Abstract: Evolution of a scene represented in a video sequence of input frames is analyzed. Output pixels of an output frame having a time position intermediate between time positions of the input frames are computed by combining respective input pixels of the input frames.

Abstract: Playback control methods and systems are provided. At least one picture is obtained. The picture corresponds to a frame, and the picture includes a first region and a second region adjacent to the first region. It is determined whether at least one pixel in the first region has a predefined color, and whether at least one pixel in the second region has the predefined color. When the pixel in the first region has the predefined color and the pixel in the second region does not have the predefined color, the first region is removed, and the second region is enlarged to cover an original position of the first region. The enlarged second region is then played back via an anamorphic lens.

Abstract: A method for seamless transition between interlaced and progressive video profiles may include receiving at a video feeder a stream of video signals for displaying on a display device. The stream of video signals may include segments of one of interlaced fields or progressive video frames. During an interlaced stream, the interlaced fields may be directed to a deinterlacer, and an output of the deinterlacer may be directed to the display device. The output of the deinterlacer may be determined based on previously received interlaced fields from the video feeder. During a transition to a progressive stream, the progressive video frames may be directed to a frame store, and the output of the deinterlacer may be directed to the display device. During a progressive stream, the progressive video frames may be directed to the frame store, and previously stored frames may be directed to the display device.

Abstract: A device may receive a first video, receive a second video, and locate first frames, in the first video, in which a first change in scene occurs. In addition, the device may locate second frames, in the second video, in which a second change in scene occurs. Further, the device may determine whether the first change in scene matches the second change in scene and achieve synchronization when the first change in scene matches the second change in scene.

Abstract: A system for controlling interaction with a social networking website is disclosed that provides control and editing features that place a branded participant in any on-line discussion in control of the content of the discussion. In addition, the system provides the ability of the branded participant to display various audio, visual or audio-visual clips on command or automatically so that advertising revenue may be attributed to the branded participant. When creating this branded channel, the system combines the incoming video feeds from participants into a single outgoing data feed in order to conserve bandwidth and to improve system performance.

Abstract: Methods and systems for producing ambient light effects based on video content are provided. A method of producing an ambient light effect includes providing a receiving device including a processor configured to parse incoming video content and receiving the video content including a plurality of scenes at the receiving device. The method further includes parsing the incoming video content and detecting at least one scene in the video content for association with at least one ambient light effect. The method also includes generating a command specifying at least one ambient light effect to be associated with at least one scene and sending the command from the receiving device to at least one lighting device in communication with the receiving device to generate at least one ambient light effect associated with at least one scene when the scene is displayed to a user.

Abstract: A system for controlling ambient light effects comprises a receiving device including at least one processor programmed to parse incoming video content to detect at least one portion of the incoming video content and determine at least one ambient light effect to be associated with the portion of the video content. The system further comprises a home automation controller in communication with the processor and at least one lighting device in communication with the receiving device and the home automation controller. The processor of the receiving device is programmed to send a command to the home automation controller specifying the ambient light effect determined by the processor to be associated with the portion of the video content. The lighting device generates the ambient light effect specified in the command when the portion of the video content is displayed to a user.

Abstract: A method of operating a computer system to reduce structured noise in a video is described. Patches in a frame of a sequence of video frames are selected using a modified non-local means (NLM) search algorithm with a reduced search complexity compared to conventional NLM search algorithms. The set of spatial neighboring patches in a frame is extended to include patches in adjacent frames of the video sequence. Patches in the adjacent frames are selected based, at least in part, on a projection of a location of a pixel in the frame into the adjacent frames using a motion estimation algorithm. An average value determined from the combined set of patches is used to replace the pixel currently being processed.

Abstract: Provided is a motion vector detecting apparatus capable of detecting a motion vector based on each of front and rear frames as a starting point while restraining an increase of a circuit scale. A starting pixel generation unit generates starting pixel data based on pixel data in a frame f0 or a frame f1. A search range pixel generation unit generates search range pixel data based on pixel data in the frame f1 or the frame f0. Switches alternately switch the frames f0 and f1 at every line. A motion vector selection unit generates alternately a motion vector based on the frame f0 as a starting point and a motion vector based on the frame f1 as a starting point. A correlation comparing unit selects one motion vector having higher correlation between the motion vectors.

Abstract: Described is a system for scene change detection. The system receives an input image (current frame) from a video stream. The input image is color conditioned to generate a color conditioned image. A sliding window is used to segment the input image into a plurality boxes. Descriptors are extracted from each box of the color conditioned image. Thereafter, differences in the descriptors are identified between a current frame and past frames. The differences are attenuated to generate a descriptor attenuation factor ?i. Initial scores are generated for each box based on the descriptor attenuation factor ?i. The initial scores are filtered to generate a set of conspicuity scores for each box, the set of conspicuity scores being reflective of the conspicuity of each box in the image. Finally, the conspicuity scores are presented to the user or provided to other systems for further processing.

Abstract: An activity recognition method, for recognizing continuous activities of several moving objects in the foreground of a video, includes: capturing and processing a training video to get a contour of a moving object; extracting a minimum bounding box of the contour in order to get parameters then transfer to feature vectors; constructing a decision tree model based on support vector machines (SVMs), for classifying the activities of the moving object according to the parameter and the feature vector of the training video; capturing and processing a testing video to get other parameters and using several formulas to generate feature vectors, and executing an algorithm for recognizing the activities of several moving objects in the foreground of the testing video. Said feature vectors are transformed from the parameters that in the testing and training videos. Via above descriptions, the method can recognize activities of foreground objects in the testing video.

Abstract: An image apparatus and a method for receiving a video signal are provided. The image apparatus includes dedicated input terminals for receiving only particular video signals, and a common input terminal for receiving diverse video signals, and determines the format of video signals input through a corresponding input terminal and then displays the determined format on a screen. Accordingly, the number of input terminals can be reduced and the user can identify the format of the video signal input through the common input terminal.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an electronic device is connectable to a display and includes a television receiver configured to receive television broadcasting and to output a video signal. The electronic device starts up at least a part of the television receiver when the electronic device is connected to a commercial power source. The electronic device starts to output the video signal from the television receiver to the display when it is detected that a power switch is turned on.

Abstract: A system or method selects among multiple tuners to tune a particular channel. A request is received to tune a first channel. In response to this request, a first tuner is assigned to tune the first channel. A request is received to tune a second channel. If the program tuned by the first tuner is not being recorded, the first tuner is assigned to tune the second channel. If the program tuned by the first tuner is being recorded, the second tuner is assigned to tune the second channel.

Abstract: A method includes receiving a request to tune to a first desired television channel of a cable spectrum provided in a radio frequency (RF) signal received in a multi-tuner circuit configured to receive and process the entire cable spectrum, determining a channel of the channels including the first desired television channel, disabling the channels other than the determined channel, and processing the RF signal in the determined channel.

Abstract: A television (TV) includes an audio signal processing unit which processes a audio signal, a display unit which displays an audio quality setting state, a determination unit which determines if an event for checking audio quality has occurred, and a control unit which controls the display unit to display an audio quality setting state showing improved audio quality if the event has occurred.

Abstract: A novel handheld media and communication device with a detachable projector unit is disclosed. A media library for media assets is included in a file storage system of the projector unit while metadata of the assets is stored in a file storage system of the media and communication device. The device is used as a remote control device to control the operation of delivering media assets through the projector unit after the unit is detached from the device. The projector unit may also be used to connect to a media delivery unit such as a desktop projector, a TV terminal or an audio system for delivering media assets.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a 3D display device adopting a half-source driving structure. The 3D display device includes a liquid crystal display panel. Gate lines and data lines of the liquid crystal panel are crossed with each other and define multiple pixel regions. Each gate line is bent to have a plurality of arched portions that each arched portion corresponds in position to one pixel region and forms an accommodating area. A switching element in each one of the pixel regions is mounted in the corresponding accommodating area and connected to a pixel electrode. Because the accommodating areas formed by the gate lines can accommodate switching elements, light-exiting positions of the pixel electrodes in adjacent pixel regions can be in line with each other to avoid a color washout problem when the phase retarder film is mounted with a positional error.

Abstract: A polarizer film is used for converting polarized light from a backlight module into light along a first direction. Multiple electrodes are disposed on a transparent substrate. Each electrode extends along a second direction different from the first direction. An alignment of liquid crystal molecules varies according to voltage applied on the electrodes. A retard unit is disposed between the transparent substrate and the polarizer film and used for converting the polarized light into light along a third direction different from the first and second direction. A polarization direction of the emitted light is perpendicular to an alignment of an electrode layer. In this way, an optical axis of the liquid crystal molecules matches the polarization direction of the light from the retard unit when voltage is not applied. So, the maximal lens power is attained with decreasing the cost resulted from the decreased thickness of the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a phase-modulating light modulator and to a method for ensuring a minimal amplitude modulation in phase-modulating light modulators, wherein the phase-modulating light modulator comprises an optically active layer with at least one optically active volume region and with boundary surfaces, wherein the optically active layer is assigned at least one transparent compensation volume region which comprises at least one birefringent material with fixed refractive index ellipsoids, and has a polarizer arranged on the output side. An object is to achieve a reduced angle-dependence of the averaged amplitude modulation in the observation angle region. The object is achieved by optimizing the orientation with respect to one another of the refractive index ellipsoids of the optically active layer and of the compensation layers in a simulative manner.

Abstract: A thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) array substrate having a display area and a first thin film transistor (TFT) formed in each sub-pixel area defined by the gate line and data line which are crossed with each other; and a test area including a first test line, a second test line, a testing electrode and a second TFT, and the common electrode line extending to the test area from the display area such that a part of the second test line forms a gate electrode of the second TFT; the source electrode of the second TFT is electrically connected with the first test line; a drain of the second TFT is electrically connected with the common electrode line; and the common electrode line is connected with the testing electrode.

Abstract: An embodiment of this invention provides a liquid crystal display, which comprises a thin-film transistor substrate, an upper substrate, and a liquid crystal between the two substrates. The thin-film transistor substrate comprises data lines, gate lines, and a pixel array defined by the data lines and gate lines, characterized in that each data line connects to two columns of pixel, and another one or two columns of pixel are interposed between the connected two columns of pixel.

Abstract: The embodiments of the present invention disclose an array substrate and manufacturing method thereof, and a display device. The array substrate provided in an embodiment of the present invention comprises: a substrate, and a gate metal layer, an active layer and a source/drain metal layer formed on the substrate; wherein, on at least one side of the gate metal layer, there is formed an isolation buffer layer, and/or, on at least one side of the source/drain metal layer, there is formed an isolation buffer layer; furthermore, the isolation buffer layer is made of molybdenum oxide.

Abstract: A display device comprising a first substrate, a second substrate opposite to the first substrate and a pixel array is disclosed. The pixel array is disposed on the first substrate and comprises a plurality of pixels. Each pixel comprises a first conductive layer, a semiconductor layer, an electrode layer and a scan line. The first conductive layer is on the first substrate for receiving pixel data signals to the pixels. The electrode layer is disposed between the first and the second substrates. The semiconductor layer is between the first conductive layer and the electrode layer, and has first and second ends. The first end is directly connected to the first conductive layer, and the second end is electrically connected to the electrode layer. The scan line is on the semiconductor layer for receiving a plurality of scan signals to the pixels.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display which includes a liquid crystal layer between a TFT substrate and a counter substrate, a gate electrode, a gate insulator and a semiconductor layer are laminated. A pixel electrode is formed on the gate insulator and metal source and drain electrodes are formed on the semiconductor layer and gate insulator. At least upper surfaces of the source and drain electrode contain Mo. The source is directly laminated on a portion of the pixel electrode, which portion is disposed on the gate insulating film.

Abstract: A thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) array substrate and a manufacturing method thereof are provided. The TFT-LCD array substrate comprises a gate line and a data line. A pixel electrode and a thin film transistor (TFT) are formed in a pixel region defined by intersecting of the gate line and the data line. A light-blocking layer is formed over a TFT channel region of the thin film transistor.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display that can be slimly formed. The liquid crystal display may include: a liquid crystal display panel; a backlight unit including: a light source; and a light guide plate receiving light emitted from the light source and diffusing the received light; and a frame receiving the liquid crystal display panel and the backlight unit. The frame includes: a chassis including a bottom part and a side wall, the bottom part having insertion holes; and a molding that is combined with the chassis through the insertion holes. In addition, the bottom part of the chassis is formed with protrusions adjacent to the insertion holes and the protrusions protrude in a direction opposite to a direction in which the molding is combined with the insertion holes of the chassis.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a backlight module and an LCD device, comprising: a backplane and an LGP; the edge(s) of the LGP is provided with lug boss(es), each lug boss is provided with a positioning hole, and the backplane is provided with rivet(s) for matching with the positioning hole; a buffer structure is arranged between the rivet and the wall of the positioning hole. In the present invention, because the edge(s) of the LGP is provided with lug boss(es), each lug boss is provided with a positioning hole, the arrangement of the positioning hole does not influence the light guide area of the LGP; meanwhile, because a layer of buffer structure is arranged between the positioning hole and the rivet, the rupture of the part with concentrated stress in the positioning hole during collision is avoided.

Abstract: A printed circuit board (PCB) and an LCD (liquid crystal display) module are disclosed. The PCB comprises at least one magnetic hole and at least one magnetic element, and the at least one magnetic element is fixedly disposed in the at least one magnetic hole. The LCD module comprises a backplate and a PCB. The PCB is fixed to the backplate by means of at least one magnetic element, and comprises at least one magnetic hole and the at least one magnetic element fixedly disposed in the at least one magnetic hole. The PCB and the LCD module of the present disclosure can improve the efficiency of fixing and assembling the PCB of the LCD module, make it convenient to re-process and assemble the LCD module and reduce the complexity of the backplate structure. Thereby, the production efficiency is greatly improved.

Abstract: The present invention provides a LCD device, and its backlight module and back plate assembly. The back plate assembly contains a back plate, a blocking rim, a side wall, and a buffering element. The back plate supports the optical member of the backlight module. The blocking rim fixes the optical member jointly with the back plate, and supports a liquid crystal panel. The side wall has a back edge connected with the back plate and a front edge connected with the blocking rim. The buffering element is configured at an edge of the blocking rim that is away from the side wall and attached to the optical member and a liquid crystal panel, respectively. The present invention prevents the optical member and liquid crystal panel from contacting with the blocking rim and thereby being scratched, so as to provide effective protection.

Abstract: The present invention provides a backlight module and a liquid crystal display device. The backlight module which comprises a waveguide including a light exiting surface, and a side surface adjoining the light-exiting surface. An optical film includes a main portion disposed on the existing surface of the waveguide, and a skirt extends from a peripheral of the main portion and adjoining to the side surface of the light-exiting surface. A backboard includes a base and an upright extending from peripheral of the base, the waveguide is disposed on the base, and the upright is spaced with the skirt; and wherein a retaining device is supportably arranged between the upright and the skirt so as to press the skirt onto the side surface of the waveguide. The present invention can effectively reduce the estate of the backboard, and is beneficial to the design narrow-border of liquid crystal display device.

Abstract: A circuit substrate including a base layer and a plurality of lead units arranged as an array is provided, wherein the base layer has a plurality of through grooves, and the lead units are disposed on the base layer. Each of the lead units includes a common terminal and at least three leads. The common terminal is capable of being divided into a plurality of electrodes connected with each other. The leads are extended outwards from the edge of the common terminal, and each of the leads is extended outwards from the edge of one of the electrodes. The through grooves expose the common terminals of the lead units.

Abstract: A display device includes a liquid crystal display panel that varies a phase of polarized light via liquid crystal molecules, wherein second recessed patterns of a second light guide plate are directly faced with first recessed patterns of a first light guide plate to form a first empty space, and wherein first flat surfaces of the first light guide plate are directly faced with second flat surfaces of the second light guide plate to form a second empty space narrower than the first empty space.

Abstract: The invention provides an LCD module and an LCD device. The LCD module includes a backlight module, and an LCD panel arranged above the backlight module; the backlight module includes a backplane, and an optical film(s); a side wall(s) of the backplane is provided with a limit structure which is integrated with the backplane, and the edge of the LCD panel is butted on the limit structure. In the invention, because the corresponding limit structure is arranged on the side wall of the backplane to limit the degree of freedom of the LCD panel in the plane direction of the panel surface, the rubber frame is not required to limit the degree of freedom of the LCD panel in the plane direction of the panel surface; thus, the structure of the rubber frame is simplified, the material of the rubber frame is saved, and the processing cost is saved.

Abstract: A backlight device for a liquid crystal display includes a substrate, and a plurality of white, red, green, and blue light emitting diodes arranged on the substrate.

Abstract: Provided is a curing device and a method for curing a frame of a liquid crystal panel, including a platform, having a working surface for placing the liquid crystal panel thereon, a back surface corresponding to the working surface, and a plurality of through holes formed through the working surface and the back surface; and an illumination unit, comprising at least one light source disposed corresponding to the working surface and/or the back surface for providing an ultraviolet light to irradiate the working surface and the back surface of the platform, wherein the ultraviolet light passes through the through holes, and an irradiated area of the ultraviolet light is larger than an area of the platform, such that it reduces the curing time of the frame and improves the appearance of around mura of the LCD.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an optical unit and a backlight unit which can markedly enhance utilization efficiency of rays of light and dramatically increase luminance, and which are suited for immediate beneath type liquid crystal display modules and the like. The optical unit of the present invention is a rectangular layered structural member having a reflection polarizing plate, an optical sheet superposed on the back face side of the reflection polarizing plate, and a transparent media layer filled between the reflection polarizing plate and the optical sheet. This optical sheet includes a resin substrate film having an optical anisotropy, and the absolute value of the angle of the crystal orientation of the substrate film with respect to the transmission axial orientation of the reflection polarizing plate is ?/8 or greater and 3?/8 or less. The retardation value of the substrate film is preferably 70 nm or greater and 320 nm or less.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a pixel unit and has: a gate line; a source line; a drain line; an active element electrically connected to the gate line, the source line and the drain line; a pixel electrode including a main trunk and multiple stripped electrodes, and the main trunk is electrically connected to the drain line, the main trunk has a first predetermined angle with respect to a first polarization axis or a second polarization axis, and the main trunk at least has two segments, an end of each of the strip electrodes is connected to the main trunk and each of the strip electrodes has a second predetermined angle with respect to the main trunk. The present invention further discloses a liquid crystal display panel.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to the provision of a liquid crystal optical element that can accurately change the numerical aperture of an objective lens regardless of variations in temperature or wavelength. The liquid crystal optical element comprises a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal provided between the first and second substrates, an electrode pattern formed on one of the first and second substrates and having an aperture control region, and an opposite electrode formed on the other one of the first and second substrates, the opposite electrode being opposed to the electrode pattern for applying a voltage therebetween, wherein a plurality of electrodes, for changing refractive index and thereby causing the incident light passing through the aperture control region to diverge, are formed in the aperture control region.

Abstract: An object is to provide a liquid crystal display device a driving voltage of which is reduced, which is formed using a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase, and which enables higher contrast. In a liquid crystal display device including a liquid crystal layer exhibiting a blue phase, a first wall-like structure body is formed over a first electrode layer (pixel electrode layer), a second wall-like structure body is provided over a second electrode layer (common electrode layer), and a dielectric film covers them. The dielectric film is an insulator having a higher dielectric constant than the first wall-like structure body, the second wall-like structure body, and a liquid crystal material used for the liquid crystal layer, and is provided so as to protrude in the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display device includes a pixel structure provided with a large wall formed along a long side of a pixel with a rectangular plane, a small wall formed at a center of the pixel and extending in the same direction as the large wall, a wall electrode formed on a wall surface of the large wall, a plane electrode formed between the small and large walls, in which the wall electrode and the plane electrode form a pixel electrode, and a common electrode formed on a surface of the small wall. The large wall has a part with an increased thickness at an end part of the pixel. The wall electrode is bent toward the center of the pixel. This structure prevents decrease of reverse twist of liquid crystal at an end part of the pixel as well as generation of domain, thus improving transmittance of the screen.

Abstract: A pixel structure including a substrate, a scan line, a first data line, a second data line, a first pixel unit and a second pixel unit is provided. The first pixel unit includes a first active device and a first pixel electrode. The first active device is electrically connected to the scan line and the first data line. The first pixel electrode electrically connected to the first active device and has a plurality of first branches. The first branches outwardly extend from a center of the first pixel unit, and a projection of the first branches are separated from a projection of the adjacent first data line projecting onto the substrate, and the first pixel electrode is apart from the adjacent first data line with a distance. The second pixel unit located between the first data line and the second data line.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an input device includes a step of bonding a translucent first optical adhesive layer to one surface of a first transparent base so that a part of first lead electrodes is exposed to the outside; a step of disposing a FPC so that a predetermined gap is formed between the FPC and the first optical adhesive layer in plan view, and electrically connecting the FPC to the first lead electrodes exposed to one surface of the first transparent base; a step of bonding a surface member, which forms an input surface, to the first transparent base with the first optical adhesive layer interposed therebetween; and a step of sealing the exposed lead electrodes by injecting a resin into a space between the first transparent base and the surface member facing each other.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device and a liquid crystal display panel based on three-dimensional transistor thereof are provided. The liquid crystal display panel includes an array substrate, a printed circuit board, a first chip on film with an integrated circuit, and At least one connector connected between the array substrate and the printed circuit board. The first chip on film is attached between the array substrate and the printed circuit board. The array substrate and the printed circuit board can be supported by the connectors effectively. The connectors share gravity of the printed circuit board with the first chip on film attached between the array substrate and the printed circuit board. Therefore, the present disclosure can avoid damage to lines of the first chip on film and improve the yield rate of the quality of the liquid crystal display panel based on three-dimensional transistor.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are heat treatment apparatuses and methods for liquid crystal display (LCD) cells, which are capable of rapidly transferring heat to liquid crystals injected into an LCD cell, not only to reduce the time taken for the liquid crystals to be changed into a liquid phase, but also to physically promote diffusion of the liquid crystals, thereby achieving a more uniform distribution of the liquid crystals. The apparatus includes a liquid bath, in which a liquid is contained as a medium to transfer heat to the liquid crystals in the LCD cells, a loading device to load or unload the LCD cells into/from the liquid bath, a heater installed in the liquid bath, the heater heating the liquid contained in the liquid bath and transfer heat to the liquid crystals, and a sound wave transmitter installed in the liquid bath and transmitting sound waves to the liquid crystals.

Abstract: An electro-optical panel is disposed in a panel housing portion formed inside of a frame. A heat radiation member made of metal is provided so as to overlap an exposed part from a first light transmitting plate on a second surface of a first substrate using the electro-optical panel, and the heat radiation member and the frame are fixed by an adhesive. A step portion is formed on a side surface of the panel housing portion, a surface facing the heat radiation member in a Z-axis direction is used as a first bonding surface, and a surface facing the heat radiation member in an X-axis direction (inner side surface of a plate-like portion) is used as a second bonding surface.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and system for repairing flat panel display, which repairing hot pixels of the flat panel display by femtosecond laser. The flat panel display comprises a LCD module and a color filter disposed on the top of the LCD module, wherein the surface of the color filter corresponding to the LCD module further has a color photoresist layer. The femtosecond laser is projected onto the color photoresist layer corresponding to the hot pixels such that a phenomenon of nonlinear multiple photons absorption can be occurred to change property of the color photoresist layer so as to transform the hot pixels into dead pixels.

Abstract: A liquid crystal lens structure and an electrical controlling liquid crystal glasses structure are disclosed. The liquid crystal lens structure includes first electrode layer, compositing layer, second electrode layer and third electrode layer. The compositing layer includes first alignment layer, first liquid crystal layer, including thin-film layer, second liquid crystal layer and second alignment layer. The first alignment layer is disposed on the first electrode layer. The first liquid crystal layer is disposed on the first alignment layer. The compositing thin-film layer includes liquid crystal and polymer material and the compositing thin-film layer is disposed on the first liquid crystal layer. The second liquid crystal layer is disposed on the compositing thin-film layer. The second alignment layer is disposed on the second liquid crystal layer. The second electrode layer is disposed on the second alignment layer. The third electrode layers are disposed on the second electrode layer.

Abstract: A lithographic apparatus includes a projection system constructed and arranged to project a beam of radiation onto a target portion of a substrate, an internal sensor having a sensing surface, and a mini-reactor movable with respect to the sensor. The mini-reactor includes an inlet for a hydrogen containing gas, a hydrogen radical generator, and an outlet for a hydrogen radical containing gas. The mini-reactor is constructed and arranged to create a local mini-environment comprising hydrogen radicals to treat the sensing surface.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus for forming a predetermined pattern on a substrate by using exposure light, includes a stage apparatus which is movable with respect to an optical axis of the exposure light; a light-transmissive member provided at the stage apparatus, wherein a liquid is supplied on an upper surface of the light-transmissive member; and a measurement device which is settable below the light-transmissive member when measurement using the measurement device is performed. Leakage or entrance of a liquid used for exposure into an optical measurement device such as a wavefront aberration measurement device can be prevented, thereby enabling preferable optical adjustment such as imaging performance or optical characteristics.