Abstract: A left base component and a right base component with each base component having upper and lower surfaces. Each base component has an exterior edge, a central front point, laterally spaced rear points and an interior edge. Each base component has a rectangular central extent and arcuate forward extents and a semicircular rearward extent. The system also includes a support component in an arcuate configuration positionable in a generally vertical orientation. The support component has inner and outer faces. The support component has upper and lower edges. The upper edge is perpendicular to and integrally formed with the base component at the exterior periphery. The support component has terminal ends located adjacent to central regions of the rectangular central extents. The support component has an arcuate forward section between the base components. The lower surface of the base components is spaced from the upper surface of the forward section by an elevational space.

Abstract: A device (surgical aid) for assisting wound closure in a surgical procedure setting. A flat plastic sheath (retainer) is inserted into the wound to retain the viscera organs and protect them from cuts or punctures while closing the wound after abdominal surgery or any large body cavity surgery. Just before completion of the wound closure, the device is pulled out of the body via a pull cord and then the wound closure is finished.

Abstract: An aerosol generator device for delivering an aerosol of a nicotine salt is provided. The aerosol generator comprises: (i) a mouth end; (ii) a first chamber containing a porous material wetted with liquid nicotine, (iii) a second chamber containing a porous material wetted with a solution of a volatile acid, (iv) a third chamber in fluid communication with the first and second chambers, leading to the mouth end, and (v) an outer housing defining a passageway for air through said device. A nicotine vapor can be produced by drawing air along the passageway and through the porous material wetted with liquid nicotine. An acid vapor can be produced by passing air along the passageway and through the porous material wetted with a solution of a volatile acid. Then, the nicotine vapor and the acid vapor can be admixed in the third chamber to form an aerosol of a nicotine salt, which can be drawn out through the mouth end.

Abstract: A nicotine salt liquid formulation for generating an inhalable aerosol in an electronic cigarette comprising nicotine salt that forms about 0.5% to about 20% nicotine is provided.

Abstract: An electronic cigarette having multiple ports within a filter portion of the electronic cigarette. The ports may be elongated slits or small circular holes positioned proximate a center point of the filter portion or positioned proximate an outer perimeter of the filter portion of the electronic cigarette. The plurality of ports helps to diffuse and volumize the vapor inhaled by the user from within the body of the electronic cigarette.

Abstract: An aerosol-generating system for oral or nasal delivery of a generated aerosol to a user is provided, including a heater element configured to heat an aerosol-forming substrate to generate an aerosol; a power source; a controller configured to control operation of the heater element, the controller including or being connected to a means to detect a change in air flow past the heater element; first data storage means for recording detected changes in airflow past the heater element and data relating to the operation of the heater element; second data storage means including a database relating changes in airflow and data relating to the operation of the heater element to the properties of the aerosol delivered to the user; and an indication means coupled to the second data storage means for indicating to the user a property of the aerosol delivered to the user.

Abstract: There is provided a smoking article that includes a plurality of elements, including a front-plug and an aerosol-forming substrate, assembled in contact with a cigarette paper to form a rod. The front-plug is located upstream from the aerosol-forming substrate. In use, a heating element is inserted into the smoking article and the aerosol-forming substrate is heated to generate an aerosol. When the heating element is subsequently withdrawn from the smoking article, the front-plug acts to retain the aerosol-forming substrate within the rod.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to compositions, and related devices and methods, useful in vaporizing devices such as electronic cigarettes. The composition may comprise nicotine, at least one solvent, and at least one ion pairing agent, and may be vaporized to form a condensation aerosol, wherein inhalation of the aerosol allows for deposition of nicotine with the respiratory system, including deep lung deposition. The vaporizing device may comprise a vaporization unit, a battery, and an integrated circuit coupled to the battery, wherein the integrated circuit is configured to control the battery for rapid initial vaporization without overheating, producing thermal degradation products, or draining battery energy. The battery may operate with pulse width modulation for at least a portion of the time the vaporizing device is being used.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a nail tip comprising of an artificial nail tip having a top surface and a bottom surface. The artificial nail tip has a plurality of decorative particles covering the entire top surface of the artificial nail tip and a base adhesive to attach the plurality of decorative particles to the top surface of the artificial nail tip and to other pluralities of decorative particles.

Abstract: The claimed invention relates to a nail pen for nail varnish application along a distal perimeter portion of a nail. The claimed invention obviates certain problems associated with the process of applying nail varnish onto the distal-only perimeter of a nail by presenting an apparatus and/or means for applying nail varnish in a controlled, uniform manner along the distal perimeter of a nail. The claimed invention provides a controlled means of disseminating a uniform strip of nail varnish along the distal perimeter of a nail. This desirable outcome is effectuated even for different varnish residue thicknesses and/or varnish colors. Also provided is a nail varnish applicator with a channel made from an impermeable material.

Abstract: A hair treating apparatus having a first component with opposite first and second sides. The first side is engageable by a first finger on a user's hand. A second component has opposite third and fourth sides. The third side is engageable by a second finger on the user's hand. The hair treating apparatus is operatively positioned with: a) the user's first finger engaging the first side and the user's second finger engaging the third side; and b) an accumulation of elongate hair strands between the second and fourth sides. The first and second components can be manipulated by movement of the user's first and second fingers to cause the second and fourth sides to move selectively towards each other to engage the accumulation of hair strands and away from each other. The operatively positioned hair treating apparatus can be drawn lengthwise of an engaged accumulation of hair strands to thereby controllably apply additive.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for making up the skin, including the step that consists in forming, on a deposit of a foundation composition applied to the skin, a discontinuous deposit of islets of corrective composition and/or a deposit of corrective composition including visible substances that give it an inhomogeneous appearance, said corrective composition having optical properties that locally modify the appearance of the makeup so as to create a pattern reproducing the appearance of skin relief and/or colour heterogeneities.

Abstract: Powdery compositions contain at least one particulate and amorphous metal oxide, with the proviso that at least one cosmetic active ingredient is present in said metal oxide in absorbed form, said active ingredient being selected from waxy esters, strengthening polymers, film-forming polymers, oxidation dye precursors, anionic surfactants, keratin-reducing compounds or mixtures thereof. Said powdery compositions are highly suitable for temporarily shaping keratin-containing fibers, especially human hair. Hair treated with said powders can be strengthened and retains its natural gloss.

Abstract: A cosmetic agent containing in a cosmetically acceptable carrier a) at least one copolymer A with at least one structural unit (A1), at least one structural unit (A2), at least one structural unit (A3) and at least one structural unit (A4), wherein R1 denotes an optionally heterofunctionalized alkyl residue; R2 denotes an optionally heterofunctionalized alkyl residue differing from R1; R3 denotes an optionally heterofunctionalized alkyl residue mutually independently differing from R1 and R2 b) at least one copolymer B differing from copolymer A with at least one structural unit (B1) wherein R4 denotes an optionally heterofunctionalized alkyl residue; and c) at least one quaternary ammonium compound.

Abstract: A utility model patent to an air jet hair roller which comprises a closure A for the ends 2 of the cylindrical tube that forms the hair roller 5, to prevent air from escaping. Air is injected through the hole 1, and one of the ends B of the hose 9 is fitted by means of adapter 7 with a hollow core 8. In order to inject air into the cylindrical tube that forms the hair roller 5, the adapter 7 with a hollow core 8 has an air outlet into the hollow inside 6 of the cylindrical tube that forms the hair roller 5.

Abstract: Provided is a puff, which enables the user to apply and spread color cosmetics such as a compact or foundation evenly to the skin so as to be have a sensation of close contact, more specifically, a separable variation puff which is configured such that: various puff members are connectable to or separable from a lower side of a coupling main body having a holding part; an elastic moving body into which an oscillator is inserted is connected to and formed at an inner side of the coupling main body; power of the oscillator is controlled by a battery and a switch; and the battery is easily exchangeable through the lower side of the coupling main body. Thus, the puff is advantageous in that the user can effectively transmit vibration of the oscillator to the puff according to a contact degree of the puff to the user's skin.

Abstract: A method for cleaning a reaction chamber is conducted after depositing an oxide, nitride, or oxynitride film on a substrate in a reaction chamber having interior surfaces on which oxide, nitride, or oxynitride is accumulated as a result of the deposition, said oxide, nitride, or oxynitride being selected from the group consisting of silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, metal oxide, metal nitride, and metal oxynitride. The method includes: oxidizing or nitriding the oxide, nitride, or oxynitride is accumulated on the interior surfaces of the reaction chamber, by RF-excited plasma of an oxygen- or nitrogen-containing gas in the absence of halide gas as a pre-cleaning step; and cleaning the interior surfaces of the reaction chamber, by RF-excited plasma of a halide cleaning gas.

Abstract: Methods of removing copper residue from interior surfaces of an etch process chamber are described. A plasma treatment using halogen-containing precursors transforms the copper residue into halogen-copper complexes. Plasma-excited inert gases are used to desorb the halogen-copper complexes. In this way, the copper residue is removed from the interior surfaces of the etch process chamber.

Abstract: This invention relates to an apparatus and method for cleaning a photomask. This apparatus, suitable for use in removing an adhesive residue from a photomask, includes a photomask disposed such that a surface thereof on which an adhesive residue is left behind is directed downwards, a metal plate formed adjacent to the adhesive residue, and a laser generator for irradiating a laser onto the metal plate so that the adhesive residue is removed by heat generated from the metal plate.

Abstract: A tongue cleaner tool comprises a handle with an actuator therein and a rotatable roller or brush near one end of the handle that is driven by the actuator. The rotatable brush has soft protrusions, as knobs or bristles, to gently massage and clean the tongue as the brush is rotated inside a user's mouth and in contact with the surface of the tongue. The brush roller can have its axis normal to the length of the handle or parallel with it. Liquid, as water or mouthwash, is advantageously provided in a reservoir in the handle or in the roller, to be dispensed onto the tongue through the handle or via the roller directly. One or more rollers can be used, and a shield can be provided over part of each roller to direct the liquid and to protect other parts of the mouth of the user.

Abstract: The present invention relates to oral health. In particular, though not solely, the present invention is directed to products and methods for use by a consumer on a regular basis to maintain and improve their oral health as part of their oral health care program.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system for remediating highly contaminated fine soil using multiple micro hydrocyclones that includes: a mill adapted to mix contaminated soil with water and to individualize the soil; a screen adapted to separate the soil introduced from the mill into soil having given particle sizes; a separator adapted to finely separate the soil having particle sizes of less than a given value by particle size from the soil having the given particle sizes separated through the screen; a remediating unit adapted to wash the finely separated soil introduced from the separator by particle size by means of process water for washing; and a filtering unit adapted to separately discharge the soil washed and introduced through the remediating unit and the process water for washing contained in the soil.

Abstract: A debris collecting system comprises a debris collecting assembly including an air-flow generating device and a debris body. The system further comprises an intermediate debris collecting container connected to the debris collecting assembly such that the collected debris is by-passing the debris body of the assembly.

Abstract: A water deluge system cleaning apparatus and method of cleaning a water deluge system which does not require the water deluge system to be offline while it is being cleaned. This is achieved by a packing device that provides an annular seal within the water deluge system, and a cleaning device for cleaning the water deluge system that extends through the packing device. Arrangements of inlets and/or outlets comprising safety valves also provide for additional functionality such as debris extraction or fluid flushing while still allowing the water deluge system to remain online.

Abstract: A hot beverage maker is provided with a removable pump for cleaning a brewing needle. The pump fits into a brewing chamber which normally receives a pod of an infusible beverage material. A pod receptacle and a lid pivotally connected to the housing form the brewing chamber, After a brewing cycle or when cleaning of the brewing needle is desired, an interior chamber of the pump is filled with cleaning fluid and the pump inserted into the pod receptacle. When the lid is closed, the brewing needle is inserted into the interior chamber. The lid is closed and released repeatedly to operate the pump. This creates a pumping action of the cleaning fluid through the brewing needle to dislodge a buildup of minerals or residual deposits. The used cleaning fluid and dislodged deposits are discarded after the cleaning operation is completed.

Abstract: A device for cleaning containers, such as for cleaning returnable bottles in a beverage filling plant, comprises a main treatment area, in which the containers are treated by means of a main lye, and a post-treatment area, in which the containers are treated with a water bath or post-lye bath and rinsed with water, wherein in the post-treatment area, a flushing device is provided for removing labels and/or residues of labels.

Abstract: A nozzle assembly and a dishwasher having the same. The dishwasher includes a main body, a wash tub, and at least one first nozzle assembly to wash the objects received in the wash tub. The first nozzle assembly includes a main nozzle configured to be rotatable about a rotation axis thereof, plural injection holes, a first flow path defined in the main nozzle for movement of wash water to be sprayed out toward the objects, a sub nozzle provided at the main nozzle, the sub nozzle internally defining a second flow path for movement of wash water to be sprayed out in a radial direction of the main nozzle, and a valve coupled to the main nozzle to open or close the second flow path. Providing the nozzle assembly with the first and second flow paths independent of each other may reduce noise due to collision of wash water.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a dishwasher including a spray unit fixed to one sidewall of a wash tub and a reflecting plate assembly to reflect wash water sprayed from the spray unit onto dishes and to linearly reciprocate in a spray direction of the wash water sprayed from the spray unit. The dishwasher further includes a drive unit to drive the reflecting plate assembly, and a cam unit to transmit driving force of the drive unit to the reflecting plate assembly. The drive unit includes a motor to generate rotational force, and a belt forming a closed loop and caused to make cyclic movement by the motor. The cam unit is engaged with the belt to transmit power of the belt to the reflecting plate assembly. The cam is alternately engaged with first and second portions of the belt to cause the reflecting plate assembly to reciprocate.

Abstract: Disclosed is a roller assembly, including a roller body portion and a first spray portion provided in the roller body portion to spray a first fluid onto a surface of a transfer member. The roller body portion and the first spray portion are configured to form an angle between the spraying direction of the first fluid and the surface of the transfer member.

Abstract: There is provided a foreign material removing device of a track turnout portion which can tightly attach and fix nozzles to a rail belly portion stably without machining a rail itself. A foreign material removing device of a track turnout portion which has point rails which can move to contact and move away from stock rails of the track turnout portion, and which removes a foreign material dropped between the stock rail and the point rail, includes a piping unit which includes a plurality of nozzle portions which spray compressed air to remove the foreign material, and the piping unit includes a close-contact arrangement structure in which the piping unit is arranged in close contact with a lateral surface of the stock rail opposed to the point rail.

Abstract: A substrate processing apparatus 1 includes a substrate processing unit 40 configured to process a substrate W by supplying a mixed liquid M of a first liquid C and a second liquid D to the substrate W, a first flow rate regulator 10 disposed in a first supply pipe 31 configured to allow the first liquid C to flow therethrough, and the first flow rate regulator 10 configured to measure a flow rate by a differential pressure and to regulate the flow rate, a second flow rate regulator 20 disposed in a second supply pipe 32 configured to allow the second liquid D to flow therethrough, and the second flow rate regulator 20 configured to measure a flow rate by a differential pressure and to regulate the flow rate, a concentration meter 51 disposed in a mixed liquid pipe 33 configured to guide the mixed liquid M with a mixture of the first liquid C having passed through the first flow rate regulator 10 and the second liquid D having passed through the second flow rate regulator 20 to the substrate processing unit 4

Abstract: A windproof umbrella frame is presented comprising a main rib (1) supporting a canopy, a support rib (2), and a connecting rod (3) connecting the main rib (1) and the support rib (2). A center plate (5) is arranged at the middle-section of the main rib (1). A support rib joint (6) is fixedly arranged at one end of the support rib (2). One end of the connecting rod (3) is hinged to the center plate (5) along the main rib (1) and the other end is integrally formed with the support rib joint (6). The support rib joint (6) and the connecting rod (3) are connected by a flexible soft plastic segment (31). The soft plastic segment (31) has a tab (34) arranged along the outside thereof so as to extend radially outward therefrom. The windproof umbrella frame of the present invention is easy and convenient to assemble, robust, and less costly.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to an improved, portable, collapsible, human shelter for outdoors, and a method of assembling, and using the same. More particularly, the invention encompasses an apparatus for providing shelter for humans and animals, which is portable, collapsible, and easily transportable from location to location, and can be quickly assembled, and disassembled. The portable, collapsible apparatus, has a ceiling or roof, and wall or panels that are made of one or more layers of material, such as, corrugated material, plastic material, composite material, waterproof material, weatherproof material, Coroplast material, polyethylene material, polypropylene material, to name a few. Optionally, the inventive apparatus could also have an attachable or detachable base or floor. In one preferred method the improved, portable, collapsible, human shelter for outdoors, is made using, for example, an extruded corrugated plastic, to form a hunting blind.

Abstract: A thermoelectric composite includes a plurality of particles comprising a crosslinked polymer having a heat deflection temperature greater than or equal to 200° F. and a segregated network comprising a first filler material which is disposed between the particles to produce a thermoelectric response in response to application of a voltage difference or temperature difference across the thermoelectric composite. The first filler material includes a carbon material, a metal, a metal disposed on a carbon material, or a combination thereof. A process for preparing a thermoelectric article includes combining a first filler material and a plurality of particles comprising a polymer to form a composition and molding the composition to form a thermoelectric article, wherein the thermoelectric article is configured to produce a thermoelectric response in response to application of a voltage difference or temperature difference across the article.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for converting thermal energy to electrical energy, comprising at least one thermoelectric module (19) which has an outer surface having a hot side (20) for contacting a heat source and having a cold side (22) for contacting a heat sink, wherein the hot side of the thermoelectric module is thermally conductively connected to a heat source, in particular an exhaust channel (11) of a combustion engine. The device further comprises a cooling channel (25) through which a cooling fluid can flow and which is thermally conductively connected to the cold side of the thermoelectric module. The cooling channel has at least one opening to the cold side of the thermoelectric module and is sealed in a fluid-tight manner around the opening with respect to the hot side of the thermoelectric module.

Abstract: Provided are a thermoelectric device and a thermoelectric module having larger conversion efficiency than conventional ones. A thermoelectric device of the present invention includes a Heusler alloy material, and a pair of electrodes that takes out electromotive force according to a temperature gradient caused in the Heusler alloy material. Further, the dimensions of the Heusler alloy material are defined such that the conversion efficiency of the module is maximized according to an environment having a temperature difference, under which the Heusler alloy material is used.

Abstract: The invention relates to a thermoelectric generator module with a hot zone and a cold zone including at least a first metal-ceramic substrate, which has a first ceramic layer and at least one structured first metallization applied to the first ceramic layer and is assigned to the hot zone, and at least a second metal-ceramic substrate, which has a second ceramic layer and at least one structured second metallization applied to the second ceramic layer and is assigned to the cold zone, and also a number of thermoelectric generator components located between the first and second structured metallizations of the metal-ceramic substrates. The first metal-ceramic substrate, assigned to the hot zone, has at least one layer of steel or high-grade steel, wherein the first ceramic layer is arranged between the first structured metallization and the at least one layer of steel or high-grade steel. The invention also relates to an associated metal-ceramic substrate and to a method for producing it.

Abstract: A thermoelectric device provided according to one aspect of the present invention includes a support member having a shape corresponding to a waste heat environment having a curved surface, and a thermoelectric material formed on a surface of the support member so that it surrounds the support member, wherein the support member is formed of a material having a low thermal conductivity, which is not the thermoelectric material, so as to keep a temperature difference between both ends of the thermoelectric device.

Abstract: A thermoelectric element includes a p-type/n-type semiconductor element having an upper end surface and a lower end surface, a lower electrode that is joined to the lower end surface of the p-type/n-type semiconductor element to connect the p-type/n-type semiconductor element and another n-type/p-type semiconductor element adjacently thereto and has an area less than that of the lower end surface in a joint region therebetween. A joint portion is made of a solder and has a surface joint part joining the lower end surface of the p-type/n-type semiconductor element and a surface of the lower electrode while the lower end surface of the p-type/n-type semiconductor element and the surface of the lower electrode are opposed to each other A fillet part is formed to fill a space produced between intersecting surfaces, i.e., the lower end surface and a lateral side of the lower electrode, and composes a step part formed by the lower end surface and the lower electrode.

Abstract: A system for isolating portions of a power supply array comprising at least one isolation mechanism being in electrical communication with a terminal of at least one portion of the power supply array, the isolation mechanism being arranged to disconnect the at least one portion from the power supply array when the isolation mechanism is actuated.

Abstract: Disclosed are a solar cell module and a method of fabricating the same. The solar cell module according to the embodiment includes first solar cells including a first P-type semiconductor layer, a first buffer layer, and a first N-type semiconductor layer sequentially disposed on a support substrate; second solar cells including a second N-type semiconductor layer, a second buffer layer, and a second N-type semiconductor layer sequentially disposed on the support substrate; and a connecting electrode connecting the first solar cells to the second solar cells.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of producing two or more thin-film-based interconnected photovoltaic cells (100) comprising the steps of: a) providing a photovoltaic article comprising: a flexible conductive substrate, at least one photoelectrically active layer, and a top transparent conducting layer; b) forming one or more first channels (140) through the flexible conductive substrate to expose a portion of the photoelectrical]?—active layer; e) applying an insulating segment to the conductive substrate and spanning the one or more first-channel; d) forming one or more second channels off set from the one or more first channels—‘through—the photoelectrically active layer to expose a conductive surface of the flexible conductive substrate; I) forming one or more third channels (170) off set from both the first channels and the second channels, through the top transparent conducting layer and to the photoelectrically active layer: and g) applying an electrically conductive material (180) above t

Abstract: The invention relates to passively tracking, partially concentrating solar panels that feature the ability to perpetually self-concentrate impinging light on a portion of the underlying photovoltaic material during varying times of the day and throughout the year. Such solar panels feature higher conversion efficiencies and higher output when compared to equivalent sized conventional solar panels and do not require an active tracking system to adjust for yearly difference in the sun's elevation above the horizon.

Abstract: A solar cell module includes: a module main body; a frame body; and a terminal box. The module main body includes a solar cell. The module main body is mounted to the frame body. The terminal box is arranged on a main surface on the side of a rear surface of the module main body. The solar cell is electrically connected to the terminal box. The terminal box is arranged outside an area surrounded by the frame body.

Abstract: A photovoltaic device using luminescent solar concentrators for converting solar energy into electric energy is described. More generally, a photovoltaic panel has a plurality of photovoltaic devices arranged on its surface.

Abstract: Photovoltaic sub-cell interconnect systems and methods are provided. In one embodiment, a photovoltaic device comprises a thin film stack of layers deposited upon a substrate, wherein the thin film stack layers are subdivided into a plurality of sub-cells interconnected in series by a plurality of electrical interconnection structures; and wherein the plurality of electrical interconnection structures each comprise no more than two scribes that penetrate into the thin film stack layers.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention provides a photovoltaic (PV) module. The PV module includes a front-side glass cover facing sunlight, a plurality of interconnected PV cells situated below the glass cover, a plurality of bussing wires electrically coupled to the PV cells, and a back-sheet situated below the PV cells. The back-sheet comprises a metal layer sandwiched between a top and a bottom insulation layers. The back-sheet comprises a cut slot to facilitate the bussing wires to thread through the cut slot to reach a junction box situated below the back-sheet. The PV module further comprises one or more insulation layers inserted between the bussing wires and sidewalls of the cut slot in the back-sheet. The insulation layers are configured to insulate the bussing wires to the metal layer in the back-sheet.

Abstract: The invention is a photovoltaic article comprising a first photovoltaic cell having a photoelectrically active region which is located between a topside electrode and a backside electrode, at least one first interconnect element in contact with the frontside electrode at a front surface of the cell and the interconnect element is adhered to the topside electrode of the cell, and at least one second interconnect element adhered to the backside electrode. An electronically conductive adhesive having a low Tg is used to adhere the interconnect element to the frontside electrode.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing a mesoporous titanium dioxide thin film from a titanium precursor by using a polymer-grafted alumina composite as a support. The porous titanium dioxide thin film is obtained by using the polymer-grafted hybrid alumina composite as a support for sol-gel reaction, and thus it has a mesoporous structure and high surface area, thereby providing a high dye adsorption ratio. Therefore, a dye-sensitized solar cell using the mesoporous titanium dioxide thin film as a photoelectrode material has high energy conversion efficiency. In addition, it is possible to improve the long-term stability of a dye-sensitized solar cell through efficient infiltration of high-viscosity polymer and solid electrolyte as well as liquid electrolyte.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an exclusive alloy substrate material for CIGS solar cells. Particularly, the present invention provides a substrate material having a thermal expansion coefficient similar to that of a CIGS layer. The substrate material according to the present invention may prevent damage such as interlayer separation due to differing thermal expansion coefficients from occurring because the substrate material has a thermal expansion coefficient similar to that of the CIGS layer.