Abstract: Disclosed herein is a stacking or stacking/folding type electrode assembly of a cathode/separator/anode structure, wherein the electrode assembly is constructed in a structure in which tabs (electrode tabs), having no active material applied thereto, protrude from electrode plates constituting the electrode assembly, electrode leads are located at one-side ends of the stacked electrode tabs such that the electrode leads are electrically connected to the electrode tabs, and protruding lengths of the electrode tabs are gradually increased according to the distances between the electrode leads and the electrode tabs, whereby the lengths of the electrode tabs at joint portions between the electrode tabs and the electrode leads are the same. Also disclosed is an electrochemical cell including the electrode assembly.

Abstract: The invention relates to a rechargeable battery in one or more cells and a space disposed above the electrodes and enclosed by the battery cover, wherein at least the space above the battery is partially or completely filled by an open-pore foam and/or a material having a honeycomb structure.

Abstract: A battery pack is provided, which includes a secondary battery; a molded body configured to store therein the secondary battery; and a foamable layer provided between the secondary battery and an inner surface of the molded body and configured to foam at a predetermined temperature or higher to form a foam heat insulating layer. With this, a heat insulating layer contained in the battery pack is thin in a normal state where the battery is not generating heat, and the heat insulating layer exerts a high heat insulating effect at the time of malfunction to suppress the temperature increase of a surface of the battery pack.

Abstract: The invention generally encompasses phosphonium ionic liquids and compositions and their use in many applications, including but not limited to: as electrolytes in electronic devices such as memory devices including static, permanent and dynamic random access memory, as battery electrolytes, as a heat transfer medium, fuel cells and electrochromatic devices, among other applications. In particular, the invention generally relates to phosphonium ionic liquids, compositions and molecules possessing structural features, wherein the molecules exhibit superior combination of thermodynamic stability, low volatility, wide liquidus range and ionic conductivity. The invention further encompasses methods of making such phosphonium ionic liquids, compositions and molecules, and operational devices and systems comprising the same.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery that has a positive electrode and a negative electrode capable of the absorbing and releasing of a metal ion, and a separator, the non-aqueous electrolyte solution comprising, in addition to an electrolyte and a non-aqueous solvent, 0.01 mass % or more to less than 3 mass % of a compound having one or more partial structure represented by the following general formula (1) and two or more isocyanate groups in the molecule: (In the general formula (1), R represents hydrogen or a C1-C12 organic group that may contain an isocyanate group and is constituted of atoms selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atom, carbon atom, nitrogen atom, oxygen atom, sulfur atom, phosphorus atom, and halogen atom).

Abstract: Disclosed is a metal-sulfur electrode for a lithium-sulfur battery and a method for preparing the same. More particularly, a metal-sulfur electrode for a lithium-sulfur battery is prepared by coating a slurry mixture including sulfur, a conductive material and a binder as an electrode active material on a metal electrode and drying the same while applying an electric field such that the conductive material is aligned adequately so as to provide maximize efficiency during repeated charging and discharging when used in the anode of the lithium-sulfur battery.

Abstract: The positive electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery includes active material particles represented by LixNi1?yMyMezO2+?, and the active material particles include a lithium composite oxide represented by LixNi1?yMyO2, (where 0.95?x?1.1, 0<y?0.75, 0.001?z?0.05). The element M is selected from the group consisting of alkaline-earth elements, transition elements, rare-earth elements, IIIb group elements and IVb group elements. The element Me is selected from the group consisting of Mn, W. Nb, Ta, In, Mo, Zr and Sn, and the element Me is included in a surface portion of the active material particles. The lithium content x in the lithium composite oxide in an end-of-discharge state when a constant current discharge is performed at a temperature of 25° C. with a current value of 1C and an end-of-discharge voltage of 2.5 V satisfies 0.85?x??0.013Ln(z)+0.871.

Abstract: Disclosed is a cathode active material comprising a lithium-free metal oxide and a material with high irreversible capacity. A novel lithium ion battery system using the cathode active material is also disclosed. The battery, comprising a cathode using a mixture of a Li-free metal oxide and a material with high irreversible capacity, and an anode comprising carbon instead of Li metal, shows excellent safety compared to a conventional battery using lithium metal as an anode. Additionally, the novel battery system has a higher charge/discharge capacity compared to a battery using a conventional cathode active material such as lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide or lithium manganese oxide.

Abstract: Provided are novel negative electrodes for use in lithium ion cells. The negative electrodes include one or more high capacity active materials, such as silicon, tin, and germanium, and a lithium containing material prior to the first cycle of the cell. In other words, the cells are fabricated with some, but not all, lithium present on the negative electrode. This additional lithium may be used to mitigate lithium losses, for example, due to Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) layer formation, to maintain the negative electrode in a partially charged state at the end of the cell discharge cycle, and other reasons. In certain embodiments, a negative electrode includes between about 5% and 25% of lithium based on a theoretical capacity of the negative active material. In the same or other embodiments, a total amount of lithium available in the cell exceeds the theoretical capacity of the negative electrode active material.

Abstract: A battery electrode with a pasting textile, fabric, or scrim made with an electrode grid (e.g., a stamped grid or expanded metal grid) coated in battery electrode and covered with pasting textile formed of a bonded, non-woven fiber web. The web is formed from one or more fibers with an average length greater than 20 ?m. In various embodiments, the web is formed from one or more spun, continuous fibers. The battery electrode may be made in a continuous process where multiple grids are formed in a single sheet, coated with electrode active material, and the scrim before being cut into individual electrodes.

Abstract: The invention relates to microporous membranes having high meltdown temperature, high air permeability, and high puncture strength. The invention also relates to the production of such membranes and the use of such membranes as battery separator film.

Abstract: Disclosed is a nonaqueous electrolytic solution which enables formation of a nonaqueous-electrolyte battery having high capacity and excellent storage characteristics at high temperatures, while sufficiently enhancing safety at the time of overcharge. A nonaqueous-electrolyte battery produced by using the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is also disclosed. The nonaqueous electrolytic solution comprises an electrolyte and a nonaqueous solvent, and includes any of specific nonaqueous electrolytic solutions (A) to (D).

Abstract: A fuel cell may be used to supplement power sources for aircraft equipment. A fuel cell to provide electrical power in an aircraft may include a replaceable fuel source, an information output, and a power output to output power to a line replaceable unit of the aircraft. A method of supplementing electrical power in an aircraft may include providing a fuel cell in the aircraft, the fuel cell comprising a replaceable fuel cartridge and a replaceable by-product cartridge, and supplementing an electrical power system of the aircraft with power generated by the fuel cell by outputting power.

Abstract: A selectively oxygen-permeable substrate has a magnetic material dispersion layer having carbon as the main component and a magnetic material dispersed therein. The magnetic material dispersion layer has a gas introduction face for introducing gas into the inside thereof, and the magnetic material dispersion layer is preferably a layer where a magnetic material is dispersed in a porous carbon membrane and can be used as a substrate for a metal-air battery positive electrode. More preferably, the selectively oxygen-permeable substrate has the magnetic material dispersion layer and a porous substrate. A selectively oxygen-permeable substrate can selectively introduce oxygen in the air and have high durability against an electrolytic solution.

Abstract: A fuel cell system that is able to perform power generation more stably than in the past regardless of external environment is provided. Based on a temperature of a power generation section detected by a temperature detection section, a supply amount of a liquid fuel from a fuel pump is adjusted, and therefore control in which the temperature of the power generation section becomes constant is performed. In addition, a fuel cell system that is able to perform power generation in a vaporization supply type fuel cell more stably than in the past is provided. A level of a power generation voltage supplied from the power generation section is raised by a boost circuit. In a control section, operation of the boost circuit is controlled using a given control table, and therefore control is performed on an output voltage and an output current supplied from the boost circuit to a load.

Abstract: The theme of the present invention is a fuel cell system capable of avoiding a disadvantage caused by the maintaining of a low-efficiency operation to improve the safety of a system operation. The fuel cell system is configured to perform the low-efficiency operation having a large power loss as compared with a usual operation at a predetermined low temperature to raise the temperature of a fuel cell in a short time as compared with the usual operation. The fuel cell system prohibits the low-efficiency operation to execute the usual operation, in a case where predetermined conditions are established at the predetermined low temperature. The predetermined conditions include a time when the generated power of the fuel cell cannot be consumed, a time when this generated power cannot be accumulated in a battery, or a time when the flooding of the fuel cell is generated.

Abstract: A fuel cell system has different allowable changes per unit time in an operation range of a fuel cell, in both a first output range of the fuel cell and a second output range of the fuel cell, the second output range being lower than the first output range. The allowable change per unit time in the output of the fuel cell in the second output range is smaller than the allowable change per unit time in the output of the fuel cell in the first output range.

Abstract: Coolant supply passages and coolant discharge passages, for example, two respectively thereof, are disposed on upper and lower side portions of a first end plate of a fuel cell stack. Grooves are formed on a surface of the first end plate for establishing communication between each of the coolant supply passages and the coolant discharge passages. Air, which is introduced upwardly of the coolant discharge passages, is discharged to the coolant supply passages.

Abstract: Methods, articles, and systems for controlling the internal operating temperature of fuel cell systems, such as planar fuel cell arrays. The heat management system conducts heat away from the fuel cell without disturbing the flow of gases around the fuel cell layer and without the need for the equipment to disturb the flow of gases around the fuel cell layer. The present invention also provides a heat transfer system that has a low thermal mass relative to the fuel cell layer or is thermally isolated from the fuel cell layer such that the heat transfer system will not remove substantial amounts of heat from a fuel cell layer during star-up and can be activated to dissipate heat from the fuel cell only as needed.

Abstract: Systems and methods to mitigate surge conditions in a compressor of a vehicle fuel cell system. A first surge mitigation strategy regulates a cathode backpressure valve, if the compressor is operating at or above a threshold speed. A second surge mitigation strategy regulates a recirculation valve if the compressor is operating below the threshold speed. In one form, a feedback-based control may be used as part of a larger feedforward-based control strategy such that the mitigation is part of a reactive control strategy. The strategy may additionally be implemented in a processor-based controller.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a housing assembly for at least two fuel cells, comprising: a hollow profile-like body (12) extending in an axial direction (z) and being adapted to laterally encompass at least two fuel cells stacked on one another in axial direction (z), and a fastening mechanism to interconnect the body (12) with at least one end plate (18, 28) adapted to support the at least two fuel cells.

Abstract: A cell unit of a fuel cell includes a first membrane electrode assembly, a first metal separator, a second membrane electrode assembly, and a second metal separator. Resin frame members are provided at the outer ends of the first and second membrane electrode assemblies. Coolant connection channels including a plurality of grooves is formed in each of the resin frame members. The grooves of the coolant connection channels of the cell unit and grooves of coolant connection channels of a cell unit that is adjacent to the cell unit in the stacking direction are offset from each other, and are not overlapped with each other in the stacking direction.

Abstract: A UEA for a fuel cell having an active region and a feed region is provided. The UEA includes an electrolyte membrane disposed between a pair of electrodes. The electrolyte membrane and the pair of electrodes is further disposed between a pair of DM. The electrolyte membrane, the pair of electrodes, and the DM are configured to be disposed at the active region of the fuel cell. A barrier film coupled to the electrolyte membrane is configured to be disposed at the feed region of the fuel cell. The dimensions of the electrolyte membrane are thereby optimized. A fuel cell having the UEA, and a fuel cell stack formed from a plurality of the fuel cells, is also provided.

Abstract: Abiotic fuel cell and battery designs employing chemical dyes in alkaline solutions are disclosed. The fuel cells and batteries are capable of harnessing electrical power from various carbohydrates, including, but not limited to, glucose; in an anode design that does not require catalysts or membranes to separate half-cell reaction chambers. In certain embodiments, the abiotic fuel cell or battery designs may further employ electrodes, such as high surface area carbon materials and commercial air breathing electrodes, without the use of catalysts for glucose oxidation (i.e., precious metals or biocatalytic species). In further embodiments, organic dyes, including but not limited to, methyl viologen (MV), methylene blue, methylene green, Meldola's blue, indigo carmine, safranin O, and the like, may serve as the electron mediators. In some embodiments, the fuel cells or batteries are capable of generating power on the order of about tens of mW/cm2 from glucose and/or other types of sugars.

Abstract: A flexible MEA comprises an integral assembly of electrode, catalyst and ionomeric membrane material.

Abstract: There is provided a combustion apparatus including a gas supply path 1 for supplying a combustible gas, a burner main body 4 for combusting the combustible gas supplied from the gas supply path 1, a cabinet 8 provided to cover the burner main body 4, and a gas cutoff valve 2 provided on the gas supply path 1 on an upstream side of the burner main body 4 and arranged at the outside of the cabinet 8, wherein the burner main body 4 is spacially isolated from the gas cutoff valve 2.

Abstract: A polymer electrolyte fuel cell of the present invention comprises a membrane-electrode assembly (5), a first separator (6a), and a second separator (6b); the first separator (6a) having a groove-shaped first reaction gas channel (8) on one main surface of the first separator (6a) which contacts the first electrode (4a) such that a plurality of straight-line-shaped first rib portions (11) run along each other; the second electrode (4b) having a groove-shaped second reaction gas channel (9) on one main surface of the second electrode (4b) which contacts the second separator (6b) such that a plurality of straight-line-shaped second rib portions (12) run along each other; a ratio of a first reaction gas channel width of at least an upstream portion (18b) of the first reaction gas channel (8) with respect to a second rib portion (12) is greater than 0 and not greater than 1.

Abstract: A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) includes a plurality of sub-cells. Each sub-cell includes a first electrode in fluid communication with a source of oxygen gas, a second electrode in fluid communication with a source of a fuel gas, and a solid electrolyte between the first electrode and the second electrode. The SOFC further includes an interconnect between the sub-cells. In one embodiment, the SOFC has a first surface in contact with the first electrode of each sub-cell and a second surface that is in contact with the second electrode of each sub-cell; and the interconnect consists essentially of a doped M-titanate based perovskite, wherein M is an alkaline earth metal. In another embodiment, the interconnect includes a first layer in contact with the first electrode of each sub-cell, and a second layer in contact with the second electrode of each sub-cell. The first layer includes an electrically conductive material selected from the group consisting of an metal, a metal alloy and a mixture thereof.

Abstract: An electrode material, including: catalyst particles formed by performing inclusion, by a porous inorganic material, for a conductive support and metal particles arranged on the conductive support and/or metal particles brought into contact with the conductive support.

Abstract: Anodes for fuel cells, membrane-electrode assemblies for fuel cells including the anodes, and fuel cell systems including the membrane-electrode assemblies are provided. The anode includes a catalyst layer including a platinum-based metal catalyst and a carbon monoxide oxidizing catalyst on a catalyst support, and an electrode substrate. The catalyst support may be selected from ThO2, CeO2, Ce2O3, MnxOy (where x ranges from 1 to 2 and y ranges from 1 to 3), Co3O4, ZrO2, TiO2, and combinations thereof. The anode for a fuel cell includes a carbon monoxide oxidizing catalyst, which increases carbon monoxide oxidation, thereby providing high activity.

Abstract: A photomask includes a substrate having a device region and an adjacent edge region over transparent material. The device region includes spaced primary features of constant pitch at least adjacent the edge region. The edge region includes spaced sub-resolution assist features of the constant pitch of the spaced primary features at least adjacent the device region and which are off-phase by from about 30° to about 150° from +/?180°. Additional embodiments, including methods, are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention is the mask blank includes a glass substrate and a thin film formed on a main surface of the glass substrate, the thin film includes a material containing tantalum and substantially no hydrogen, and the mask blank has a invasion suppressive film between the main surface of the glass substrate and the thin film which suppresses hydrogen from being invaded from the glass substrate into the thin film.

Abstract: A design method for mask patterns is provided. The design method includes providing an exposure machine with a mask including an optical proximity correction (OPC) pattern including a first clear area and a first dark area, wherein the first clear area surrounds the first dark area, placing a substrate in the exposure machine, and exposing the substrate to light to form an imaged pattern on the substrate, wherein the imaged pattern has an area smaller than that of the optical proximity correction (OPC) pattern.

Abstract: Provided is a blankmask for a hardmask. In the blankmask, a hard film is formed by appropriately controlling contents of nitrogen and carbon therein to reduce a deviation in a critical dimension caused when an etch process is performed. A metal film is formed to a thin thickness by increasing a content of metal in a light-shielding film and reducing a content of metal in an anti-reflective film. Thus, resolution, pattern fidelity, and chemical resistance of the metal film may be improved. Also, the metal film and the hard film are formed such that a reflectivity contrast therebetween is high, thereby allowing the hard film to be easily inspected. Accordingly, the blank mask for a hardmask may be applied to a dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a flash memory, or a micro-processing unit (MPU) to have a half-pitch of 32 nm or less, and particularly, a critical dimension of 22 nm or less.

Abstract: Provided is a photopolymerizable composition that is highly sensitive to light having wavelengths of 365 nm and 405 nm, and is capable of forming a curable film that can suppress deterioration in physical properties of the film due to heat-aging. The photopolymerizable composition include: (A) an oxime polymerization initiator which includes a condensed ring formed by containing two or more rings selected from an aromatic ring and a heterocyclic ring, and a cyclic structure which is connected to the condensed ring, the cyclic structure containing a carbonyl group and having an oxime group directly connected to the carbonyl group; and (B) a polymerizable compound.

Abstract: An electron beam lithography method and apparatus for improving throughput is disclosed. An exemplary lithography method includes receiving a pattern layout having a pattern layout dimension; shrinking the pattern layout dimension; and overexposing a material layer to the shrunk pattern layout dimension, thereby forming the pattern layout having the pattern layout dimension on the material layer.

Abstract: The invention provides a laminate-type electrophotographic photoreceptor for use in a negative charge system, comprising a conductive support, and a photosensitive layer containing a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, on the conductive support, wherein in addition to a fluorene compound and a diamine compound which are responsible for charge transport, a compound having a specific structure is used in combination.

Abstract: Provided is a compound represented by the following General Formula (I): wherein in General Formula (I), F represents a charge transporting subunit, L represents a linking group having a valency of (n+1) that is formed by combining two or more kinds selected from a group consisting of an alkylene group, —C?C— (an alkenylene group), —C(?O)—, —N(R)—, —O—, and —S—, and R represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group, m represents an integer of from 1 to 6, and n represents an integer of from 2 to 3.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a surface layer which contains a silicon-containing compound in an amount of less than 0.6% by mass based on the whole solid content in the surface layer, where the silicon-containing compound in the surface layer has a siloxane moiety in an amount of 0.01% by mass or more, based on the whole solid content in the surface layer, and its surface has specific depressions. Also disclosed are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus which have the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Abstract: Provided is an excellent phthalocyanine crystal having high sensitivity and little fluctuation in sensitivity for a humidity change in a use environment and applicable to the martial for solar battery, electronic paper, electrophotographic photoreceptor, etc. Namely, phthalocyanine crystal obtained by bringing a phthalocyanine crystal precursor into contact with an aromatic aldehyde compound to convert the crystal form. Also, provided is an electrophotographic photoreceptor that not only exhibits high sensitivity but also has little fluctuation in sensitivity for a humidity change in a use environment. Further, provided is an electrophotographic photoreceptor cartridge and an image-forming device, both of which can produce a stable quality images for a humidity change in a use environment by using the electrophotographic photoreceptor.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes hyperpigmented toner compositions containing a mixture of insulative color pigments, which toners exhibit reduced dielectric loss and improved tribo-charging.

Abstract: Provided is a toner comprising toner particles, wherein each of the toner particles has a core-shell structure composed of a core and a shell phase formed on the core, the shell phase contains a resin (B), and the core contains a binder resin (A), a colorant and a wax, wherein the toner particles contain the resin (B) in a specific amount with respect to the core, and wherein the solubility parameter (SP value) of the binder resin (A) is denoted by SP(A), the SP value of the resin (B) is denoted by SP(B), the SP value of a repeating unit with the smallest SP value from among repeating units constituting the resin (B) is denoted by SP(C), and the SP value of the wax is denoted by SP(W), each of the SP(A), SP(B), SP(C) and SP(W) satisfy specific relationships.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a toner for developing electrostatic images, which prevents a decrease in toner charge amount in the environment of high temperature and high humidity, prevents occurrence of fog and has excellent flowability. Provided is a toner for developing electrostatic images, comprising an external additive and colored resin particles comprising a binder resin and a colorant, wherein the external additive is core-shell type complex fine particles in which resin fine particles are covered with at least one inorganic component selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, titania and zirconia, and the volume ratio of the inorganic component of the core-shell type complex fine particles is 45 to 75% by volume when the total volume of the core-shell type complex fine particles is 100% by volume.

Abstract: In order to prevent the occurrence of bleeding in a nip between a photoreceptor and an intermediate transfer body or a nip between the photoreceptor and a sheet, which is a problem in a wet developing method, the present disclosure provides a liquid developer that includes an electrically insulating carrier liquid and colored particles dispersed within the carrier liquid, further contains an organic polymer compound, and has a viscosity of 30 to 400 mPa·s at a measurement temperature of 25° C.

Abstract: A high quality electrophotographic member that is excellent in deformation recovery property under high-temperature and high-humidity and that also satisfies filming resistance under low-temperature and low-humidity is provided. The electrophotographic member includes a substrate, an elastic layer, and a surface layer containing a urethane resin, wherein the urethane resin has a partial structure having at least one structure selected from the group consisting of structures of structural formulae (1) to (7) between adjacent two urethane linkages, and the urethane resin further has a partial structure derived from a reaction of a compound represented by a structural formula (8) with a polyisocyanate.

Abstract: When being blended in a toner, a barium titanate external additive for toner enhances, in particular, the toner fluidity, electrical properties, and other relevant performance; concurrently achieves high image density and reduced background fog in a printer using the toner; and further reduces image defects, such as void, fading, and the like. An industrially advantageous producing method of the barium titanate external additive for toner is also provided. The external additive for toner of the present invention includes spherical barium titanate having a specific gravity of 5.6 g/ml or less.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing toner including melting, mixing, and kneading a releasing agent and a coloring agent with at least part of a polyester binder resin, and suspending and granulating an oil phase comprising the binder resin, the coloring agent, and the releasing agent in an aqueous medium.

Abstract: An actinic ray-sensitive or radiation-sensitive resin composition includes: (A) a resin capable of increasing a solubility of the resin (A) in an alkali developer by an action of an acid; and (B) a compound capable of generating an acid upon irradiation with an actinic ray or radiation, wherein (B) the compound capable of generating an acid upon irradiation with an actinic ray or radiation is contained in an amount of 10 to 30 mass % based on the entire solid content of the actinic ray-sensitive or radiation-sensitive resin composition, and a pattern forming method uses the composition.

Abstract: A resist composition including: a base component (A) which exhibits changed solubility in a developing solution under action of acid; a nitrogen-containing organic compound component (C) containing a compound (C1) represented by general formula (c1) shown below; and an acid generator component (B) which generates acid upon exposure, provided that the compound (C1) is excluded from the acid generator component (B): wherein RN represents a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group which may have a substituent; X0 represents a linear or branched divalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a cyclic divalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group of 3 to 20 carbon atoms or a divalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group of 3 to 20 carbon having a cyclic partial structure, or any one of these groups in which some or all of the hydrogen atoms thereof have been substituted with fluorine atoms; and M+ represents an organic cation.

Abstract: A radiation-sensitive composition containing a resist compound having a high sensitivity, a high resolution, a high etching resistance, and a low outgas which forms a resist pattern with good shape and a method of forming a resist pattern and novel compositions for forming a photoresist under coat film which is excellent in optical properties and etching resistance and contains substantially no sublimable substance and an under coat film formed by the composition. Radiation-sensitive composition containing a solvent and a cyclic compound having, e.g., a cyclic compound (A) having a molecular weight of 700 to 5000 which is synthesized by the condensation reaction of a compound having 2 to 59 carbon atoms and 1 to 4 formyl groups with a compound having 6 to 15 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 phenolic hydroxyl groups, and a cyclic compound for use in the radiation-sensitive composition.