Abstract: A method of controlling an air conditioner including a compressor, an outdoor heat exchanger, an expansion valve and an indoor unit, includes detecting an indoor temperature and an outdoor temperature and checking an indoor load and an outdoor load when an operation command is input, determining an operation frequency of the compressor and a degree of opening of the expansion valve based on the checked indoor load and the outdoor load, driving the compressor at the determined operation frequency and opening the expansion valve to the determined degree of opening, thereby supplying a refrigerant to an indoor heat exchanger having a first cooling panel and a second cooling panel disposed parallel to each other, controlling a rate of rotation of each of the indoor fans based on the operation frequency of the compressor and the degree of opening of the expansion valve.

Abstract: A refrigerator is disclosed. The refrigerator is able to store food at a low temperature and to effectively remove bacteria of the food stored in a storage room, to maintain the storage room clean.

Abstract: An apparatus for cooling objects such as food items, beverages or vaccines comprises at least two reservoirs, a cooling device for cooling fluid contained in one of the reservoirs and a thermal transfer region between respective upper regions of the reservoirs. The thermal transfer region permits thermal transfer between the fluid contained in the reservoirs such that cooling of the fluid in one reservoir causes cooling of the fluid in the other reservoir.

Abstract: When a refrigerant evaporation temperature of an interior evaporator cannot be set lower than a dew-point temperature of air flowing into the interior evaporator in a heating operation, a refrigerant circuit is switched to a normal heating operation mode in which a flow rate of the refrigerant flowing into the interior evaporator is set to zero by allowing the refrigerant to flow toward a bypass passage. In a case where the air cannot be dehumidified by the interior evaporator, an unnecessary heat exchange between the air and the refrigerant in the interior evaporator can be suppressed. Thus, the energy of the vehicle air conditioner can be effectively prevented from being wasted.

Abstract: A gas defrosting system is disclosed for efficiently defrosting refrigeration units using fluid-cooled condensers. For each refrigeration unit in refrigeration mode, a cool condenser fluid is applied to the condenser to achieve a high thermodynamic efficiency. For each refrigeration unit in defrost mode, a warm defrost fluid is applied to the condenser to expedite the defrost process.

Abstract: A cooling system for use in a turbine assembly is provided. The cooling system includes a first filter configured to remove particles entrained in a flow of intake air, an array of nozzles downstream from the first filter, and a second filter downstream from the array. The array of nozzles is configured to facilitate reducing a temperature of the intake air, and the second filter is configured to repel cooling liquid discharged from the array of nozzles while allowing cooled intake air to flow therethrough.

Abstract: An air-conditioning apparatus includes an outdoor-side flow rate control device (a fourth flow rate control device) that generates an intermediate pressure for injection into a compressor, and a bypass flow rate control device (a sixth flow rate control device) that is placed at a bypass pipe allowing bypassing of an outdoor heat exchanger in parallel to the outdoor-side flow rate control device and that controls the amount of heat exchange of the outdoor heat exchanger together with the outdoor-side flow rate control device.

Abstract: A driving device of an icemaker for refrigerator may include: a driving device case coupled to an ice-making tray having an ejector rotating shaft coupled thereto; and a driving module housed in the driving device case so as to rotate the ejector rotating shaft.

Abstract: Provided is a storage system and a refrigeration appliance including the storage system for storing food items in a temperature-controlled environment. The storage system includes a rail attached to a liner panel. The rail includes at least one mounting structure configured to pass through an aperture in the liner panel. A bin has an arm extending from a rear surface of the bin. The bin is placed in a storage position. The arm is placed between the rail and the liner panel when the bin is placed in the storage position. Another example of the storage system and refrigeration appliance includes a foot extending from a rear surface of the bin. Yet another example includes interaction between a bin tab and a plurality of bumps on the rail to prevent side to side motion.

Abstract: An air conditioning unit including a condenser, a compressor, an evaporator system having an evaporator coil and a plurality of evaporator fins in contact with the evaporator coil, wherein the evaporator system forms a generally hollow cylindrical shape, a blower having an intake side and an exhaust side, the blower adapted to draw a volume of air through the plurality of evaporator fins and expel the volume of air in a direction generally perpendicular with a longitudinal axis of the evaporator system, and an exhaust shroud arranged adjacent the exhaust side of the blower, wherein the exhaust shroud is adapted for rotational movement about the longitudinal axis of the evaporator system, the compressor is arranged in fluid communication with the evaporator system and the condenser, and the evaporator is arranged in fluid communication with the condenser.

Abstract: An outdoor unit of a refrigeration apparatus includes an aluminum or aluminum alloy heat exchanger, an aluminum or aluminum alloy bracket having a fixing portion and a securing portion attached directly to the heat exchanger, a non-aluminum side panel having an opening portion with the fixing portion of the bracket passing through the opening, and a nonmetal component interposed between the bracket and the side panel to form a predetermined space between the bracket and the side panel. The side panel is fixed to the fixing portion of the bracket disposed through the opening portion.

Abstract: In an air-conditioning apparatus, refrigerant flows sequentially through a compressor, an outdoor heat exchanger, expansion mechanisms, and an indoor heat exchanger during a cooling operation, and refrigerant flows sequentially through the compressor, the indoor heat exchanger, the expansion mechanisms, and the outdoor heat exchanger during a heating operation. Capacity of the outdoor heat exchanger is 30% to 90% of the indoor heat exchanger. The expansion mechanisms include an upstream-side and downstream-side expansion mechanisms depressurizing refrigerant from high to intermediate pressure, and from intermediate to low pressure in the refrigerant cycle, respectively. The refrigerant is R32. A refrigerant storage tank that stores the intermediate pressure refrigerant is provided between the upstream-side and downstream side expansion mechanisms.

Abstract: An evaporator heat exchanger is disclosed. The evaporator heat exchanger includes a bottom plate, a top plate, and at least one main plate between the bottom plate and the top plate. The at least one main plate includes a first face having one or more channels for flow of a first fluid along the first face and a second face opposite the first face having one or more channels for flow of a second fluid along the second face, wherein heat is exchanged between the first fluid and the second fluid through the main plate. Main plates adjacent to each other define an enclosed channel for fluid flow.

Abstract: A cooling head for a temperature-controlled phase change cooler has a main body, an evaporating chamber within the main body, at least two cap tubes and at least a heat source mounted onto the periphery of the evaporating chamber. With one of the cap tubes, the coolant is guided into the evaporating chamber, then the cooling head of the phase change cooler could be quickly cooled clown due to rapid heat absorption characteristic of the evaporated coolant. In such a case, a heat source is used for heating by a control mechanism, and the temperature could be adjusted to a desired temperature point within the limited range of low temperature according to the user demands. When the preset temperature point is higher than normal temperature, the control mechanism could change properly the flux via one of two cap tubes, and provide proper amount of coolant for evaporative cooling.

Abstract: Liquid carbon dioxide separated from sour gas is expanded by throttling decompression and is gas-liquid separated at a low temperature so as to be supplied for shipping or the improvement of petroleum recovery. Methane generated from a stranded gas well is allowed to pass as a coolant through liquid carbon dioxide separated and discharged from sour gas generated from the stranded gas well so as to cool liquid carbon dioxide. Disclosed is a module for treating carbon dioxide, and a treatment method thereof for supplying liquid carbon dioxide at a proper temperature and state conditions when there is a need for liquid carbon dioxide of very low temperature for the storage or collection of carbon dioxide, the improvement of petroleum recovery, or the like by cooling carbon dioxide using a material separated from sour gas of a stranded gas well as a coolant.

Abstract: In a method for producing an apparatus for air separation by cryogenic distillation, at least one gas in the air is obtained as a product by air separation in a cold box including at least one column, the cold box being supplied with air at a first pressure by N air compressors that compress the air from the ambient pressure to the first pressure, the first pressure being greater than 12 bar absolute and less than 35 bar absolute, N being equal to or greater than 3, and the total power of the N compressors being greater than 10 MW, a group of n size classes of a frame for compressors being predefined, n being equal to 2 or 3 or 4 or 5, and the N compressors being selected such that all of the N compressors have a size selected from the n sizes of the group.

Abstract: A fabric wrap jewelry item embodiment includes an elongate strip of fabric having a width, an elongate length, and two ends, wherein the elongate length is sized to wrap at least twice around an appendage of a wearer and the ends connected together to form a loop of fabric material, and a pendant affixed to the elongate strip of fabric.

Abstract: A decorative jewelry module that contains ferrofluid material that is enclosed within a housing. The housing has a flat magnet attached to its back surface that has magnetic influence over that ferrofluid material. The decorative jewelry module has a mirror between the flat magnet and the ferrofluid material reflecting forward out of the crystal face. The decorative jewelry module has many embodiments based on the shape of the front, back and the housing.

Abstract: A method for strengthening a glass article. The method includes exposing a selected area of the glass article to a beam of electromagnetic radiation in order to diffuse first alkali metal ions in the selected area out of the glass article and to diffuse second alkali metal ions on a surface of the glass article and in the selected area into the glass article. The second alkali metal ions are larger than the first alkali metal ions. The beam of electromagnetic radiation heats first alkali metal ions and the second alkali metal ions to a temperature that is greater than that of a glass network of the glass article.

Abstract: A circular knitting machine has a circular knitting unit fitted with needles and an expander arranged under the circular knitting unit for tubular knit formed by the circular knitting unit. The expander is rotatably mounted on a central rod arranged coaxially to a knitting machine axis. A pivoting bearing is arranged on the central rod to allow limited swivel movements of the expander relative to the central rod.

Abstract: A wireless ultra-low power portable lock may be realized as a lock apparatus including: a locking mechanism having at least locked and unlocked states, the locking mechanism operable to provide physical resistance to being unlocked when in the locked state; an actuator operable to move the locking mechanism from the locked state to the unlocked state in response to a received signal; and a controlling unit configured to control the actuator and to receive one or more signals from one or more devices external to the lock apparatus.

Abstract: A joint lock comprises a lock body and a joint bar hoop, wherein the lock body accommodates a lock cylinder and a latch which is selectably movable by the lock cylinder from a locked position into a release position and wherein the joint bar hoop comprises a plurality of joint bars pivotally linked to one another, wherein a first end of the joint bar hoop has an elongate closing bar which can be introduced into an introduction opening of the lock body and which can be locked in the lock body by means of the latch. The joint lock is characterized in that the lock body furthermore accommodates a preloading device which preloads the latch into the locking position, with the latch being temporarily movable against the preloading from the locking position into the release position by introduction of the locking bar into the lock body, with the preloading device being adapted to move the latch back into the locking position again when the locking bar is completely introduced into the lock body.

Abstract: The invention relates to a padlock in particular to a padlock for securing and monitoring a switch of an industrial plant. The invention further relates to a set of padlocks, to a padlock housing and to a method of retrofitting a padlock.

Abstract: A vehicle door latch assembly including a vehicle door latch having a ratchet and pawl combination. The vehicle door latch assembly also includes a key receiver in which a key is rotatable. In addition, the vehicle door latch assembly includes a key receiver mechanical advantage means that is mechanically connected to the key receiver. The key receiver is operatively connected mechanically via the key receiver mechanical advantage means to the ratchet and pawl combination for release of the ratchet and pawl combination under movement of at least a part of the key receiver when mechanically engaged by the key.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a key (1), in particular for a motor vehicle, comprising:—a housing (3),—an insert (5, 7) mounted pivotally about a pivoting axis (A) and comprising a key-bit support (5) and a key bit (7),—a mechanism for deploying the insert (5, 7) mounted in said housing (3) and comprising: • a push button (19) axially received in a housing (21), and • an elastic return element (23) for the insert (5, 7), wherein a first end (23a) is connected to the insert (5, 7) at the support (5), said support (5) or said button (19) comprising two retaining lugs (39) ascending parallel to the pivoting axis (A) and positioned facing each other and symmetric relative to said pivoting axis (A), said retaining lugs (39) defining, on each side of the pivoting axis (A), a space (50) for the angular displacement of the first end (23a) or of the second end (23b) according to an angle of between 10° and 90°.

Abstract: Melanin or inorganic fertilizers are produced from fermentation leachates or from low-cost nutrient-rich solutions. The method for producing the melanin or inorganic fertilizer comprises repetitive trophic cycling in the controlled conditions of primary and secondary bioreactors. Nutrients are cycled between microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast and fungi and black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens. Polysaccharides are partly converted into natural melanins or inorganic fertilizer, which are difficult to biodegrade and hence accumulate in the bioreactors. The method can employ, as a source of nutrients, leachates produced from food waste or from sugar-rich liquid waste of the food industry. These leachates can be used raw or can be augmented with low-cost sugar-rich solutions such as molasses, hydrolyzed cellulose or starch. The method is inexpensive and does not require the use of expensive chemically-defined culture media.

Abstract: An engineered soilless plant cultivation medium for potting applications includes specific balanced amounts of nutrient additives. Major nutrient cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na, H) are balanced according to optimal base saturation percentage ranges. Nutrient levels, namely, the amount of major nutrient cations, major nutrient anions and minor nutrients satisfy desired ranges for both standard Mehlich III soil extraction tests and saturated paste tests.

Abstract: The subject of the invention is a composition containing at least 80 wt. %, with reference to the total weight of the composition, of a magnesium-sulfate-urea compound of Formula (I): [MgSO4.m CO(NH2)2.n H2O]??(I), in which m is in the range from 0.9 to 1.1 and n is in the range from 2.1 to 3.1, where the composition, with reference to the total weight of the composition, contains less than 10 wt. % free MgSO4 in the form of the anhydrate or in the form of urea-free hydrates of the magnesium sulfate, such as magnesium sulfate or magnesium-sulfate hexahydrate and/or less than 10 wt. % uncombined urea. In particular, m in Formula (I) indicates the value 1. In particular, n in Formula (I) indicates the value 3. The invention also concerns the manufacture of the compositions and their utilization as fertilizers or fertilizer additives.

Abstract: A nutrient composition for biological systems, such as humans, animals, plants or microorganisms includes at least one monometallic or mixed-metallic phosphate of the (M1 M2 M3 . . . Mx)3(PO4)2.aH2O type where 0?a?9, where (M1, M2, M3 . . . Mx) represent the one metal of the monometallic phosphate or the two or more metals of the mixed-metallic phosphate and are selected from Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and B, with the proviso that at least one of the metals in the phosphate is selected from Mn, Fe, Co and Ni.

Abstract: A plurality of rotatable small table are disposed on a rotatable large table, and a workpiece is mounted on the small tables. Above a projection range in the large table, a pressing part is provided. The pressing part is elevated and lowered by an elevating/lowering mechanism between a withdrawn position spaced above the workpiece on the small table and a pressing position for pressing the workpiece on the small table from above. Also, the pressing part is rotationally driven coaxially with a rotary shaft of the small table and in the same rotating direction and at the same rotating speed as the small table, by a third drive mechanism.

Abstract: An end band and method of forming an end band for a rotor. The end band includes a hollow cylindrical band, wherein at least a portion of the band has a grain flow in a direction parallel to the hoop stress of the band. The end band also includes at least a portion having a grain flow in a direction perpendicular to the hoop stress of the band.

Abstract: A crimping head for use with an impact wrench to crimp fittings onto a structure carrying the fitting, that includes a universal adaptor having a head, and a socket positioned in the head sized and shaped to receive a standard anvil of an impact wrench without further connection between the impact wrench and the crimping head. A locking assembly is provided for cooperating with the universal adaptor head for locking the anvil into the socket, and a transmission is attached to the universal adaptor for being driven by the universal adaptor and for converting rotational movement of the anvil into selective rearward and forward movement. A jaw assembly is attached to the transmission and adapted to close into a crimping position and open into a release position responsive to the rearward and forward movement of the transmission.

Abstract: Bending pliers include first and second plier bodies connected together relatively turnably in mutually intersecting intermediate portions thereof by a pivot shaft, the bodies including first and second holding arms formed on one-end sides of the bodies, respectively, the arms respectively having plate-shaped first and second claw portions formed in their respective tip end portions and configured to hold a panel to be bent, and first and second handles formed on opposite-end sides of the bodies, respectively, and configured to open and close the arms, wherein a columnar bending fulcrum portion extending parallel to the shaft and projecting toward the second claw portion is formed at a tip end of the first claw portion, and a tip end of the second claw portion faces the fulcrum portion with a gap therebetween. The pliers form the bead portion in a smooth tubular shape in a folded portion of the panel.

Abstract: A gas sensor which works according to the principle of thermal conductivity is functionally tested. In the method, a calibration cycle is conducted in which a membrane of the gas sensor is immersed in a fluid calibration medium having a known concentration of a target gas. After the calibration cycle, a measurement chamber of the gas sensor is purged with a purging gas. Then, a measuring cycle is conducted, using a thermal conductivity sensor to measure the target gas in the measurement chamber. Using a calibration baseline established from the calibration cycle and a measurement baseline in the measurement cycle, a baseline comparison value is obtained and compared to a predetermined baseline threshold value. An error message, indicating a malfunction in the purging gas supply, is generated when the baseline comparison value exceeds the predetermined baseline threshold value.

Abstract: A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) resonant sensor includes: a MEMS unit that generates an output signal corresponding to a vibration component of a mass body vibratable between a first driving electrode and a second driving electrode; an automatic gain control (AGC) unit that automatically generates a comparative voltage by controlling a gain of the output signal; and a bias unit that receives a reference voltage and generates a bias voltage using the comparative voltage and the reference voltage, wherein a sinusoidal driving voltage is applied to the first driving electrode and the second driving electrode, and the bias voltage is applied to the mass body. It can maintain the amplitude of the mass body stably in the MEMS resonant sensor, and prevent malfunction of an electronic circuit by reducing a response error of the MEMS resonant sensor.

Abstract: Method for producing an extrusion die having a functional surface for metal extrusion material, comprising the following steps: providing a die support body, depositing a weldable substance containing cobalt and/or nickel onto a subsection of the die support body by means of an effective bonding application process to produce an inseparable deposition layer, machining the deposition layer in a chipping and/or material removal process to form the functional surface of the extrusion die, and carrying out a CVD coating process with a reaction gas at least on the functional surface.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas bubble sensing device (1) for sensing gas bubbles in a liquid. In order to provide a reliable detection of inadmissible gas bubbles at minimum cost and required installation space, the invention provides that the gas bubble sensing device (1) comprises two ultrasonic emitters (2, 3), which are both connected to one ultrasonic signal generator (10) in a signal transmitting manner.

Abstract: An apparatus is mountable to a duct having a cross-section, for determining parameters of a flowable medium flowing through the duct. The apparatus includes a mounting attachment having a conduit member, and at least one combination of multiple sensing members configured to the conduit member. The conduit member may be disposed entirely within the duct such that the multiple sensing members are located within the duct establishing direct contact with the flowable medium. The multiple sensing members include oxygen and temperature sensing elements respectively, to determine parameter such as oxygen level in the flowable medium, and temperature of the flowable medium. Several such apparatus may be mounted in the duct across the cross-section to define a grid to determine said parameter at various locations across the cross-section.

Abstract: System flow path, designs that minimize the impact of gas diffusion sources and sinks. By reducing the magnitude of parasitic sources and sinks, lower rates of photosynthesis and transpiration can be more accurately measured, e.g., without the need for extensive empirical compensation. According to one aspect, a gas exchange analysis system includes a sample chamber defining a measurement volume for analysis of a sample, the sample chamber having an inlet and an outlet, wherein the internal surface(s) of the chamber defining the measurement volume are metal plated. The system also typically includes a source of gas coupled with the inlet of the sample chamber, and a gas analyzer coupled with the outlet of the sample chamber and configured to measure a concentration of one or more gases exiting the chamber, whereby the metal plated internal surface(s) of the chamber reduces sorption of the one or more gases within the chamber.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an airtight test apparatus and an airtight test method using the same for testing an airtight property of a case assembled with a plurality of additional members thereon in which the case has through holes corresponding to the additional members. The airtight test apparatus comprises a base, a top plate and a plurality of sealing members selectively and detachably disposed on the top plate. The top plate is capable of moving towards the base to allow the sealing members to correspondingly seal the through holes. During test, the case is placed on the base to form a gas chamber, an air-extracting is performed for the gas chamber and an air pressure is detected. When the detected air pressure is larger than a predetermined value, the sealing members can be selectively utilized to seal the corresponding through holes for determining which through holes have poor airtight property.

Abstract: There is provided a method of manufacturing a pattern substrate in which a pattern is formed on the surface of the substrate. The manufacturing method includes a step of preparing the substrate and a step of arranging a liquid-repellent or lyophilic material on the surface of the substrate so as to form the pattern on the surface of the substrate in which the surface of the substrate has a liquid-repellent region and a lyophilic region, the pattern is formed by one of the liquid-repellent region and the lyophilic region and the pattern is used to locate a component by the surface tension of a liquid member.

Abstract: Apparatuses include a base, a linear beam of paper material connected to the base, and an adhesive surface connected to the base adjacent the linear beam. In its un-deformed state, the linear beam is straight and elongated. A coating (e.g., a flexible moisture barrier) covers only a second side along the length of the linear beam (and does not cover a first side). The adhesive surface is a contact self-adhesive. The linear beam develops a curvature toward the adhesive surface from exposure to an atmospheric excessive moisture level above a previously established moisture level. A sufficient amount of curvature causes the linear beam to contact the adhesive surface, and the linear beam remains permanently attached to the adhesive surface after contacting the adhesive surface, thereby indicating that at some point the previously established moisture level has been exceeded.

Abstract: A camshaft position pulse-generating wheel having a plurality of teeth on its circumference at irregular angular distances and one tooth edge in each case, at least at 0°, 90°, 120°, 180°, 240° and 270° of its circumference, and a device for ascertaining a camshaft position. In this position, the camshaft position pulse-generating wheel is connected, in a torsionally fixed manner, to a camshaft of a four-stroke internal combustion engine having at least one cylinder and a camshaft position sensor to detect a position of a tooth edge of the camshaft position pulse-generating wheel. For determining the camshaft position, per revolution of the camshaft and per cylinder of the internal combustion engine, either exclusively a camshaft position is assigned to a position of a negative tooth edge of the camshaft position pulse-generating wheel or to a position of a positive or a negative tooth edge of the camshaft position pulse-generating wheel.

Abstract: Method of testing an engine fuel supply cutoff valve, characterised in that it comprises steps to: detect (E1) a fuel supply cutoff command, command (E3) to close the fuel supply cutoff valve, command (E4) to hold the fuel metering valve in the open position for a predetermined time, command (E5) to close the fuel metering valve after the predetermined time, measure (E6) an engine operating parameter during performance of the previous steps, compare (E7) the measured parameter with a predetermined threshold, so as to determine whether or not the engine operating parameter corresponds to an engine fuel supply cutoff by normal operation of the fuel supply cutoff valve.

Abstract: A method of installing a tread wear sensor in a tire includes configuring multiple tread wear indicators to each include a stack of sacrificial resistive sensor elements. The stacks of resistive sensor elements are affixed to respective selected tread lugs positioned at dispersed axial locations across a tire tread region. The resistive sensor elements sacrificially abrade and a change in resistance in each stack is measured. Connector assemblies within the tire carcass cavity are positioned radially opposite the selected tread lugs. A needle projection from each of the connector assemblies is inserted radially outward through the tire carrying leads which engage and establish electrical contact with a respective stack of resistive sensor elements.

Abstract: A system includes a downhole formation fluid sampling tool and a processor. An optical spectrometer of the downhole formation fluid sampling tool is able to measure an optical characteristic of a formation fluid flowing through the downhole formation fluid sampling tool over a plurality of wavelengths. The optical spectrometer generates optical spectra data indicative of this optical characteristic. The processor is designed to receive the optical spectra data generated by the optical spectrometer and to estimate a formation volume factor of the formation fluid based on the optical spectra data.

Abstract: A formation tester places an isolation device, preferably a probe, in fluid communication with a formation to determine formation pressures. The tester's controller uses a pressure pre-test process to autonomously control operation. The controller measures drawdown pressure and interval as the tester draws down pressure in flowline coupled to the probe. If the drawdown pressure indicates a dry test has occurred, the process is aborted. Otherwise, the controller measures buildup pressure and interval by allowing buildup of pressure of the flowline. The controller permits this to continue until the interval is longer than the drawdown interval and/or until a rate of the buildup falls below a predetermined rate. If the buildup pressure is too tight relative to the drawdown pressure, the controller aborts the test. Eventually, the controller measures a final buildup pressure when the buildup terminates. A new drawdown rate and volume can be determined for subsequent formation tests.

Abstract: A system includes a downhole formation fluid sampling tool. The system also includes an optical spectrometer of the downhole formation fluid sampling tool and a processor. The optical spectrometer is able to measure an optical characteristic of a formation fluid flowing through the downhole formation fluid sampling tool over a plurality of wavelengths. The optical spectrometer is designed to generate optical spectra data indicative of the optical characteristic. The processor is able to receive the optical spectra data generated by the optical spectrometer, to predict a parameter corresponding to one component of multiple components of the formation fluid based on the optical spectra data, and to calculate an uncertainty in the predicted parameter based on the optical spectra data.

Abstract: Methods and systems for inferring a fuel level in a fuel tank based on temperature changes in a carbon canister are disclosed. In one example approach a method comprises, indicating a fuel level in a fuel tank based on a temperature change of adsorbent in a carbon canister during refueling.

Abstract: A thermal type air flow meter that is capable of suppressing deformation of a base member at the time of molding is disclosed, to thereby secure dimension accuracy and reduce an influence of a dimension change on measuring accuracy. The meter includes a housing member placed in an intake passage of an internal combustion engine, and a base member fixed to the housing member and includes a secondary air passage into which part of air passing through the intake passage flows. The base member is a plate-like resin molded component formed of a synthetic resin material and includes a reinforcing structure integrally formed between a board fixing part to which a circuit board is fixed; and a secondary passage constituting part formed at a leading end part of the board fixing part, the reinforcing structure enhancing strength of the base member.