Abstract: There is provided an imaging device including an imaging control unit that executes imaging control in first and second self-timer modes in which an automatic focusing process and an imaging process are executed in order after reception of an imaging start instruction. A first period from the reception of the imaging start instruction to execution of the automatic focusing process in the first self-timer mode is shorter than a second period from the reception of the imaging start instruction to execution of the automatic focusing process in the second self-timer mode.

Abstract: A focusing method includes operations (a) through (d). In (a), a maximum focus value generated during a searching is set as a first maximum focus value. In (b), the focus lens moves to a first position that is the position of the first maximum focus value. In (c), a focus value generated when the focus lens moves to the first position is set as a second maximum focus value. In (d), if it is determined that a difference value between the first maximum focus value and the second maximum focus value is greater than a first set allowance value, a position of a focus value, whose difference value from the first maximum focus value is less than a second set allowance value, is searched for within a second range that has the first position as its center and is narrower than the first range.

Abstract: A document camera has an automatic focus function, and performs the automatic focus process for automatically adjusting the focus lens to the focal position in accordance with the subject distance when the document camera is started up, or when the focus key of the input operation section is operated. Further, when performing the automatic focus process, the document camera is arranged to detect the focal position in the state in which the zoom lens is temporarily moved to the telephoto end with shallow depth of field, and then restore the position of the zoom lens to the original position.

Abstract: A focus adjusting apparatus employable for an imaging system with an image-capturing unit configured to capture an image of an object, includes a unit configured to extract a specific frequency component from an image capturing signal along each horizontal scanning line to generate a focus signal and a unit configured to set a focus signal extraction area with reference to the image capturing signal. A peak holding unit extracts a line peak value by peak-holding the focus signal along each horizontal scanning line in the setting area. A first evaluation value generation unit generates an integral evaluation value by integrating line peak values obtained along a predetermined number of horizontal scanning lines of all the horizontal scanning lines in the setting area. A control unit performs a focus adjustment that includes driving a focus lens based on an AF evaluation value derived from the integral evaluation value.

Abstract: A lens-interchangeable camera system includes: an interchangeable lens unit storing lens characteristic data corresponding to parameters of lenses in a discrete manner; and a camera body unit to which the lens characteristic data is transmitted from the interchangeable lens unit when the interchangeable lens unit is mounted. The camera body unit includes an acquisition data storage unit storing the transmitted lens characteristic data, a closest data acquisition processing unit, a close data acquisition processing unit, and an unacquired data acquisition processing unit. Processing is performed in the order from the closest data acquisition processing unit, the close data acquisition processing unit and the unacquired data acquisition processing unit.

Abstract: A shutter assembly includes: a driver for generating a rotation force; an input gear unit rotated by the driver; a transmission gear unit rotated by the input gear unit; an output gear unit rotated by the transmission gear unit; and a rotation unit that is rotated by the output gear unit between a position for transmitting light and a position for blocking light, wherein the transmission gear unit at least partially corresponds to a rotation path of the rotation unit and is spaced apart from a surface containing the rotation path along a direction of a central axis of the transmission gear unit.

Abstract: An imaging module is provided with: a front case, in which a lens unit is mounted on a side of the subject to be imaged; a back case, which is attached to the front case and seals an imaging substrate in an inside space formed with the front case; and a bracket attached to the back case, and the back case is attached to the front case by case a case fastening screw that is screwed into a screw hole and a case screw-fastening through-hole, and the positioning protrusion 5a is inserted into the case screw-fastening through-hole, so that the back case is positioned on the bracket.

Abstract: An image pickup system causes a first illumination unit to emit light toward a subject at a first angle without causing a second illumination unit for emitting light toward the subject at a second angle different from the first angle, and causes an image pickup unit to capture the image of the subject so as to obtain a first captured image. The image pickup system causes the second illumination unit to emit light without causing the first illumination unit to emit light, and causes the image pickup unit to capture the image of the subject so as to obtain a second captured image. The image pickup system associates the first captured image with the second captured image.

Abstract: An aspect of the invention provides an imaging device for measurement processing, which comprises: an imaging unit that forms an image; a lens positioned to guide incident light to the imaging unit; and an adjustment mechanism that adjusts the distance between the lens and the imaging unit by moving the lens along the optical axis of the lens, the optical axis extending in a first direction, the adjustment mechanism comprising: a first threaded member having a longitudinal axis extending in a second direction that is different from the first direction, wherein the first threaded member is rotatable around longitudinal axis thereof without moving in the second direction; and a conversion mechanism that converts a rotation of the first threaded member around longitudinal axis thereof into a movement of the lens along the optical axis of the lens.

Abstract: A compact camera module has an EMI housing configured to shield camera module components from electromagnetic interference and having defined therein a focus-adjustment aperture to permit an optical train to extend to at one end of an auto-focus range, and a light leak baffle partially overlaps the focus-adjustment aperture along the optical path outside the auto-focus range.

Abstract: The present invention is a camera system which is usable with a mobile terminal. The camera system includes a lens module and at least one mechanism for changing optical properties by interacting with the lens module. The camera system may be built into the mobile terminal or attached thereto as an external module.

Abstract: Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to an optical system having multiple (e.g., two or more) optical components attached to a retainer portion, and the retainer portion may be removably attached to mobile electronic devices such as mobile phones, tablet computers, media players, and the like. In some embodiments, the optical components may be permanently or removably attached to the same face of the retainer portion. The optical system may be oriented in at least two different positions with respect to a mobile electronic device. In a first position, a first optical component may be generally aligned with an onboard camera of the mobile electronic device, and in a second position a second optical component may be aligned with the onboard camera.

Abstract: Provided are a system and a method for controlling a motion using time synchronization between a picture and the motion, and more particularly, a motion code corresponding to a time code is prestored before showing the picture and the motion is controlled according to the prestored motion code when the picture showing starts while a current motion driving time is compared with a reference time of the picture and then synchronized to provide a high-resolution precision motion to a user while achieving accurate synchronization with the picture.

Abstract: An apparatus may include a digital display, processor circuit, and an audio isolation component. The audio isolation component may be operative on the processor circuit to identify a selected position on the digital display during presentation of a video, where the video comprises a video stream and two or more audio streams. The audio isolation component may be operative on the processor circuit to generate an audio beam from the one or more audio streams based upon the selected position.

Abstract: An audio and video communications apparatus eliminates a system clock frequency difference, freeing a user from unconformable feeling of audio and video. The audio and video communications apparatus includes: a transmitting unit and a receiving unit (106/108) transmitting and receiving audio and video via a network; a PTS correction timing determining unit (111) determining timing to update a correction amount of a PTS according to information of the audio or the video to be transmitted and received, the PTS being given to the received audio or the received video; a PTS correcting unit (112) correcting the PTS by updating the correction amount at the timing determined by the PTS correction timing determining unit (111); and an audio and video output unit (113) outputting the received audio and the received video corresponding to the corrected PTS found at a current time indicated by the audio and video communications apparatus.

Abstract: A display device and a method of upgrading the same are disclosed. The display device, such as a Smart TV, may include a broadcast receiver for receiving a broadcast signal, a demultiplexer for demultiplexing the received broadcast signal, a decoder for decoding the demultiplexed broadcast signal, and a display for displaying the decoded broadcast signal. The display device may also include an external device interface for receiving upgrade data from an upgrade device. A controller may be configured to process the received broadcast signal for display on the display and to upgrade the display device using the received upgrade data. The upgrade data may include at least one function. A control module may be configured to assign the at least one function to at least one of the upgrade device or the controller to execute the function on the display device.

Abstract: An imaging device, an image system and an imaging method in which proper image correction processing is carried out on a video signal are provided. An imaging device includes: a video signal input unit which inputs a video signal; and an image processing unit to which the video signal is inputted and which carries out correction of the video signal and outputs a corrected video signal. The image processing unit includes a histogram detection unit which divides an image area termed by the acquired video signal into plural areas, acquires a per-area histogram that is a histogram or the video signal in each of the plural areas, and finds per-area histogram data for each area based on the per-area histogram. The image processing unit carries out correction of the video signal based on a cumulative value of the per-area histogram data.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an electronic apparatus comprises a communication module, a storage, a determination module and an acquisition module. The communication module is configured to perform communication with a plurality of external devices. The storage is configured to store an address list correlating a logical address and a physical address of each of the external devices. The determination module is configured to transmit a power-on signals to the external devices and thereafter determine a power state of the external devices. The acquisition module is configured to perform switching of input by the communication module after the determination module determines that the external devices are powered on, and to acquire device information including the physical addresses of the external devices.

Abstract: A filtering system includes a first filtering module, which includes a first frequency translating device and a first filter. The first frequency translating device includes a center frequency control end that receives a first control signal and an input end that receives an input signal, and performs a first frequency translation on the input signal by utilizing a first control frequency of the first control signal as a center frequency. The first filter performs a first filter on the input signal according to equivalent impedance of a circuit coupled to the input end, and generates in collaboration with the first frequency translating device a first filtered input signal at an output end of the filtering system. The equivalent impedance determines a bandwidth of the first filtered input signal.

Abstract: The present technique relates to a channel scan device and method, and a program configured so that high-speed channel scan is enabled. The power spectrum extracting unit 31 of the decoding unit 22 extracts a power level for each frequency of an input signal as a power spectrum, and supplies the power level to the channel scan processing unit 23. The channel scan processing unit 23 extracts a trapezoidal band, which constitutes a power spectrum waveform, in a power spectrum as a channel candidate, and extracts a channel, for which synchronization of a clock and synchronization of a TS required for reproduction of audio and video can be confirmed, as a valid channel. The present technique can be applied to a television receiver.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for expanding a field of view of an image during a video communication session. In some embodiments, a method includes transmitting a first video image having a first field of view during the video telecommunication session. The methods and apparatus further capturing a first set of background images, at least some of which are combined to form a first composite background image having a second field of view that is greater than the first field of view. Further, superimposing at least a portion of the first video image over the first composite background image to form a second video image having a same field of view as the first composite background image and transmitting the second video image during the video telecommunication session.

Abstract: A method of operating a miniature projector that comprises: receiving image data to project; generating light beams for a screen; scanning the light beams according to a first pattern from a first edge to an ending edge in the screen to form at least one image, the first pattern being a wave pattern of scan lines such that amplitudes oscillate along a first axis as the beams progressively scan along a second axis, the second axis being substantially perpendicular to the first axis, wherein the first pattern has a first oscillation from the first edge that is directed in a first direction along the first axis; and scanning the light beams according to a second pattern from a second edge to a second ending edge for the screen to form at least another image, the second pattern being a wave pattern of scan lines such that amplitudes oscillate along the first axis as the beams progressively scan along the second axis, wherein the second pattern has a first oscillation from the second edge that is directed in a sec

Abstract: In one aspect, the invention is directed to a moving display system that includes a track member support, a track member held by the track member support, and having a first end and a second end, and a display member support. The display member support includes a body, wherein the body is configured to hold a display member, a motor, a wheel that is drivable by the motor to move the display member support along the track member, a sensing system, and a controller that is operatively connected to the motor. The controller receives signals from the sensing system and is programmed to, in at least some instances: a) determine using the signals when the display member support reaches one of the first and second ends of the track member, and b) change the direction of rotation of the motor based on the determination made in step a).

Abstract: A portable terminal device includes a display screen; a pico projector for receiving an image signal of a predetermined format and projecting image light onto the display screen according to the image signal of the predetermined format, so that an image corresponding to the image signal of the predetermined format is displayed on the display screen; and a main body part, for fixing the display screen and the pico projector. The main body part includes a first part and a second part that are hinged by a hinge part. The display screen is fixed on the first part and the pico projector is positioned at the edge of the first part and is fixed on the first part, the second part or the hinge part. The pico projector forms a predetermined angle between the pico projector and the display screen while projecting.

Abstract: A beam splitter outputs a light, which includes two polarized light components, when the splitter receives laser lights from laser light sources. The splitter is arranged such that when the light, which is outputted from the splitter and is reflected by or transmitted through a screen, is incident on a projection surface of a windshield, polarization directions of the two polarized light components are different from each other and are not parallel to a plane of incidence, which is formed at a point of incidence of the light on the projection surface.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display is provided that includes: a first display panel including a thin film transistor and a plurality of pixel electrodes; a second display panel facing the first display panel with a cell gap therebetween; a lower resistive layer disposed on the first display panel; an upper resistive layer disposed on the second display panel; and a sensing spacer connecting the lower resistive layer and the upper resistive layer.

Abstract: A capacitive touch module includes a first glass layer, a second glass layer, a liquid crystal layer, a first insulating layer, a second insulating layer, a plurality of first electrodes, second electrodes and third electrodes. The liquid crystal layer is arranged between the first glass layer and the second glass layer. The first insulating layer is formed between the first glass layer and the liquid crystal layer. The second insulating layer is formed between the liquid crystal layer and the second glass layer. The plurality of first electrodes are formed between the liquid crystal layer and the first insulating layer along a first axis. The plurality of second electrodes are formed between the second insulating layer and the second glass layer along the first axis. The plurality of third electrodes are formed between the first insulating layer and the first glass layer along a second axis.

Abstract: A barrier functional film that includes a substrate, at least one side wall barrier structure, a releasing film, and an adhesive is provided. The side wall barrier structure is located on the substrate. The releasing film is located above the substrate, and the side wall barrier structure is located between the substrate and the releasing film. The adhesive covers the side wall barrier structure and is located between the substrate and the releasing film. An environmental sensitive electronic device, a display apparatus, and a manufacturing method of a barrier functional film are also provided.

Abstract: A 2D/3D switchable imaging apparatus is provided, which includes: an imaging unit including an alternate arrangement of a plurality of left-eye pixels and a plurality of right-eye pixels; and an electronic light modulator disposed on the imaging unit, including; a lens structural layer having a plurality of lenticular lens structures and being interposed between a first electrode layer and a second electrode layer, with each of the lens structures including a plurality of liquid-crystal monomers filled therein, and the liquid-crystal monomers having a first imaging mode and a second imaging mode which are switched by an electric field; and a charge-controlling agent on a surface of the liquid-crystal monomers such that the influence of the liquid-crystal monomers with respect to the electric field is enhanced.

Abstract: Provided is an electro-optical device including: a first conduction layer; and a second conduction layer which is disposed on the upper layer side of the first conduction layer with an insulation film interposed therebetween so that at least a part thereof overlaps with the first conduction layer in the plan view, wherein the insulation film is provided with a void portion formed in an area where the first conduction layer and the second conduction layer overlap with each other in the plan view.

Abstract: A pixel array and a display panel are provided. The pixel array includes a plurality of pixel units. Each of the pixel units includes a first scan line, a second scan line, a data line, a first thin-film transistor, a second thin-film transistor, a first pixel electrode and a second pixel electrode. The first thin-film transistor is electrically connected to the first scan line and the data line. The first pixel electrode is electrically connected to the first thin-film transistor. The second thin-film transistor is electrically connected to the second scan line and the data line. The second pixel electrode is electrically connected to the second thin-film transistor. The orthogonal projection pattern of the first thin-film transistor on XY plane and the orthogonal projection pattern of the second thin-film transistor on XY plane are substantially the same.

Abstract: A vertically aligned thin-film transistor array substrate in which there is no reduction in aperture ratio includes an etching-stop layer formed on an insulating layer; a passivation layer formed on the insulating layer that includes the etching-stop layer; a depression formed in the passivation layer and hollowing the passivation layer to the surface of the etching-stop layer; and a pixel electrode, which is recessed in conformity with the depression, formed on the passivation layer that includes the depression; wherein the etching-stop layer comprises a transparent semiconductor.

Abstract: This invention discloses an edge-lit LED backlight module, a liquid crystal display device and a method for fixing a reflection sheet. This backlight module comprises a backplate, a sidewall connected to the backplate, a light guide plate arranged on the backplate, a light-emitting device arranged on the backplate, and a reflection sheet arranged between the backplate and the light guide plate; wherein the light guide plate has a light-exiting top surface and a light-entering side adjacent to the light-exiting top surface, and the light-emitting device is located between the light-entering side and the sidewall. This backlight module further includes at least a first tension member and a second tension member with their both ends respectively connected to the reflection sheet and the backplate. The backlight module herein can effectively prevent the reflection sheet from warping caused by thermal expansion and further improve the optical quality of the backlight module.

Abstract: A display device according to this technique includes a slanting surface provided at a lower section of a housing accommodating a display panel and slanted in a depth direction; a receiving light guide member located at the slanting surface and having an incident surface exposed from a front surface of the housing, an emitting surface for emitting light to a light receiving sensor, and a reflective surface provided between the incident surface and the emitting surface; and an emitting light guide member, located at the slanting surface and having a front emitting surface slanted so as to be substantially flush with the slanting surface, for guiding light from a light emitting diode to the front surface of the housing.

Abstract: A backlight device (20) is combined with a display device (10) that has a display panel (11), such as a liquid crystal panel. The backlight device includes a chassis (21), a light guide plate (22) and optical sheets (23) arranged on the rear surface of the display panel (11), and an LED package (24) that illuminates an edge face of the light guide plate. A light reflecting face formed of a material that has silver as a main component is provided in the LED package. An adsorbing material (30) that adsorbs gas such as halogen gas and hydrogen sulfide, which have characteristics that lower the reflectance of silver, is coated onto a substrate (25) on which the LED package is mounted.

Abstract: Light can be uniformly distributed in the bezel area by diffusing the light in the bezel area blocked by an upper case, or by providing an optical pattern for light concentration. Accordingly, the brightness of light is similar for all positions at the boundary between the bezel area and the display area, thereby solving the hot spot problem caused by a brightness difference depending on position.

Abstract: A backlight module is disclosed, which comprises a light guide plate, a point light source and a substrate. The light guide plate comprises a top surface and a bottom surface opposite to each other and a side surface located between the top surface and the bottom surface. The point light source is disposed on the substrate. The backlight module further comprises a backplate, a front frame and a first reflective unit. The backplate is adapted to accommodate the light guide plate. The front frame is disposed adjacent to the top surface of the light guide plate. The point light source is disposed adjacent to the side surface. A bisector line of a light emitting range of the point light source is directed towards a plane in which the top surface or the bottom surface of the light guide plate is located.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a wide viewing angle liquid crystal display device working in normally white mode. An wide viewing angle IPS mode TFT-LCD operating in a normally white mode comprises a first polarizer having a first polarizing axis parallel to a first direction; a second polarizer having a second polarizing axis parallel to the first direction; and liquid crystal molecules disposed between the first polarizer and the second polarizer, and having an initial alignment direction parallel to the first direction. The wide view angle IPS mode TFT-LCD according to the present disclosure is a operating in normally white mode which represents full white gray-scale without yellowish phenomenon, and does not need any additional optical film for overcoming the yellowish phenomenon so that the manufacturing process is simply and cost is lower than the LCD according to the related art.

Abstract: A transparent liquid crystal display device includes: first and second substrates facing and spaced apart from each other; a polarizing plate over an outer surface of the first substrate; first and second electrodes and a passivation layer between the first and second electrodes over an inner surface of the first substrate, the first electrode having a plate shape, the second electrode having a shape of bars; a third electrode over an inner surface of the second substrate; at least one color filter over an outer surface of the second substrate, the at least one color filter including a colored dichroic dye material; and a liquid crystal layer between the first and second substrate, the liquid crystal layer including a liquid crystal material and a black dichroic dye material.

Abstract: Provided are a display device capable of reducing a weight, a thickness, a cost, and a process time and having a durable structure, and a manufacturing method thereof. The display device includes: a substrate including a plurality of pixel areas; a thin film transistor formed on substrate; a first electrode connected to the thin film transistor to be formed in the pixel area; an organic layer formed on the first electrode so as to be connected along the adjacent pixel areas in a first direction among the pixel areas; a space positioned on the first electrode, of which parts of the upper surface and the side are surrounded by the organic layer; a liquid crystal formed to fill the space; and an overcoat formed to cover the rest side of the space which is not covered by the organic layer, in which a height of the upper surface of the organic layer is gradually lowered toward both edges of the pixel area from the center of the pixel area.

Abstract: A high resolution, wide viewing angle, low power consumption liquid crystal display device which utilizes nematic liquid crystal and which can attain both the memory effect and wide-viewing-angle display characteristic. A liquid crystal display device that utilizes nematic liquid crystal and includes a pair of transparent substrates; a group of electrodes for applying to a liquid crystal layer disposed between the pair of substrates an electric field having a component substantially parallel to the surfaces of the substrates; and an alignment layer disposed between the liquid crystal layer and at least one of the pair of substrates and having been subjected to liquid crystal anchoring treatments in plural directions. The plurality of liquid crystal anchoring directions of the alignment layer form substantially equal angles relative to one another, and a rising angle in each of the liquid crystal anchoring directions with respect to the corresponding substrate surface is substantially zero.

Abstract: A normally black liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal layer in which liquid crystal molecules are arranged vertically when no voltage is applied, and arranged horizontally by applying a voltage. In each of pixel regions in alignment films which are segmented in a grid by source lines and gate lines, is divided into two along a direction parallel to the source lines. The first alignment film includes a first region and a second region. The second alignment film includes a third region facing the first region and a fourth region facing the second region. In an adjacent pair of the pixel regions, pairs of the regions are adjacent to each other with corresponding one of the source lines interposed therebetween.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device including a first substrate including a plurality of picture elements; a second substrate including a common electrode; and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched therebetween. The first substrate and the second substrate are arranged to be opposite to each other, and each of the plurality of picture elements has a plurality of elongated electrodes configured to apply voltages to the liquid crystal layer in cooperation with the common electrode. The elongated electrodes within one of the plurality of picture elements extend in eight directions, and each of the plurality of picture elements is divided into eight regions based upon the eight directions. In each of the eight regions of one of the plurality of picture elements, two or more of the plurality of elongated electrodes extend along a corresponding one of the eight directions.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a liquid crystal optical apparatus includes a first substrate unit, a second substrate unit, and a liquid crystal layer. The first substrate unit includes a first substrate, first electrodes, and second electrodes. The first electrodes extend in a first direction. The second electrodes are disposed between the first electrodes. The second substrate unit includes a second substrate, a first opposing electrode, and a second opposing electrode. The second opposing electrode is separated from the first opposing electrode. The liquid crystal layer is provided between the first and second substrate units. The distance along the second direction between the central axis and a first separating region between the first opposing electrode and the second opposing electrode is longer than a distance between the central axis and the second electrode.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel including a first substrate, scan lines extending along a first direction, data lines, active devices, pixel electrodes, common electrodes, a second substrate and a liquid crystal layer is provided. The pixel electrodes are respectively disposed in sub-pixel regions and coupled to the corresponding active devices. The common electrodes are respectively disposed corresponding to the pixel electrodes. Each common electrode or each pixel electrode includes plural stripe electrodes arranged side by side. Each stripe electrode includes a first section and a second section respectively disposed on two opposite sides of a reference axis, wherein a major axis of the first section forms an included angle with a major axis of the second section. The included angles of the stripe electrodes in each sub-pixel region are gradually varied along the first direction. The liquid crystal layer is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a substrate for array process of panel display device, which includes a cell switch and a PVSA mode pad set. Cell switch includes a plurality of switches, with each connected to a pad in shorting bar pad set. PSVA mode pad set includes a scan pad and a data pad. Scan pad is connected through some switches of cell switch to scan lines, and data pad is connected through some switches of cell switch to data lines. In this manner, the present invention reduces the number of pads in PSVA mode pad set to simplify peripheral routes.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to a liquid crystal panel and a fabricating method thereof and a display. The liquid crystal panel comprises: an array substrate and a color filter substrate bonded by a first sealant, with a region surrounded by the first sealant between the array substrate and the color filter substrate forming a liquid crystal panel display region filled with liquid crystal. In addition, the liquid crystal panel further comprises: a liquid crystal buffer region, located at the outer side of the first sealant; a liquid crystal channel, through which the liquid crystal buffer region and the liquid crystal panel display region are connected; and a covering layer, covering at least a position where the liquid crystal channel connects with the liquid crystal panel display region.

Abstract: To improve the display uniformity in a vertical alignment liquid crystal display. A liquid crystal display includes: first and second substrates; first and second electrodes provided the substrates, respectively; first and second vertical alignment films provided on the substrates respectively; a plurality of columnar spacers disposed at least in a region where the first and second electrodes are superimposed, and provided between the first and second substrates; and a liquid crystal layer provided between the first and second substrates. The first vertical alignment film is subject to an alignment treatment in one direction. The liquid crystal layer has a pretilt angle during non-application of voltage. Each columnar spacer has a profile, in a planar view, which is not orthogonal to and which is not parallel with an alignment direction of liquid crystal molecules at substantially center of the liquid crystal layer in a layer thickness direction.

Abstract: An EUV collector for collecting and transmitting radiation from an EUV radiation source includes at least one collector mirror for reflecting an emission of the EUV radiation source, which is rotationally symmetric with respect to a central axis. The EUV collector also includes a cooling device for cooling the at least one collector mirror. The cooling device has at least one cooling element, which has a course with respect to the collector mirror, in each case, such that the projection of the course into a plane perpendicular to the central axis has a main direction, which encloses an angle of at most 20° with respect to a predetermined preferred direction. The collector transmits improved quality radiation to illuminate an object field.

Abstract: A radiation source is disclosed that comprises a reservoir that retains a volume of fuel, a nozzle configured to direct a stream of fuel towards a plasma formation location, a laser configured to generate a radiation generating plasma, and a fuel contamination control arrangement. The contamination control arrangement comprises a magnetic field generation element for generating a magnetic field; an electric field generation element for generating an electric field, the magnetic field generation element and the electric field generation element together configured to ensure that the magnetic field and the electric field overlap at a location of contamination within the fuel, and to ensure that lines of flux of the magnetic field and electric field are non-parallel at that location to control movement of the contamination.