Abstract: A sealing device (12) for a camshaft adjuster (1) which is driveable using a belt and has a distributing valve (8) with a piston, wherein the sealing device (12) has a first securing portion (13) rigidly arrangeable on the camshaft adjuster (1), a second securing portion (14) rigidly arrangeable on the piston side, and a flexible membrane portion (15) arranged between the first securing portion (13) and the second securing portion (14), and a camshaft adjuster (1) having a having a stator (3) which, based on a combustion engine, is driveable using a belt, and a rotor (4) with limited twistability relative to the stator (3), wherein a twisting can be effected hydraulically, and a distributing valve (8) with a piston for the purpose of freeing up or blocking the pathway for a hydraulic medium or altering a through-flow direction, wherein the camshaft adjuster (1) has a sealing device (12) of the type whose first securing portion (13) is rigidly arranged on the camshaft adjuster (1) and whose second securing por

Abstract: In order to provide a valve cover to which at least one line is securable simply and by using a small number of fastening elements, it is proposed that the valve cover includes the following: a base body that, in the mounted condition of the valve cover, is arranged on an engine block of an internal combustion engine and covers over a valve chamber of the internal combustion engine, and at least one fixing device for securing at least one line to the base body of the valve cover, wherein the fixing device includes a fixing element and at least one fixing element receiver which is arranged on the base body and to which the fixing element is securable or secured by latching.

Abstract: A lash adjuster includes a body, a plunger inserted into the body and having a bottom wall with a valve hole and a peripheral wall having an oil passage hole, and a partitioning member. The plunger defines a high-pressure chamber. The partitioning member is inserted into the plunger and has an oil passage end located above the oil passage hole in an inserted state. The partitioning member has a recess defining an oil passage together with the peripheral wall. The partitioning member defines a low-pressure chamber reserving hydraulic fluid and has, together with the recess, a press-fit portion abutting against an inner periphery of the peripheral wall when the partitioning member is inserted into the plunger. Consequently, the press-fit portion has a deformed cross-sectional shape except for a circular shape when cut at a same height as the oil passage hole.

Abstract: A lash adjuster includes a body, a plunger inserted into the body and a partitioning member inserted into the plunger. The plunger has a bottom wall with a valve hole and a peripheral wall having an oil passage hole. The plunger defines a high-pressure chamber between the bottom wall and the body. The partitioning member has a plate-like baffle located opposite the passage hole. The baffle has an upper end serving as an oil passage end located above the passage hole. The plunger has interior divided into two spaces by the baffle. The passage hole is located at one space side. An oil passage is defined at one space side. A low-pressure chamber is defined at the other space side to store hydraulic fluid flowing through the passage hole, the oil passage and the passage end. The low-pressure chamber supplies the fluid through the valve hole into the high-pressure chamber.

Abstract: A lash adjuster includes a body formed into a bottomed cylindrical shape, a plunger movably inserted into the body and having a peripheral wall having an oil passage hole, and a partitioning member inserted into the plunger. The plunger defines a high-pressure chamber between the body and a plunger underside and includes a first threaded portion formed in an inner periphery of the peripheral wall. The partitioning member has an oil passage end located above the oil passage hole and an oil passage is defined between an outer surface of the partitioning member and the plunger peripheral wall. A low-pressure chamber is defined inside the partitioning member to reserve hydraulic fluid flowing through the oil passage hole. The hydraulic fluid is then supplied into the high-pressure chamber. The partitioning member has an outer periphery formed with a second threaded portion threadingly coupled with the first threaded portion.

Abstract: An additive is released into an engine lubricant of an internal combustion engine from a component of the internal combustion engine. The component is manufactured from a polymer, and includes the additive integrally mixed with the polymer. The internal combustion engine is assembled such that the component is exposed to the engine lubricant. The additive is released into the engine lubricant over time during contact between the engine lubricant and the component. The additive may include, but is not limited to bis-nonyl-diphenylamine isomers.

Abstract: A transient plasma electrode apparatus may include an elongated electrode having a first and a second end. The first end may connect to a source of high voltage pulses. An insulation jacket may surround a portion of the electrode. An electric-field enhancing protrusion may be at the second end of the elongated electrode. The protrusion may cause an electric field when a high voltage is applied between the elongated electrode and a metallic wall of a combustion chamber in which the electrode is placed. The electric field may be greater at the second end as compared to along the length of the electrode.

Abstract: A nutating balance device for mitigating vibrations of an internal combustion engine having a crankshaft includes a coupler coupled to the engine crankshaft. The device also includes a weight coupled to the coupler. The coupler is configured to move the weight in sync with the crankshaft. The nutating balance device can generate variable torque pulsations or moments corresponding to torque harmonic frequencies of the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A secondary air injection or SAIR system is illustrated and described which includes a first air injection path defined by in part by a lower ditch formed in the head mounting surface of the cylinder block, and a second air injection path defined in part by a second ditch formed in the block mounting surface. The cylinder head gasket is used to separate and seal the first ditch from the second ditch. The first and second air injection paths are separate and isolated from one another such that secondary air may be selectively introduced through the first air injection path into the first exhaust leg and selective introduced through the second injection path into the second exhaust leg independent of the first air injection path.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a combustion chamber of a diesel engine in accordance with the preamble of Claim 1, a method for igniting a fuel-air mixture in a combustion chamber of a diesel engine in accordance with the preamble of Claim 14, and a diesel engine in accordance with the preamble of Claim 15.

Abstract: A steel piston with an oil gallery, and process for forming a steel piston oil gallery channel, which corresponds to the complex shape of the combustion bowl in the piston crown. The piston crown is made by a cast metal or powder metal forming process. The oil gallery channel is formed to the basic shape that corresponds to the shape of the walls of the combustion bowl. Machine-turning surfaces in the oil gallery channel can be machine-finished as desired. Surfaces in the oil gallery which cannot be machined with conventional turning operations, such as recesses and protrusions into the channel, are left in the original as-formed condition.

Abstract: A piston for an internal combustion engine includes a piston head that has a piston crown, a top land, a ring part, and a combustion bowl with a bowl base, a bowl wall, and an insert which is made of an annular component and which is held in the piston head by means of an undercut section. According to the invention, the component has an inner wall on the bowl side, the inner wall continuously tapering off all the way to the bowl wall or the bowl base in a flush manner, thereby forming a circumferential edge that tapers into a point.

Abstract: Described is an assembly for an internal combustion rotary engine of a single or multi-rotor type. The assembly includes parts without cooling channels that comprise a monolithic ceramic material or ceramic matrix composite material capable of allowing the engine when assembled to operate at elevated temperatures that would cause metal parts of a metal engine to lose strength, lose structural and mechanical integrity, suffer excessive oxidation/corrosion and/or fail. The ceramic material also allows the engine when assembled to operate with significantly lower heat loss to the surrounding environment as compared with a similar engine made using all metal parts. The ceramic material allows the engine when assembled to operate without requiring substantial cooling elements or an external fluid (e.g. water) cooling system. The engine when assembled as described will retain more heat or operate with a substantially reduced rate of heat rejection when compared to an entirely metal rotary engine.

Abstract: An improved method of powering a Jet or Rocket engine using water as a fuel by separating the hydrogen and oxygen and igniting the hydrogen with high voltage high amperage electricity in the compression/combustion chamber of the engine.

Abstract: Pressurized and superheated, dry steam is admitted into the working chamber of a spark ignition engine for the purpose of increasing the thermal efficiency of the engine. The steam is admitted into the working chamber near the end of compression, and before ignition of the fuel. An igniter ignites the fuel. Additional work is pneumatically recovered from the steam, thus augmenting the total work obtained by the engine.

Abstract: Embodiments of injectors configured for adaptively injecting and igniting various fuels in a combustion chamber are disclosed herein. An injector according to one embodiment includes an end portion configured to be positioned adjacent to a combustion chamber, and an ignition feature carried by the end portion and configured to generate an ignition event. The injector also includes a force generator assembly and a movable valve. The force generator assembly includes a first force generator separate from a second force generator. The first force generator creates a motive force to move the valve between the closed and open positions into the combustion chamber. The second force generator is electrically coupled to the ignition feature and provides voltage to the ignition feature to at least partially generate the ignition event.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for on-line, real-time estimation of a residual mass in an engine cylinder during HCCI combustion. The residual mass is estimated based on an estimated residual mass for a previous combustion cycle. A value of a first performance variable for the first combustion cycle is determined based only on engine data measured by one or more sensors. A value of a second performance is estimated based at least in part on the estimated residual mass for the first combustion cycle. An adaptive scaling factor is determining for the first combustion cycle based on the determined value of the first performance variable and the estimated value of the second performance variable. An adjusted residual mass for the first combustion cycle is then determined based on the estimated residual mass for the first combustion cycle and the adaptive scaling factor for the first combustion cycle.

Abstract: A plural port intake manifold with outlets aligned along a common cylinder head plane and each intake port containing, a valve unit including a valve plate that is rotatable by a shaft along an axis of rotation recessed within an inner wall as well as a welded connection encircling each intake port upstream of the axis. The system may allow the use of a plate CMCV that can fully retract into the intake runner when not in use.

Abstract: A system and method for controlling the flow of air to an intake port of an engine is described that includes a flexible intake manifold runner comprised of helically wound braids. In one example, the length and cross-sectional area are mechanically interlinked. In this way, the flexible intake manifold runner can be tuned over a wider operating band while maintaining a lower cost design.

Abstract: A control apparatus for an internal combustion engine equipped with an idling stop mechanism and a supercharger. The control apparatus is provided with: a controlling device which is configured to detect atmospheric pressure and to change a threshold value of a parameter which allows idling stop processing to be performed by the idling stop mechanism, to a side on which the idling stop processing is not allowed, as the detected atmospheric pressure has a lower value, in order to suppress an excessive increase in temperature of a catalyst.

Abstract: In one embodiment an engine system includes a cylinder, an inlet valve configured to control the flow of gases into the cylinder, an outlet valve configured to control the flow of gases out of the cylinder, a throttle configured to control the flow of fuel into the cylinder, a memory including program instructions stored therein, and a processor operably connected to the inlet valve, the outlet valve, the throttle, and the memory, and configured to execute the program instructions to control the inlet valve and the outlet valve in accordance with an HCCI valve lift profile and an SI valve open/close profile, and activate a first spark in the cylinder while controlling the inlet valve and the outlet valve in accordance with the HCCI valve lift profile and the SI valve open/close profile.

Abstract: An engine control apparatus for controlling an engine which drives a hydraulic pump to discharge operation oil, the engine control apparatus includes: a pump driving power limit unit configured to limit pump driving power, which is power used to drive the hydraulic pump, based on pressure of the operation oil discharged by the hydraulic pump when in a state in which a part of the operation oil discharged by the hydraulic pump is released because pressure of the operation oil discharged by the hydraulic pump has become equal to or higher than preset relief pressure; and an engine output control unit configured to control output of the engine so that target speed, which is speed of the engine set as a target, becomes equal to or higher than a value of a point of time when limiting of the pump driving power is started.

Abstract: In one embodiment a method of controlling an engine system includes providing a first cylinder with a first inlet valve, a first outlet valve, and a first throttle, controlling the first inlet and the first outlet valve in accordance with an SI valve lift profile, activating a first spark in the first cylinder while controlling the first inlet and the first outlet valve in accordance with the SI valve lift profile, controlling the first inlet and the first outlet valve in accordance with an HCCI valve lift profile, activating a second spark in the first cylinder while controlling the first inlet and the first outlet valve in accordance with the HCCI valve lift profile, and controlling the SOI timing of the first throttle in an HCCI SOI mode while controlling the first inlet valve and the first outlet valve in the HCCI valve lift profile after activating the second spark.

Abstract: An engine is configured such that, during the starting of the engine, when it is being detected that throttle opening has been set at a starting position, if it is detected that the engine speed has exceeded a predetermined speed slightly lower than a speed when a centrifugal clutch becomes an engaged state, a control unit retards the ignition timing from a general angle to a first angle BTDC, and then advances the ignition timing to a second angle at predetermined intervals, and holds the ignition timing at the second angle for a predetermined time period, thereby preventing the engine from stopping due to fouling on the spark plug while suppressing the engine speed at the speed when the centrifugal clutch becomes the engaged state, or less.

Abstract: A method and system to arrange combustion air for a combustion engine or cooling air for an electric motor that are situated in warm indoor space. A started combustion engine or a combustion engine to be started or the air intake equipment of an electric motor has in immediate closeness at least one air intake box where there is connected or will be connected an air channel that reaches the outdoor space and then the outdoor air flows through the air channel to the air intake box and further to the engine air intake equipment. The aspects of the disclosed embodiments are used in the air intake of the lorries, trailer trucks and busses and also power tools and the cooling air of the electric motors.

Abstract: A module for managing mass flow and dampening pressure pulsations in the supply line of a gaseous fuelled internal combustion engine comprises a hollow body defining an expanded volume that is fluidly connected directly to a pressure sensor and a temperature sensor. The module is placed along the supply line of a gaseous fuel engine between a fuel pressure increasing device and the fuel rail that supplies fuel to the engine. The module can comprise a filter that filters the impurities from the gaseous fuel supplied to the engine and an overpressure protection device that can vent some of the gaseous fuel from the module to protect it from over-pressurization.

Abstract: A device for providing ignition of a fuel-air mixture using a transient plasma discharge is provided. The device includes an anode coupled to receive a voltage; and a cathode disposed in proximity to the anode and coupled to a ground, wherein at least one of the anode and the cathode includes a protrusion that enhances an electric field formed between the anode and the cathode, the protrusion forming a sharp edge defining a plurality of points, each point forming a path of shortest distance between the anode and the cathode.

Abstract: In a fuel injection control system for an internal combustion engine provided with a low pressure fuel pump and a high pressure fuel pump, proportional plus integral control of a high pressure fuel pump is carried out to make a pressure of fuel come close to a target value between the high pressure fuel pump and fuel injection valves. In cases where the high pressure fuel pump is in operation, a feed pressure, which is a pressure of fuel between a low pressure fuel pump and the high pressure fuel pump, is caused to go down when an integral term in the proportional plus integral control does not change or is decreasing, and the feed pressure is caused to go up when the integral term is increasing. In cases where the high pressure fuel pump is in a stopped state, the feed pressure is made higher than before the high pressure fuel pump is stopped.

Abstract: Provided is a control unit (1) for an internal combustion engine (10) including a direct injector (11) directly injecting fuel into a cylinder (20) and a port injector (12) injecting fuel into an intake port (17). The control unit (1) includes an injection volume calculator (5) to calculate a volume of the fuel injected from the direct injector (11), a port injection controller (2) to control a volume of the fuel injected from the port injector (12), an overlap period controller (4) to control an overlap period during which both an intake valve (27) and an exhaust valve (28) are open, and a changer (6) to vary both the volume of the port injection from the port injector (12) and the overlap period based on the volume of the direct injection.

Abstract: In a dual-fuel injection operation, when a fuel injection time by a direct injector as determined on the basis of a direct fuel pressure is less than a minimum value, a dual-injection is performed with a duel injection rate such that the amount of fuel injected by the direct injector is greater than when the dual-injection is performed with a duel injection rate which is determined in accordance with an engine operation state. Thus, the amount of fuel injected by the direct injector is increased, so that the high-temperature fuel that has remained in a high-pressure fuel pipe connected to the injector is rapidly injected and consumed. As a result, the direct fuel pressure can be rapidly lowered, whereby the fuel injection time by the direct injector for implementing an amount of fuel injection in accordance with a direct injection command value can be rapidly increased to the minimum value.

Abstract: Various methods and system are described for a fuel system which includes a fuel composition sensor and a fuel lift pump disposed upstream of the sensor. The system may be operated in each of three different modes of operation. In each of the modes, a fuel lift pump voltage is adjusted responsive to a fuel capacitance output by the sensor, while a variable such as sensor temperature or fuel pump pressure is maintained depending on the mode of operation.

Abstract: Methods are provided for reliving excess vacuum from a fuel tank. In response to elevated fuel tank vacuum levels, a canister purge valve is opened to dissipate the vacuum to an engine intake manifold while the engine is not combusting. Alternatively, the purge valve is opened to dissipate the excess vacuum to the intake manifold while the engine is combusting during conditions when the likelihood of air-fuel ratio errors are lower or when any incurred errors are better tolerated.

Abstract: A vehicle fuel system includes a vapor recovery canister containing at least two carbon beds. Each carbon bed is configured to capture hydrocarbon material associated with fuel vapor discharged from a vehicle fuel tank into the canister.

Abstract: An air intake manifold for an engine includes an air inlet to receive a flow of compressed charge air, and multiple runners to deliver cooled compressed charge air to corresponding combustion cylinders of the engine. A charge air cooler is arranged within the intake manifold between the air inlet and the runners, and includes a first core section and a second core section. The first and second core sections are arranged fluidly in parallel with respect to the flow of compressed charge air, so that the charge air is divided into a first portion that is substantially directed through the first core section to a first subset of the runners, and a second portion that is substantially directed through the second core section to a second subset of the runners.

Abstract: The invention relates to an internal combustion engine (1) with a crankcase (3) and a cylinder head (4) having exhaust ports (9) feeding into an exhaust manifold (10) for exhaust gas from the combustion chambers (5) of the internal combustion engine (1). Provision is hereby made for the cylinder head (4) to include at least one region of a heating channel (12) which is different from the exhaust ports (9) and the exhaust manifold (10) and has an inlet side (14) branching from one of the exhaust ports (9) or the exhaust manifold (10), and which is flowed through by an exhaust mass flow that is adjustable by an actuator (13). The invention further relates to a method for operating an internal combustion engine (1).

Abstract: Various methods and systems are provided for cooling exhaust system components. In one example, a system comprises heat shield surrounding at least a part of an engine exhaust passage valve positioned in an engine exhaust passage of an engine, and an air jet configured to direct compressed air into the heat shield. The heat shield contains the compressed air around an exterior of the at least the part of the engine exhaust passage valve.

Abstract: A power plant is provided and may include an exhaust gas recirculation passage and a turbo machine having a first turbine rotationally coupled to a pump. The first turbine may include an expanded air passage. The pump may be arranged in the exhaust gas recirculation passage. A pre-cooler may be arranged in the expanded air passage and in the exhaust gas recirculation passage upstream from the pump.

Abstract: A paintball loader for use on a paintball gun for feeding paintballs is provided. The paintball loader includes a container for holding a plurality of paintballs, a paintball agitator rotatably mounted in the container, the paintball agitator including at least two fins extending substantially perpendicular to the axis of rotation, the fins spaced apart from each other forming a gap therebetween large enough to accommodate more than one paintball. At least two paintballs are positioned in the gap between the fins. A motor is configured to rotate the paintball agitator. The container includes an exit tube exiting from the bottom portion of the container and leading to an inlet tube of the paintball gun. A microprocessor in communication with a sensor may also be provided for controlling the motor. A deflector for deflecting paintballs may also be provided, the deflector movably attached to the interior surface of the container.

Abstract: A paintball marker adapter kit that enables a paintball marker with a .68 caliber barrel to use .50 caliber paintballs. In one embodiment, the kit includes a hollow barrel tube, a replacement power tube, a replacement linkage arm, and optional feed ball adapters that into the marker's existing ammo feed hopper or a replacement ammo feed hopper. The barrel tube includes a rear bolt section that extends longitudinally from the proximal end of the barrel. The marker's existing front bolt, power tube and linkage arm are removed and replaced by the replacement power tube and replacement linkage arm. The barrel tube is hollow with a center bore configured to receive a .50 caliber paintball and receive the front air tube on the power tube. The barrel tube also includes a ball hole configured for a .50 caliber paintball that drops vertically from the ammo feed elbow and a blocking pin and latch hole. The kit may include a velocity limiting device that fits into the power tube.

Abstract: A burner for an oven or grill may include a flat and elongated body extending in a major longitudinal direction and confining an inner chamber configured to receive a comburent and combustible mixture. The body may include two half-shells mutually superposed and coupled in mirror-image relationship and including edge portions defining a coupling plane. A first series of flame holes may define a first flaming front and a second series of flame holes may define a second flaming front, at the coupling plane, on opposite sides of the inner chamber. The body may include a connecting portion between the first and second flaming fronts at an end of the inner chamber. The connecting portion may be defined by connecting walls of the half-shells extending parallel to the coupling plane in a sequence of depressions and elevations between the first and second flaming fronts and configured to transfer flame.

Abstract: Methods and systems for use with solar devices. The present invention may be used with solar panels, solar dishes, or any other devices for which an optimal exposure to the sun is desired. The present invention first adjusts an azimuth of the solar device until an optimal solar exposure, from an azimuth point of view, is achieved. Then, an altitude of the solar collector is adjusted until an optimal solar exposure, from an altitude point of view, is achieved. The invention also uses a load compensation mean to alleviate the amount of lifting or braking torque needed from the motor to tilt the solar collector.

Abstract: A gas hot water heating device and a system with heating function are disclosed. The device includes a combustion device (1), an inlet (E) and an outlet (G) of a hot water pipeline (2), an inlet (I) and an outlet (H) of a heating loop (3), and a water tank (4). The device also includes a first heat exchanger (5), a second heat exchanger (6) and a third heat exchanger (7). A flue gas outlet (1-2) of the combustion device (1) is connected with flue gas passages of the first heat exchanger (5) and the second heat exchanger (6) in order and in series. A first water flow passage (5-1) and a second water flow passage (5-2) are arranged in the first heat exchanger (5), and the water tank (4) and the first water flow passage (5-1) of the first heat exchanger (5) are communicated between the inlet (E) and the outlet (G) of the hot water pipeline (2) in series. The second heat exchanger (6) and the third heat exchanger (7) can exchange heat with water in the water tank (4).

Abstract: A collector system (12) is disclosed that comprises a row of linearly conjoined collector structures (13). The collector system is arranged to be located at a level above a field of reflectors (10) and to receive solar radiation reflected from the reflectors within the field. The collector structure (13) comprises an inverted trough (16) and, located within the trough, a plurality of longitudinally extending absorber tubes (30) that, in use, are arranged to carry a heat exchange fluid. The absorber tubes (30) are supported side-by-side within the trough and each absorber tube has a diameter that is small relative to the aperture of the trough. The ratio of the diameter of each absorber tube to the trough aperture dimension is of the order of 0.01:1.00 to 0.10:1:00 and, thus, a plurality of absorber tube functions, in the limit, effectively to simulate a flat plate absorber.

Abstract: A solar furnace for heating a target having a heliostat with a reflective surface having a reflective portion, a surface altering mechanism capable of altering the shape of the reflective portion, and a target having a target area, the reflective surface capable of reflecting radiant energy toward a target.

Abstract: Solar receiver having a receiver funnel, a solar absorber, and an absorber rotation drive mechanism. The receiver funnel has a funnel entrance and a funnel exit. The solar absorber may have a spherical shape and has an absorber rotation axis. The solar absorber is rotatably positioned in the funnel exit. The solar absorber has an internal absorber fluid chamber, an absorber fluid intake and an absorber fluid outlet. The absorber rotation drive mechanism provides for rotating the solar absorber about the absorber rotation axis.

Abstract: Provided is a portable heater supplied by an associated fuel source, comprising a housing, a fuel connection fitting, an orifice, a burner assembly, a regulator, a controller for selectively switching among operation states including at least a 4000 BTUs and a 9000 BTUs per hour state, a power source adapted to generate electrical power from heat, and a detector system adapted to use the electrical power generated by the power source, detect the level of a particular gas in the atmosphere, and interrupt combustion of the air-fuel mixture. A housing may comprise an air inlet and may define an interior region. A burner assembly may comprise a fuel valve adapted to control communication between the burner assembly and the associated fuel source, a venturi for mixing air and fuel into a fuel-air mixture, a combustion region adapted for the combustion of the air-fuel mixture to produce combustion products and heat.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods are provided for crystallization. An apparatus includes a vessel defining an interior, a draft tube positioned in the interior of the vessel and defining an annular space between the draft tube and a side wall of the vessel, a rotor shaft extending along a central axis of the vessel, and a helical screw attached to and configured to rotate with the rotor shaft. A multi-stage apparatus further includes a stage barrier wall separating the vessel into two stages, with a draft tube and helical screw positioned in each of the stages. A method for crystallization includes supplying process material to be crystallized into a vessel, moving the process material through a central portion of the vessel, circulating a portion of the material through an annular space in the vessel, and discharging a portion of the material through an outlet.

Abstract: A mouthpiece (10) is configured to be removably coupled with a nebulizer (12) to deliver nebulized medicament to the airway of a subject. The mouthpiece is configured to connect to the nebulizer in a swappable manner with another mouthpiece that is configured to operate in a continuous use mode. By contrast, the mouthpiece is configured to operate in a breath assist mode, a breath activated or dosimetric mode, and/or in other modes that reduce medicament waste caused, for example, by exhalation of the subject back into the mouthpiece. This may be advantageous during the delivery some medicaments (e.g., steroids, antibiotics, and/or other medicaments). The mouthpiece is configured to maintain the double venturi effect that would be provided by the continuous use mouthpiece.

Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition is described that is suitable for delivery from a pressurised container. The composition is free of polar excipients and comprises: (a) a propellant component that consists essentially of 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a); (b) a surfactant component that comprises oleic acid; and (c) a drug component that consists of salbutamol sulphate. The pharmaceutical composition can be delivered using a metered dose inhaler (MDI).

Abstract: A CPAP system for supplying humidified gases to a user is disclosed in which various interfaces are described for gas delivery. A mask cushion including a deformable cushion and thin sheath is described.