Abstract: A method includes: determining that an agent-assisted service session should be initiated between a user and a human agent at some point after the user has initiated a user session, wherein the user session produces user session data; generating one or more temporary agent access numbers through which a communication channel may be established between the user and the human agent for the agent-initiated session; communicating a selected one or more of the temporary agent access numbers to the user in response to the determination that an agent-assisted service session should be initiated; establishing a communication channel for the agent-assisted session between the user and the human agent via a particular agent access number among the selected one or more temporary agent access numbers; associating the user session data with the agent-assisted session; and communicating the user session data to the human agent in conjunction with the agent-assisted session.

Abstract: A method, non-transitory computer readable medium, and apparatus for routing a call using a hybrid call routing scheme are disclosed. For example, the method receives a call for a customer agent at a call center, identifies a list of available customer agents, calculates a hybrid score for each one of the available customer agents, wherein the hybrid score is based upon a combination of a longest-idle-agent routing parameter, a performance based routing parameter and a tuning parameter, selects a customer agent from the list of the available customer agents having a highest hybrid score and routes, by the processor, the call to the customer agent that is selected.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for conducting an outbound call campaign that involves multiple abandonment rates. In various embodiments, one or more filters are applied to a call list for an outbound call campaign to identify a first sub-list of telephone numbers with a first applicable abandonment rate and a second sub-list of telephone numbers with a second applicable abandonment rate. In particular embodiments, the first and second sub-lists are apportioned into sets of telephone numbers and a predictive dialer places telephone calls based on a first set for the first sub-list while targeting the first abandonment rate over a first particular period of time and, after placing the first group of calls, places telephone calls based on a first set for the second sub-list while targeting the second abandonment rate over a second particular period of time.

Abstract: Conventional Universal Serial Bus (USB) headsets or other headsets capable of being connected to a digital data port may be connected in a collaborative configuration using a multiple headset integrator. The multiple headset integrator unifies multiple calling parties at a local end point of an audio communication with a remote calling party. Other peripheral communication devices may also be used, and controls may be provided on the multiple headset integrator or control signals may be passed from the headsets or other wearable communication devices.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for implementing a secure quantum cryptography system using two non-orthogonal states. For each qubit, the emitter station prepares a quantum system in one of two non-orthogonal quantum states in the time-basis to code bit values. Intra- and inter-qubit interference is then used to reveal eavesdropping attempts. Witness states are used to help reveal attacks performed across the quantum system separation.

Abstract: A system includes an interface module, an addressing module, and a multiplier module. The interface module is configured to (i) receive operands and configuration data for a Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) operation or an Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) operation, and (ii) control access to a random access memory (RAM). The addressing module is configured to allocate memory space within the RAM for storage of the operands. The multiplier module includes a Montgomery multiplier configured to perform Montgomery multiplication operation for both the RSA operation and the ECC operation.

Abstract: A streaming one time pad cipher using rotating ports for data encryption uses a One Time Pad (OTP) and an Exclusive Or (XOR) (or other cipher) with a public key channel to encrypt and decrypt OTP data. There is no method in cryptography to thwart the OTP/XOR method and it is proven impossible to crack. The method also rotates the ports of the channels periodically to increase communication obfuscation. Through pre-fetching and cache of OTP data, latency increases from encryption are kept to an absolute minimum as the XOR for encryption and decryption is done with a minimal number of instructions.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention address deficiencies of the art in respect to symmetric key generation and provide a method, system and computer program product for symmetric key generation using an asymmetric private key. In one embodiment, a symmetric key generation data processing system can include a symmetric key generator configured with a programmatic interface including an input parameter for a seed, an input parameter for an asymmetric private key, and an output parameter for a symmetric key. The symmetric key generator can include program code enabled to generate the symmetric key by encrypting the seed with the asymmetric private key.

Abstract: A method for sending encrypted data in response to a request for an I/O operation. The method includes the steps of requesting a data encryption key, the request including one or more identifiers unique to the I/O operation; receiving a data encryption key attached with a first key use fingerprint, independently generating a second key use fingerprint in response to the one or more identifiers; comparing the first and the second key use fingerprints; and if the first key use fingerprint matches the second key use fingerprint, using the data encryption key to encrypt the data to be sent. In one embodiment, the one or more identifiers include at least one of a target identifier, a LUN identifier, and a LBA range identifier.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for creating a set of asymmetrical cryptographic key pairs, wherein the set of key pairs has a first key pair (K1) and a second key pair (K2), wherein the first key pair is formed by a first private (G1) and a first public key (O1) and the second key pair is formed by a second private (G2) and a second public key (O2), wherein a first cipher (C_G2_O1) is allocated to the first and second key pair, wherein the first cipher is formed by an encryption of the second private key (G2) with the first public key (O1), having the following steps: adding a third asymmetrical cryptographic key pair (K3) to the set of key pairs, wherein the third key pair is formed by a third private (G3) and a third public key (O3); creating a second cipher (C_G3_O1) by encrypting the third private key (G3) with the first public key (O1); storing the second cipher (212; 186), wherein the set of key pairs has a directed graph structure.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer programs for producing hash values are disclosed. A first hash value is obtained by applying a first hash function to a first input. The first input can be based on an implicit certificate, a message to be signed, a message to be verified, or other suitable information. A second hash value is obtained by applying a second hash function to a second input. The second input is based on the first hash value. The second hash value is used in a cryptographic scheme. In some instances, a public key or a private key is generated based on the second hash value. In some instances, a digital signature is generated based on the second hash value, or a digital signature is verified based on the second hash value, as appropriate.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a device includes a memory area being used to store a first key (NKey), unique secret identification information (SecretID), and encrypted secret identification information (E-SecretID), the encrypted secret identification information (E-SecretID) being generated by encrypting the secret identification information (SecretID), the first key (NKey) and the secret identification information (SecretID) being prohibited from being read from outside, the encrypted secret identification information (E-SecretID) being readable from outside; a data generator configured to generate a session key (SKey) by using a second key (HKey), the second key (HKey) being generated based on the first key (NKey); and a one-way function processor configured to generate an authentication information by processing the secret identification information (SecretID) with the session key (SKey) in one-way function operation.

Abstract: In some examples, a controller is configured to generate a key based on a physics-based output of a component. The controller may, for example, use the key to authenticate communication between at least two nodes, to encrypt data, or to decrypt data, may be generated based on a physics-based output generated a component. The output generated by the component may vary over time, such that the controller is configured to generate a different key, depending on the time at which the output from the component used to generate the key was generated by the component. In some examples, the key is not stored in a memory, and is a discrete signal that only exists in real-time while the component is active and generating the detectable output.

Abstract: A random data generator, a method, and a non-transitory machine-readable medium each operate a plurality of random number generators. Each random number generator is coupled to receive inputs comprising seed numbers, and generates an output stream of n-bit numbers. A bit-swap module receives each n-bit number and reorders the bits of the n-bit number to provide a reordered n-bit number. A byte select circuit selects a byte from the reordered n-bit number and provides a selected byte as an output to the random data stream.

Abstract: A cryptographic communication technology that is based on functional encryption and that can operate flexibly is provided. A conversion rule information pair is determined in advance, which has attribute conversion rule information prescribing a conversion rule for converting attribute designation information to attribute information used in a functional encryption algorithm and logical expression conversion rule information prescribing a conversion rule for converting logical expression designation information to logic information used in the functional encryption algorithm. One kind of conversion rule information included in the conversion rule information pair is used to obtain first attribute information or first logic information from input information. The first attribute information or the first logic information is used for encryption.

Abstract: A content encryption device generates encrypted content and an encrypted content copying device copies the encrypted content on an information storage medium. The storage medium is sold at a charge or distributed at no charge. A user gets the storage medium to connect or set it to or in a user terminal device, accesses to a user management device to receive permission by authentication information distributed together with the storage medium and presents a part or a whole of medium information to a content key distribution device. The distribution device makes a content key encryption device issue an encrypted content key on the basis of the presented information and distributes it to the terminal device.

Abstract: Device, system and method, in a vehicle communication system, of securely storing safety-related messages. Embodiments include both digital signing and digital encryption such that (i) stored message validity is assured; and (ii) only qualified or pre-selected recipients are able to decrypt the message. Embodiments include storing environmental information geographically related to a safety event. Embodiments include a plurality of vehicles within wireless communication range receiving a network warning message and then securely storing related information in response to the warning message. Embodiments include measuring time-of-transit of messages and using this measured time to triangulate position of a transmit source. This information may be transmitted or stored. Embodiments include forwarding of network warning messages. Algorithms are described to identify spoofed messages.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for implementing an encryption engine, which includes: when an engine binding interface is called, a hardware encryption engine establishes a connection with a hardware encryption equipment, acquires an algorithm list of said equipment, and fills a first data structure; when a key initialization interface is called, said engine, according to the transmitted first data structure, sets an encryption/decryption algorithm to be used by said equipment, and retrieves a corresponding algorithm key; and if no algorithm key is retrieved, said engine controls said equipment to create said algorithm key; when a data encryption/decryption interface is called, said engine, according to the currently set encryption/decryption algorithm and said algorithm key, controls said equipment to perform an encryption/decryption operation on the transmitted data. The present invention can add or extend the encryption/decryption algorithm that can only be implemented in hardware to a software algorithm library.

Abstract: A method of implementing security in a wireless communication device (108) comprises receiving (300), at the device (108), a security mode command for activating a security mode in the device and storing a sequence number of the received security mode command. A security mode complete or failure message is sent (302) based on whether a security mode is activated in the device. An acknowledgement of the security mode complete or failure message is received (304) and a timestamp of the acknowledgement is stored. On receiving a PDU, sequence numbers and timestamps of segments of the received PDU are compared (306) with the stored sequence number and timestamp of the acknowledgement. The received PDU segments are managed (308) in response to the comparisons, and the sending of the security mode complete or security mode failure message. A wireless communication device is also disclosed.

Abstract: A role based security infrastructure for data encryption that does not require a key management system is provided. For each defined role, a unique key pair is generated. To encrypt a data set, a random encryption key is generated on the fly, and used to encrypt the data. To allow a role access to an encrypted data set, the corresponding encryption key is encrypted with the public key of that role, and stored in association with the encrypted data set. To access an encrypted data set, a private key associated with a role allowed access is used to decrypt the copy of the associated encryption key, which has been encrypted using the corresponding public key and stored in association with the data set. The decrypted encryption key is then used to decrypt the encrypted data set.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, in a key scheduling device, a non-linear transformation unit non-linearly transforms at least one of partial keys resulting from dividing an expanded key. A first linear transformation unit includes first and second circuits. The second circuit linearly transforms the partial key by directly using a transformation result from the non-linear transformation unit. A first storage stores the partial key linearly transformed by the first linear transformation unit. A second linear transformation unit linearly transforms, inversely to the first linear transformation unit, each of partial keys other than the partial key linearly transformed by the second circuit out of the partial keys stored in the first storage, and outputs inversely transformed partial keys. A second storage stores one of inputs to the second circuit. An outputting unit connects the respective inversely transformed partial keys and the input stored in the second storage to be output as a second key.

Abstract: An automated key transition method is executed by a node in a network. The network includes a set of nodes utilizing a current key identifier provided by a group key management server or provisioned manually. A key identifier specifies an authentication protocol and an authentication key for use in the authentication of intermediate-system to intermediate-system (IS-IS) protocol data units. The method includes receiving a message from the group key management server that includes a most recent key field to replace the current key identifier, advertising the most recent key identifier to all reachable nodes, verifying whether all reachable nodes have advertised the most recent key identifier, continuing authentication using the current key identifier until all reachable nodes have been verified to advertise the most recent key identifier, and switching authentication to use the most recent key identifier upon verification that all reachable nodes have advertised the most recent key identifier.

Abstract: A system is disclosed that protects private data of users while permitting the monitoring or tracking of electronic devices that are shared for both business and private purposes. The electronic devices may be configured to selectively encrypt location data, and/or other types of data, before such data is transmitted to a monitoring center. For example, data collected or generated on a user device outside of work hours may be encrypted with a private key of the device's user prior to transmission to the monitoring center, so that the data is not accessible to the employer. Data collected or generated during work hours may be transmitted without such encryption.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for updating shared keys. In one aspect, a method includes generating, at a first server and using a first key associated with a current period of time on the first server, a first piece of information based on a first request received from a first client device; receiving, at a second server, a second request from the first client device, the second request including the generated first piece of information; and validating, at the second server and using the first key, the first piece of information, wherein the validating is performed during the current period of time on the second server and wherein to generate information the second server uses a second key different from the first key.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed that may be implemented to locally and remotely record, control, monitor and analyze sounds generated in an information handling system environment, e.g., such as in a server environment. Among other things, remote monitoring and observation of sound in a data center environment may be implemented to assist administrators with data center management and forensics analysis related to physical chassis events (e.g., such as chassis access and/or chassis intrusion), as well as providing live streaming, and local technician recorded sound bite capabilities. A sound policy may also be implemented involving server sound optimizations that works in conjunction with system thermal and power algorithms.

Abstract: A sound processing device includes a storage unit configured to store first operation data corresponding to a motion of a mechanical apparatus and a first sound feature value corresponding to the motion in correlation with each other, a noise estimating unit configured to estimate a third sound feature value corresponding to a noise component based on a second sound feature value corresponding to an acquired sound signal, a sound feature value processing unit configured to calculate a target sound feature value from which the noise component is removed based on the second sound feature value and the third sound feature value, and an updating unit that updates the first sound feature value stored in the storage unit based on detected second operation data and the third sound feature value estimated by the noise estimating unit.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method of determining microphone polarity in a headset. By being able to detect the polarity of the microphone within the headset, a portable electronic device may be compatible with any headset and is not limited to use with a specific headset. By applying a detection signal over one of lines within a headset cable, a return signal may be sensed on one of the other lines to determine which of the lines is the ground line and which line is the microphone line.

Abstract: An audio power management system manages operation of audio devices in an audio system. The audio power management system includes a parameter computer, a threshold comparator and a limiter. Audio signals generated with the audio system may be provided to the audio power management system. Based on a measured actual parameter of the audio signal, such as a real-time actual voltage and/or a real-time actual current, the parameter computer can derive estimated operational characteristics of audio devices, such as a loudspeaker included in the audio system. The threshold comparator may use the estimated operational characteristics to develop a threshold and manage operation of one of more devices in the audio system by monitoring the measured actual parameter, and selectively directing the limiter to adjust the audio signal, or another device in the audio system to protect or optimize performance.

Abstract: A composite sound dampening structure includes a first base layer of sound dampening material extending around and against an inside surface of a container and a second wedge layer of sound dampening material attached to an inside surface of the first base layer. The composite sound dampening structure provides improved acoustic dampening in relative small sound chambers. An audio test system generates a composite audio signal of multiple different audio signals that are combined together using linear superposition. The composite audio signal allows a device to be simultaneously tested with multiple different audio frequencies.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer program products for simulating propagation of sound in a static scene can be operated for pre-computing a transfer operator for simulating results of sound reflection within a modeled scene, simulating distribution of sound energy from a sound source positioned within the scene, applying the transfer operator to the distribution of sound energy from the sound source to compute simulated sound at a plurality of points within the scene, and simulating collection of sound energy from the plurality of points within the scene to a listener positioned within the scene.

Abstract: A hearing protector comprises two protective muffs (1) with passive noise damping, a microphone (3) disposed in at least the one protective muff (1) and connected to an analog and a digital signal processing device (5 and 7, respectively), the signal processing devices (5, 7) being connected to loudspeakers (4) disposed interiorly in the protective muffs (1) for extinguishing interior noise in the protective muffs (1). The analog signal processing device is rehearsed for processing non-repeatable noise, while the digital signal processing device is rehearsed for processing repeatable noise. According to the invention, a further microphone (8) is disposed outside the passive noise damping and is connected to the digital signal processing device for tracing and locking onto repeatable noise.

Abstract: Accessories such as headsets for electronic devices are provided. A headset may be provided with a button controller assembly that has user-actuated buttons. The button controller assembly may be formed of housing portions that float with respect to each other. Plastic engagement structures may limit the amount of unimpeded travel that is exhibited by the housing portions. The housing portions may be formed from first and second housings. A rigid frame may be mounted within the second housing. The first housing may flex along its length when the user squeezes the first and second housings together to actuate a desired button. Housings may be formed as double-shot plastic parts having first and second plastics with different properties. Integrated circuits and a microphone may be mounted within the button controller assembly. A nonoperational microphone port may be provided as a visual indicator that the button controller contains a microphone.

Abstract: A tactile-based guidance system incorporating tactors in headgear, such as a hat, helmet, or hood. Tactors may provide tactile sensations at different places about the head to convey information to a person such as direction, bearing, movement, orientation, and the like, of the person wearing the tactors. The system may also include an optional multi-dimensional sound mechanism which provides indications of direction, bearing, and other information. One or more tactors may be resorted to for resolving any ambiguity in the sound indications.

Abstract: Through a cable coupling two portions of a communications headset, conductors of the cable providing electric power from one of the portions to another are caused to do so with one of a selection of different predetermined voltage levels used to control aspects of one or more functions performed by the communications headset, including enabling or disabling functions, perhaps at least partially by controlling the manner in which the provided electric power is used.

Abstract: A power-saving monitoring circuit is applied in an electrostatic earphone having a thin film and a plurality of electrode plates. In the power-saving monitoring circuit, an input unit receives an audio frequency signal; an output unit outputs the audio frequency signal to the electrode plates through; a detection unit detects the audio frequency signal and generates a control signal corresponding to the audio frequency signal to control a switch unit coupled to a power supply unit; a switch unit supplies a first voltage generated by the power supply unit to the driving module; a driving module converts the first voltage into a second voltage to drive the thin film. Since the switch unit cannot supply the first voltage to the driving module through, the driving module needs not to convert the first voltage. The electrostatic earphone is driven by the audio frequency signal automatically to achieve the power-saving effect.

Abstract: An audio processing apparatus includes first and second audio pickup units. The second audio pickup unit includes an audio resistor provided to cover a sound receiving portion to suppress external wind introduction while passing an external audio. A first filter attenuates a signal having a frequency lower than a first cutoff frequency of the output signal of a first A/D converter. A second filter attenuates a signal having a frequency higher than a second cutoff frequency of the output signal of a second A/D converter. A third filter is provided between the first audio pickup unit and the first A/D converter to attenuate a signal having a frequency lower than a third cutoff frequency for suppressing the wind noise.

Abstract: A howling canceller is adapted to an acoustic system having a speaker and first and second microphones. The speaker and the first microphone form a first acoustic feedback loop; the speaker and the second microphone form a second acoustic feedback loop. The howling canceller includes a howling suppressing unit for performing suppression processing in such a way that: frequency components at which howling is possibly occurring are detected in each of the sound signals picked up by the first and second microphones; the detected frequency components of the sound signals picked up by the first and second microphones are compared with each other on a per-frequency basis and a frequency component having larger power is detected; and based on the comparison results, the larger power frequency component of at least one of the sound signals picked up by the first and second microphones is suppressed.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and devices for adapting a ringtone in accordance with ambient noise. In one embodiment a method includes processing an ambient noise signal to determine an ambient noise volume. When there is an incoming communication and it is determined that the ambient noise has a low ambient noise volume, a method can include generating a ringtone having a ringtone volume that is initially a low volume and increasing the ringtone volume over a predetermined period of time. A method can include applying a filter to the ringtone signal to increase a signal-to-noise ratio, the filter configured to increase an amplitude of a frequency that is not one of the predominant frequencies of the ambient noise and that the transducer is configured to output according to the transducer frequency response. In another embodiment, a second transducer may generate a ringtone output in addition to the first transducer.

Abstract: A digital audio data output device having first and second post-processors that process received digital audio data in parallel. Each processor includes a mixer unit that processes received digital audio data on the fly in response to a channel mode control signal, and a volume control unit that adjusts volume level of output of the mixer unit on the fly in response to a volume level control signal. Each mixer unit includes first and second buffers that can respectively store first and second channel data, a calculator that calculates mix data from the outputs of the buffers, a third buffer that stores the mix data, and an output unit. The output unit selects and outputs one of the received digital audio data, the output of the first buffer, the output of the second buffer, the mix data, and output of the third buffer, as the output of the mixer unit.

Abstract: Volume limiting systems and methods are operable to limit volume output from media presentation devices. An exemplary embodiment detects a sound using a microphone, wherein the sound corresponds to an audio output of at least one controlled media presentation device, and wherein the microphone is remotely located from the at least one controlled media presentation device; compares a level of the detected sound with a predefined maximum volume limit; generates a volume output limit command in response to the detected sound exceeding the predefined maximum volume limit; and communicates the volume output limit command to the media presentation device. The media presentation device then reduces a volume level of its audio output. In some instances, volume may be limited during user specified periods.

Abstract: A sound volume control device includes a sound input section, a band dividing section, an excessive output notification section, a correction band decision section and a sound output control section. The sound input section converts input sound into a sound signal. The band dividing section carries out band-division with respect to the sound signal. The excessive output notification section outputs excessive output notification information when output sound from the present device is excessive. The correction band decision section calculates audible signal distribution information when the excessive output notification information is not output and excessive signal distribution information when the excessive output notification information is output, for each band in the sound signal, and decides a correction band according to the audible signal distribution information and excessive signal distribution information.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for, volume interactions for connected playback device. In one example, a plurality of playback devices may be rendering audio in synchrony, when a volume adjustment is made for the plurality of playback devices as a group. In one case, a first playback device in the plurality of playback devices may have a volume limit, as indicated by a state variable associated with the first playback device. In this case, the resulting volume adjustment for the first playback device may be made according to both the group volume adjustment and the volume limit of the first playback device.

Abstract: A system consisting of interconnectible, hearing-assistive, portable “units” which can address communication problems that persons who are hard of hearing experience in many social settings (such as while dining out with friends in a noisy restaurant). The system allows each unit operator to share multiple audio input signals coming into any of the connected units with the other participants using the system. The operator is also able to selectively amplify one or more of the incoming audio signals (such as from the voices of one or more of the participants) while blocking out or turning down another (such as from background music). The units are capable of integrating audio signals with video, word processing and internet data. An innovative method for improving communication for persons who are hard of hearing in public and private settings is also claimed.

Abstract: Electronic devices and accessories such as headsets for electronic devices are provided. A microphone may be included in an accessory to capture sound for an associated electronic device. Buttons and other user interfaces may be included in the accessories. An accessory may have an audio plug that connects to a mating audio jack in an electronic device, thereby establishing a wired communications link between the accessory and the electronic device. The electronic device may include power supply circuitry for applying bias voltages to the accessory. The bias voltages may bias a microphone and may adjust settings in the accessory such as settings related to operating modes. User input information may be conveyed between the accessory and the electronic device using ultrasonic tone transmission. The electronic device may also gather input from the accessory using a voltage detector coupled to lines in the communications path.

Abstract: A microphone and a method for calibrating a microphone are disclosed. In one embodiment the method for calibrating a microphone comprises operating a MEMS device based on a first AC bias voltage, measuring a pull-in voltage, calculating a second AC bias voltage or a DC bias voltage, and operating the MEMS device based the second AC bias voltage or the DC bias voltage.

Abstract: The embodiments described herein relate to amplifier circuits with power rails. The power rails are generated in response to an input signal, which will typically be an audio signal, and with a sufficient magnitude to power the amplifier and to generate an output signal corresponding to the input signal.

Abstract: An apparatus for personal media playing, the apparatus comprising: a signal receiver, configured to receive a media signal, a signal generator, in communication with the signal receiver, configured to derive a plurality of signals from the received media signal, and tailor each of the derived signals for a respective one of a plurality of body areas of a user, and a plurality of vibration devices, in communication with the signal generator, each vibration device being deployable on a respective one of the body areas of the user and configured to vibrate on the body area, according to the signal tailored for the body area.

Abstract: A microphone system has a base coupled with first and second microphone apparatuses. The first microphone apparatus is capable of producing a first output signal having a noise component, while the second microphone apparatus is capable of producing a second output signal. The first microphone apparatus may have a first back-side cavity and the second microphone may have a second back-side cavity. The first and second back-side cavities may be fluidly unconnected. The system also has combining logic operatively coupled with the first microphone apparatus and the second microphone apparatus. The combining logic uses the second output signal to remove at least a portion of the noise component from the first output signal.

Abstract: A Microelectromechanical System (MEMS) microphone includes a printed circuit board, a MEMS die, and an integrated circuit. The MEMS die is disposed on a top surface of the printed circuit board. The integrated circuit is disposed at least partially within the printed circuit board and produces at least one output signal. The output signals of the integrated circuit are routed directly into at least one conductor to access pads at the printed circuit board and the access pads are disposed on a bottom surface of the printed circuit board that is opposite the top surface.

Abstract: A speaker system includes: a first speaker unit having a predetermined directivity angle in the horizontal direction; and a pair of second speaker units which are disposed opposite to each other with the first speaker unit sandwiched between them when viewed in the vertical direction and which have a directivity angle in the horizontal direction greater than the directivity angle of the first speaker unit, wherein distances from the center of the first speaker unit to the centers of the pair of second speaker units are equal to each other, and the first speaker unit and the pair of second speaker units are disposed so as to face toward the same direction.