the first or the second cellular components, one or more external ports for adding or removing a fluid from the reservoir in which the external ports are positioned in one or more of the end caps or cellular components, and one or more internal ports in which each internal port fluidly connects the first interconnected cellular component to at least the second interconnected cellular component.

Abstract: A fuel cell module may include a membrane electrode assembly two gas diffusion layers, two current collectors, two sealing members, and a fluid flow plate assembly. The membrane electrode assembly may include at least one membrane for fuel cell reactions, and the two gas diffusion layers may be respectively coupled with the two opposite sides of the membrane electrode assembly. The fluid flow plate assembly is coupled with the membrane electrode assembly at a first side of the two opposite sides of the membrane electrode assembly. At least one of the membrane electrode assembly, the two gas diffusion layers, the two current collectors, and the two sealing members has a non-planar surface prior to an assembly of the membrane electrode assembly, the two gas diffusion layers, the two current collectors, and the two sealing members, and the non-planar surface is at least partially flattened when the assembly occurs.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a fuel cell stack including a plurality of fuel cells including a cell anode electrode, a cell electrolyte, and a cell cathode electrode and separated by a plurality of conductive interconnects and at least one material located in a cell anode electrode of the plurality of fuel cells which provides a conductive path between adjacent interconnects when the cell anode electrode between the adjacent interconnects fails.

Abstract: According to embodiments of the invention, a fuel cell fluid flow field plate is provided. The fuel cell fluid flow field plate includes a flexible substrate including a fluid distribution zone having at least one flow channel, a manifold penetrating the flexible substrate and next to the fluid distribution zone, an upward extending portion extending upward at a position near an interface between the manifold and the fluid distribution zone, wherein a bend angle is between the upward extending portion and the fluid distribution zone, and the upward extending portion has at least one through-hole penetrating through the flexible substrate to expose the manifold, and a cover extending portion linking with the upward extending portion and covering a portion of the fluid distribution zone.

Abstract: An extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mask can be used in lithography, such as is used in the fabrication of a semiconductor wafer. The EUV mask includes a low thermal expansion material (LTEM) substrate and a reflective multilayer (ML) disposed thereon. A capping layer is disposed on the reflective ML and a patterned absorption layer disposed on the capping layer. The pattern includes an antireflection (ARC) type pattern.

Abstract: A reticle for lens heating mitigation includes a substrate, a target pattern and a redistributive pattern. The substrate includes a live pattern region and the target pattern is disposed within the live pattern region for constructing the target pattern onto a wafer. The redistributive pattern is also disposed within the live pattern region for redistributing energy onto a lens without being printed onto the wafer and without correcting said target pattern to be printed onto the wafer.

Abstract: An attenuated phase shift mask (AttPSM) is fabricated with a set of fully transmitting regions, some parts adjacent phase-shifting regions with a first reduced transmission and first phase shift near 180 degrees, and remaining parts adjacent phase-shifting regions with a second transmission higher than the first transmission and second phase shift lower than the first phase shift.

Abstract: An optical mask for forming a pattern is provided. The optical mask includes: a substrate including a light blocking pattern formed on portions of the substrate, wherein the light blocking pattern includes a halftone layer and a light blocking layer formed on the halftone layer, and the halftone layer and the light blocking layer overlap such that at least an edge portion of the halftone layer is exposed. A pitch of the light blocking pattern may about 6 ?m, and a transmission ratio of the halftone layer may range from about 10% to about 50%.

Abstract: A local exposure method includes steps of: dividing a large block into a plurality of small blocks; setting irradiation illuminances different in a stepwise fashion; controlling light emission of light emitting elements based on the irradiation illuminances respectively set for the small blocks for a photosensitive film on a substrate moving with respect to light emitting elements; developing the photosensitive film having been subjected to exposure processing by irradiation by the light emitting elements; measuring a residual film thickness of the photosensitive film for each of the small blocks to obtain correlation data between the illuminance set for the small block and the residual film thickness; and obtaining a required illuminance of irradiation to each of the large blocks from a target residual film thickness of the photosensitive film set for each of the large blocks based on the correlation data.

Abstract: The instant disclosure describes methods for preparing latex resins for coated carriers using surfactant partitioning, which resins exhibit both lower ? potential and greater latex stability, while not adversely affecting particle size, toner charge or other metrics.

Abstract: To provide a toner for developing an electrostatic charge image, which is free from fogging even by means of a high speed and long operating life machine and which brings about no OPC filming or soiling of components. A toner for developing an electrostatic charge image, which contains at least a binder resin and a colorant, wherein the toner has silica particles satisfying at least the following (1) to (3) and particles having an electrostatic property antipolar to the silica particles: (1) the average primary particle diameter is at least 60 nm and at most 300 nm, (2) the moisture content is at most 1.0 mass %, and (3) the absolute specific gravity is at least 2.0 and at most 2.4.

Abstract: Disclosed is a non-magnetic toner for use in developing electrostatic toner image, wherein the toner is produced by a toner production method that includes: dispersing in an aqueous medium an organic dispersion liquid that comprises in an organic solvent a pigment, a binder resin and/or a binder resin precursor, and a releasing agent; removing the organic solvent to prepare a dispersion slurry in which toner particles are dispersed in the aqueous medium; heating the dispersion slurry to a temperature equal to or higher than the melting point of the releasing agent; and washing the toner particles.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides toners and methods for their production. In embodiments, the toner may include a core/shell configuration, with a non-crosslinked resin and a crosslinked resin in the core, with a second non-crosslinked resin in the shell, pigment/pigments and a wax possessing both branched and linear carbons.

Abstract: An electrostatic image developing toner including a toner particle (C), wherein the toner particle (C) has a structure in which a resin particle (A) containing at least a first resin (a) or a coated film (P) containing the first resin (a) is attached to a surface of a resin-containing particle (B) containing a second resin (b), and wherein the resin (b) includes a polyhydroxycarboxylic acid skeleton, and the resin (a) is a polyester resin containing a polybasic acid and a polyhydric alcohol.

Abstract: An electrophotographic toner contains an electron donating color former compound, an electron accepting color developing agent, and a binder resin, wherein a toluene insoluble content in the electrophotographic toner is 10% by mass or more and 40% by mass or less, and the toner is decolorized by heating.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes a toner produced using a coalescing temperature lower than the melting point of a wax in the toner, quench cooling or both. The resulting toners can exhibit reduced dielectric loss and improved tribo charging.

Abstract: A thermal image receiver element dry image receiving layer has a Tg of at least 25° C. as the outermost layer. The dry image receiving layer has a dry thickness of at least 0.5 ?m and up to and including 5 ?m. It comprises a polymer binder matrix that consists essentially of: (1) a water-dispersible acrylic polymer comprising chemically reacted or chemically non-reacted hydroxyl, phospho, phosphonate, sulfo, sulfonate, carboxy, or carboxylate groups, and (2) a water-dispersible polyester that has a Tg of 30° C. or less. The water-dispersible acrylic polymer is present in an amount of at least 55 weight % of the total dry image receiving layer weight and at a dry ratio to the water-dispersible polyester of at least 1:1. The thermal image receiver element can be used to prepare thermal dye images after thermal transfer from a thermal donor element.

Abstract: There is disclosed a sulfonium salt represented by the following general formula (1). In the formula, X and Y each represents a group having a polymerizable functional group; Z represents a divalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 33 carbon atoms optionally containing a hetero atom; R1 represents a divalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 36 carbon atoms optionally containing a hetero atom; and R2 and R3 each represents a monovalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms optionally containing a hetero atom or R2 and R3 may be bonded with each other to form a ring together with a sulfur atom in the formula. There can be provided a sulfonium salt usable as a resist composition providing high resolution and excellent in LER in photolithography using a high energy beam such as an ArF excimer laser, an EUV light and an electron beam as a light source, a polymer obtained from the sulfonium salt, a resist composition containing the polymer and a patterning process using the resist composition.

Abstract: A fluorine-containing compound represented by the formula 1, where R1 is a methyl group or trifluoromethyl group, each of R2 and R3 is independently a hydrogen atom or a group containing (a) a hydrocarbon group having a straight-chain, branched or ring form and having a carbon atom number of 1-25 or (b) an aromatic hydrocarbon group, the group optionally containing at least one of a fluorine atom, an oxygen atom and a carbonyl bond, l is an integer of from 0 to 2, each of m and n is independently an integer of 1-5 to satisfy an expression of m+n?6, and when at least one of R1, R2 and R3 is in a plural number, the at least one of R1, R2 and R3 may be identical with or different from each other.

Abstract: The present application relates to a new silane-based compound, a photosensitive resin composition including the same, and a photosensitive material including the same. The photosensitive resin composition including the silane-based compound according to the exemplary embodiment of the present application increases adhesion strength to a substrate, such that a developing property is excellent and there are no surface stains or defects during a subsequent process. Accordingly, a photosensitive material, a color filter and the like having excellent quality may be manufactured by using the photosensitive resin composition according to the exemplary embodiment of the present application.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a multilayer element (100), and also to a multilayer element (100) produced by said method. On and/or in a carrier ply (1) a decorative ply (3) is formed. The decorative ply (3) has a first region (8) and a second region (9). Viewed perpendicular to the plane of the carrier ply (1), the decorative ply (3) has in the first region (8) a first transmittance and in the second region (9) a second transmittance greater in comparison to the first transmittance. A layer (5) to be structured and a photoactivatable resist layer are disposed on the first side (11) of the carrier ply (1). On exposure of the resist layer through the decorative ply (3), the decorative ply (3) serves as an exposure mask. The at least one layer (5) to be structured and the resist layer are structured in register to one another by means of structuring operations synchronized with one another.

Abstract: A negative pattern is formed by applying a resist composition onto a substrate, baking, exposing to high-energy radiation, baking (PEB), and developing the exposed resist film in an organic solvent developer to selectively dissolve the unexposed region of resist film. The resist composition comprising a hydrogenated ROMP polymer and a (meth)acrylate resin displays a high dissolution contrast in organic solvent development, and exhibits high dry etch resistance even when the acid labile group is deprotected through exposure and PEB.