Abstract: Disclosed is a roll retainer fitting into ends of a roll to retain the roll. The roll retainer includes a retaining member having a flange facing one end of the roll; two or more supporting members pivotally retained by the retaining member, each of the supporting members being movable along an axial direction within a plane between a supporting position at which the supporting member is inserted in a hollow shaft of the roll and a retracted position at which the supporting member is retracted from the supporting position; and a linking device configured to couple the supporting members, the supporting members being linked with one another to be moved between the supporting positions and the retracted positions.

Abstract: A device for accessing and storing tape on a tape roll is a single unitary construction and includes a textured grip portion; a tape rest portion; a blade edge; and a base opposite the textured grip portion, the tape rest portion, and the blade edge wherein a width of the device is approximately equal to a width of a roll of tape.

Abstract: A method schedules elevator cars in a group elevator system in a building by first generating a set of probability distributions for arrivals of future passengers at any floor of the building, wherein the set of probability distributions are characterized by probabilistic variables that specify arrival information of the future passengers, wherein the arrival information includes a probability of service requests by the future passengers and a probability of possible times of the service requests. A schedule for the elevator cars is based on the set of probabilistic distribution. Then, the schedule is provided to a controller of the group elevator system to move the elevator cars according to the schedule.

Abstract: An elevator system of this disclosure includes: a personal information terminal, which is carried by an elevator user and includes a display unit configured to represent a plurality of available services and a selecting unit by which it is possible to select a service by the display unit; and an elevator control device, which assigns a car of an elevator group according to call registration information from the personal information terminal and transmits information on the assigned car to the personal information terminal, wherein in a case where assigned car is changed due to the situation of the elevator group, the elevator control device changes the assigned car of the elevator group and displays a reassigned car for the user on the display unit of the personal information terminal.

Abstract: A method includes receiving, from a portable recording device, multiple recordings of sounds made by an elevator during operation of the elevator, the multiple recordings generated at different times. The method includes analyzing, by a sound analysis circuit, the multiple recordings generated at the different times to detect changes in an elevator characteristic over time and generating, based on detecting the changes in the elevator characteristic over time, a notification to perform an action on the elevator.

Abstract: A retractable platform for use in a machine room less elevator system is disclosed. The retractable platform includes a vertical support and a collapsible platform. The vertical support has a mounting end for mounting to a top surface of an elevator car and a support end disposed opposite the mounting end. The collapsible platform has a first end for pivotally mounting to a hoistway wall, and a detachable end for detachably engaging the support end of the vertical support.

Abstract: In an elevator car door locking apparatus, a doorstop-side blade is disposed on a car door by a linking mechanism, and is displaceable horizontally between a locked position, and an unlocked position that is further away from a door pocket than the locked position. A balance weight is disposed on an opposite side of the pivoting shaft of the link from the doorstop-side blade. The doorstop-side blade comes into contact with a landing door engaging member and displaces, and the balance weight also displaces away from the doorstop-side blade, due to the car door moving toward the door pocket side when a car is in position at a floor.

Abstract: Embodiments are directed an elevator machine comprising: a stator assembly, and a plurality of support plates coupled to the stator assembly, wherein a respective at least one of the support plates is coupled on each end of the stator assembly and configured to enable the stator assembly to expand radially and axially in a substantially uniform manner over a range of temperatures.

Abstract: A landing cover system for an escalator floor and an escalator system are disclosed. The landing cover system includes at least two covers configured to form the surface of the escalator floor by matching the two covers together, a frame configured to support the at least two covers and a first water groove disposed at the inner side of the frame and configured to receive the fluid flowing from the at least two covers into the frame. The escalator system includes a first landing cover system disposed at the upper portion of the escalator system, a second landing cover system disposed at the lower portion of the escalator system and an electric driving system disposed between the first landing system and the second landing system to transport objects between the first landing system and the second landing system, wherein the first landing system and the second landing system are the landing systems described previously.

Abstract: A wear pad assembly for a telescopic boom includes a wear pad having a first side for contacting an outer wall of an inner section of the boom, and a second side facing an inner wall of an outer section of the boom. At least one rigid plate is secured to the second side of the wear pad, and a stud in screw-threaded engagement with the outer section of the boom or a plate secured to the outer section of the boom is associated with each rigid plate, the end of stud and the associated rigid plate having mating formations to enable the stud to urge the first surface of the wear pad against the outer wall of the inner section while preventing the wear pad from being displaced in a plane normal to the axis of rotation of the stud.

Abstract: A stabilizer pad and handle apparatus is provided having a curved substantially C-shaped handle, or U-shaped handle or straight handle with ends of the handle inserted into seating holes extending inwardly from the side walls of the pad. An anchor hole and anchors may be provided extending downward through and perpendicular to the seating holes and through the handle. The pad may be rectangular or square shape or substantially circular in shape. An optional recess is provided in the pad into which the seating holes are provided, and may be angled inwardly away from the side walls, with the handle optionally provided in the recess. In certain embodiments the recess may be square, substantially rectangular, trapezoid, curved or triangular in shape. At least a portion of the top surface of the handle may be aligned with the outer circumference formed by the circular shape of the pad. The circular pad may be rolled on its side wall edge. Multiple handle means may be provided.

Abstract: An improved self-engaging clutch having a carrier plate with one or more clutch actuator fingers formed into the carrier plate.

Abstract: A mechanical overload sensor system for a planetary winch having a biasing means that when overcome by the force on a ring gear, opens an electric switch which terminates power to the winch.

Abstract: A preferred embodiment of the invention is directed to a jack apparatus that is electrically operated with a rechargeable battery. The jack apparatus has a base section and a telescopic jack and wrench. The wrench is most preferably a power lug wrench for removing the lug nuts from an automobile, but any socket, bit, or connection available for power drills is compatible. One embodiment comprises the apparatus having a 12 v outlet cord in addition to the battery. A preferred embodiment comprises the jack apparatus having a power inverter housed therein.

Abstract: An articulated vehicle [10] has a first body section [12], a second body section [14], and an elongate projection [22] projecting from the first body section [12] towards the second body section [14]. A pair of steering cylinders [36, 34] are mounted such that they are partially or wholly disposed in or on the elongate projection [22], and are disposed one above the other so they overlap vertically, thereby narrowing the projection at the end nearer the first body section [12] and allowing the second body section [14] to be rotated closer to the centre line. A rotatable shaft [40] of the second body section [14] is mounted towards the far end of the elongate projection [22] and is steered by a pair of linkages such as chains [42, 44], each of which is connected to the shaft [40] and to a respective one of the steering cylinders [36, 34]. The chains [42, 44] wrap around the shaft [40] with a circumferential overlap, though they are spaced vertically.

Abstract: A device for assisting a user in the opening and closing of jars and bottles. The device may have an outer band adapted to be attached around the outer surface of a lid or cap. The band may have a cross strap which keeps the band oriented in the proper location. The band may have serrated surfaces on the inside or the outside of the band to assist with frictional gripping. The band may be adapted to remain on the jar during the use life of the jar.

Abstract: The invention concerns a mixing nozzle (1) for mixing a concentrate and a diluent and dispensing the mixture comprising: a concentrate conduit including a concentrate inlet port (2) and a concentrate outlet port (3) and a concentrate flowpath (4) therebetween, said conduit defining the longitudinal axis (XX?) of the mixing nozzle; a toroidal chamber (5) around said concentrate conduit having a water inlet conduit (6) tangentially disposed with respect thereto to create a swirling of the water in said chamber, said toroidal chamber presenting multiple openings (7) at the bottom wall of the toroidal chamber to create multiple flows of diluent around the concentrate outlet port (3); an assembly of multiple radially projecting ribs (10) provided downstream to the multiple openings (7) of the toroidal chamber, the ribs being curved at their downstream ends (10a) towards the mixing nozzle longitudinal axis (XX?).

Abstract: A portable mixed drink dispensing unit includes a portable enclosure defining an interior space. A first reservoir within the interior space is secured to the enclosure and fluidly connectable to at least one liquid container containing a first liquid. A removable second reservoir is included in the interior space and contains a second liquid. A mixing unit located within the interior space has an inlet and an outlet. The mixing unit is in individual fluid communication at the inlet with the first and second reservoirs for separately receiving the first and second liquids. The mixing unit is configured to prepare a mixed drink by mixing the first and second liquids at a predetermined ratio, and to output the mixed drink via the outlet. A tap lever is in fluid communication with the outlet of the mixing unit, for dispensing the mixed drink.

Abstract: An infusion keg for a beverage is formed as a cylinder closed at both ends. An interior of the cylinder is purgeable with a purging gas to expel air therefrom and being fillable with the beverage. The keg is also provided with a valve to control entering of the purging gas and the exiting of the beverage; and an infusion port for the insertion of a permeable body having a flavorant therewithin. Upon being purged, a permeable body being inserted, the keg is filled with the beverage that, over a given period of time, absorbs a reproducible volume of the flavorant.

Abstract: A docking station for a beverage dispenser having a reservoir is provided. A spout configured for selectively directing a flow of water into the reservoir of the beverage dispenser. A water level sensor is configured for assessing a level of water within the reservoir of the beverage dispenser. The flow of water from the spout may automatically fill the reservoir of the beverage dispenser based at least in part upon signals from the water level sensor.

Abstract: Crossover protection system graphical user interfaces, crossover protection systems that display graphical user interfaces, and methods for pairing tank delivery connectors with product delivery vehicle systems are provided. A tank delivery connector reads a tank tag with a tank tag reader, and transmits a tank tag indicator associated with the tank tag with network interface hardware. An electronic control unit receives the tank tag indicator with network interface hardware, determines a distribution tank fuel type associated with a distribution tank based on the tank tag indicator, determines that the tank delivery connector is associated with a tank compartment of a product delivery vehicle based on the tank tag indicator, and displays a graphical user interface on the display. The graphical user interface includes a tank delivery connector graphic displayed proximate a tank compartment graphic to indicate that the tank delivery connector is associated with the first tank compartment.

Abstract: A docking station for a beverage dispenser having a reservoir is provided. The docking station includes an inlet conduit that extends from a pressurized water source to a spout of the docking station. A removable water filter is coupled to the inlet conduit in order to filter the flow of water through the inlet conduit.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for manufacturing a mattress generally includes an insertion station for supporting an innercore, a movable platform for supporting a bucket, and an adhesive applicator intermediate the insertion station and the movable platform. The adhesive applicator is configured to apply adhesive prior to or simultaneous with insertion of the innercore unit into a cavity of the bucket. The innercore unit is gravity fed from an elevated surface of the insertion station into a leading edge of the bucket cavity to form the innercore unit and bucket assembly. The process and apparatus minimizes and/or eliminates manual labor as it relates to the manufacture of the innercore unit and bucket assembly.

Abstract: A sensor for measuring physical parameters such as acceleration, rotation, magnetic field, comprises a substrate (13) defining a substrate plane and at least one sensing plate (11, 12) suspended above the substrate (13) for performing a movement having at least a first component in a sensing direction. The sensing direction is orthogonal to the substrate plane. There is at least one detection arm (14.1, 14.2) that is suspended above the substrate (13) for performing a rotational movement about a rotation axis parallel to the substrate plane. An out-of-plane coupling structure (17.1, 17.4) is used to couple the first component of the movement of said sensing plate (11, 12) to said detection arm (14.1, 14.2) for generating the rotational movement of the detection arm (14.1, 14.2). A rotation detection structure cooperates with the detection arm (14.1, 14.2) for detecting the rotational movement of the detection arm (14.1, 14.2) with respect to the substrate plane. A pivot element (17.2, 17.

Abstract: A MEMS lead frame package body encloses a MEMS device enclosed in an internal cavity formed by the mold body and cover. To accommodate a MEMS microphone, an acoustic aperture extends through the mold body. In some embodiments, a conductive column extends through the pre-molded body to allow electrical connection from a partially encapsulated lead frame to the conductive cover. Some embodiments may include a multi-tiered cavity within the mold body for mounting an integrated circuit separated by a gap above the MEMS device.

Abstract: A physical quantity sensor includes a supporting substrate, an acceleration detecting element that is mounted on the supporting substrate, and a sealing substrate that is bonded to the supporting substrate, and seals the acceleration detecting element, in which a notch portion is formed in a portion of a bonded face to the supporting substrate, in the sealing substrate, and a filling material that is configured by a material which is different from a material configuring the sealing substrate, is arranged in the notch portion.

Abstract: A device in which an electronic circuit positioned within a cavity of a package housing is encased by a bubble restrictor material, with a media resistant material overlaying the bubble restrictor material. The bubble restrictor material functions to inhibit the formation and growth of moisture-related bubbles within the material, including at the interfaces of the material and surfaces within the package housing. The media resistant material is resistant to physical and chemical alterations by media within an external environment to which the device is exposed. The media resistant material and bubble resistant material function to transfer a sensed characteristic of the media to the electronic circuit.

Abstract: Some embodiments relate to multiple MEMS devices that are integrated together on a single substrate. A device substrate comprising first and second micro-electro mechanical system (MEMS) devices is bonded to a capping structure. The capping structure comprises a first cavity arranged over the first MEMS device and a second cavity arranged over the second MEMS device. The first cavity is filled with a first gas at a first gas pressure. The second cavity is filled with a second gas at a second gas pressure, which is different from the first gas pressure. A recess is arranged within a lower surface of the capping structure. The recess abuts the second cavity. A vent is arranged within the capping structure. The vent extends from a top of the recess to the upper surface of the capping structure. A lid is arranged within the vent and configured to seal the second cavity.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to method and apparatus for micro-contact printing of micro-electromechanical systems (“MEMS”) in a solvent-free environment. The disclosed embodiments enable forming a composite membrane over a parylene layer and transferring the composite structure to a receiving structure to form one or more microcavities covered by the composite membrane. The parylene film may have a thickness in the range of about 100 nm-2 microns; 100 nm-1 micron, 200-300 nm, 300-500 nm, 500 nm to 1 micron and 1-30 microns. Next, one or more secondary layers are formed over the parylene to create a composite membrane. The composite membrane may have a thickness of about 100 nm to 700 nm to several microns. The composite membrane's deflection in response to external forces can be measured to provide a contact-less detector. Conversely, the composite membrane may be actuated using an external bias to cause deflection commensurate with the applied bias.

Abstract: The cap wafer for a MEMS device includes multiple electrically isolated electrodes that can be bonded and electrically connected to separate electrical contacts on a MEMS device wafer. The electrically isolated electrodes can be used for any of a variety of functions, such as for apply a force to a movable MEMS structure on the MEMS device wafer (e.g., for driving resonance of the movable MEMS structure or for adjusting a resonance or sense mode of the movable MEMS structure) or for sensing motion of a movable MEMS structure on the MEMS device wafer. Since the electrodes are electrically isolated, different electrodes may be used for different functions.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a protective layer for protecting an intermediate structural layer against etching with hydrofluoric acid, the intermediate structural layer being made of a material that can be etched or damaged by hydrofluoric acid, the method comprising the steps of: forming a first layer of aluminium oxide, by atomic layer deposition, on the intermediate structural layer; performing a thermal crystallization process on the first layer of aluminium oxide, forming a first intermediate protective layer; forming a second layer of aluminium oxide, by atomic layer deposition, above the first intermediate protective layer; and performing a thermal crystallization process on the second layer of aluminium oxide, forming a second intermediate protective layer and thereby completing the formation of the protective layer. The method for forming the protective layer can be used, for example, during the manufacturing steps of an inertial sensor such as a gyroscope or an accelerometer.

Abstract: A method for making a metal-hydride slurry includes adding metal to a liquid carrier to create a metal slurry and hydriding the metal in the metal slurry to create a metal-hydride slurry. In some embodiments, a metal hydride is added to the liquid carrier of the metal slurry prior to hydriding the metal. The metal can be magnesium and the metal hydride can be magnesium hydride.

Abstract: A steam-hydrocarbon reforming process utilizing a prereformer where a portion of the effluent from the prereformer is conditioned and the C2+ hydrocarbon content in the conditioned effluent measured. The molar flow rate of steam to the prereformer is increased or decreased responsive to measuring the C2+ hydrocarbon content of the conditioned effluent.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a process for removing metal contaminants from a contaminated fluid stream comprising the step of contacting said fluid stream with macroporous alpha alumina to obtain a fluid stream containing less than 50 ppm of metal. The fluid stream can be selected from the group consisting of a stream of mineral acid(s) and a stream of alkylene(s); and the metal contaminant can be at least one of elemental metals and metal oxides. The process further comprises a step of obtaining spent macroporous alpha alumina and regenerating active macroporous alpha alumina therefrom by washing said spent macroporous alpha alumina with at least one purified stream selected from the group consisting of a stream of mineral acid(s) and a stream of alkylene(s).

Abstract: The method and process of treatment of selenium containing materials, including, but not limited to, different adsorbents, membranes, filters, bioreactor sludge obtained from water treatment, waste electronic devices, material obtained from mineral processing, different industrial wastes, metallurgical wastes, which allow reduction of total selenium content in the material and selenium recovery have been developed.

Abstract: A method for making a cathode material of a lithium ion battery is disclosed. A manganese source liquid solution, a lithium source liquid solution, a phosphate source liquid solution, and a metal M source liquid solution are provided. The manganese source and the metal M source are salts of strong acids. The Mn source liquid solution, the metal M source liquid solution, the Li source liquid solution, and the phosphate source liquid solution are mixed to form a mixing solution having a total concentration among the manganese source, metal M source, lithium source, and phosphate source less than or equal to 3 mol/L. The mixing solution is solvothermal synthesized to form a product represented by LiMn(1-x)MxPO4, wherein 0<x?0.1.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of preparing a carbide-derived carbon having high ion mobility for use in a lithium battery anode material, a lithium air battery electrode, a supercapacitor electrode, and a flow capacitor electrode, including thermally treating a carbide compound in a vacuum, thus obtaining a vacuum-treated carbide compound; and thermochemically reacting the vacuum-treated carbide compound with a halogen element-containing gas, thus extracting the element other than carbon from the vacuum-treated carbide compound, wherein annealing can be further performed after thermochemical reaction. This carbide-derived carbon has a small pore distribution, dense graphite fringe, and a large lattice spacing and thus high ion mobility, compared to conventional carbide-derived carbon obtained only by thermochemical reaction with a halogen element-containing gas.

Abstract: A composition includes a carbon nanotube (CNT)-infused metal fiber material which includes a metal fiber material of spoolable dimensions, a barrier coating conformally disposed about the metal fiber material, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) infused to the metal fiber material. A continuous CNT infusion process includes: (a) disposing a barrier coating and a carbon nanotube (CNT)-forming catalyst on a surface of a metal fiber material of spoolable dimensions; and (b) synthesizing carbon nanotubes on the metal fiber material, thereby forming a carbon nanotube-infused metal fiber material.

Abstract: Novel non-planar non-contiguous graphene structures and novel methods for forming the same. According to some embodiments the novel methods result in three-dimensional graphene structures. According to a further embodiment these three-dimensional graphene structures have a specific, controlled morphology. According to a still further method the novel method results in decoratable graphene sheets or three-dimensional graphene structures.

Abstract: Methods and processes are disclosed that utilize carbonates produced as a result of the conversion of carbon dioxide that are heated under conditions inhibiting complete combustion to produce vapors promoting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation in the formation of graphene, graphene derivatives and other useful nanoparticles as desired. In some embodiments, the waste gasses and streams from processes of extracting or processing carbonaceous materials are collected and refluxed with at least one solvent to promote polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation under conditions that inhibit complete combustion of the carbonaceous material can be used in the production of graphene, graphene derivatives and other useful nanoparticles. In some embodiments, waste gasses from processes of extracting or processing carbonaceous materials are collected and used in the production of graphene, graphene derivatives and other useful nanoparticles.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing graphene includes preparing a support member, disposing a carbon layer on the support member, disposing a catalyst layer on the carbon layer, forming graphene on the catalyst layer, attaching a carrier to the graphene and forming a graphene-forming structure, separating the support member from the graphene-forming structure, and removing the catalyst layer.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a simple and easily scalable process for preparation of two potentially value added carbonaceous materials from graphene. The invention further discloses simultaneous preparation of graphene quantum dots (GQDs,) and porous graphene (pGr) from graphene. The invention further relates to nitrogen doped porous graphene having excellent activity towards electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).

Abstract: A silica sol which has excellent moisture absorption resistance and stability as well as high purity and which does not cause coloring of a solvent or a resin to which the silica sol has been applied. The silica sol contains high-purity silica particles, water and/or a liquid organic medium serving as a dispersion medium, and an organic base compound, the silica particles being dispersed in the dispersion medium, wherein the silica particles satisfy the following requirements (a) to (c): (a) the silica particles have a specific surface area, as determined through a nitrogen absorption method, of 20 to 500 m2/g; (b) the silica particles have a moisture absorption amount per specific surface area thereof of 0.5 mg/m2 or less; and (c) the organic base compound is not substantially contained in the inside thereof.

Abstract: A method for preparing particles of alkali metal bicarbonate by crystallization from a solution of alkali metal carbonate and/or bicarbonate in the presence of an additive in the solution, selected from the sulfates, sulfonates, the polysulfonates, the mines, the hydroxysultaines, the polycarboxylates, the polysaccharides, the polyethers and the etherphenols, alkali metal hexametaphosphate, the phosphates such as the organophosphates or the phosphonates, the sulfosuccinates, the amido-sulfonates, the aminosulfonates, preferably selected from: the phosphates, the organophosphates or the phosphonates, and such that the additive is present in the solution at a concentration of at least 1 ppm and preferably of at most 200 ppm.

Abstract: The subject of the invention is a process for the extraction, from bauxite, from red mud resulting from the processing of bauxite, and from chemically similar materials, of products of industrial interest, like sodium, iron, gallium, aluminum, titanium and silicon, separated from each other in chloride form. The process involves the melting of the to be treated material and the blowing in the melted bath of chlorine or chlorine in situ generating compounds, and the controlled cooling of the gaseous flow exiting from the melted bath for the selective condensation of chlorides of the elements of interest. The FIGURE shows a block diagram of a particular embodiment wherein the melting is carried out in a transferred arc plasma reactor.

Abstract: Provided is a water treatment system with which it is possible for injection water suitable for drilling to be prepared from seawater and produced water, without decreasing drilling efficiency, and with consideration to environmental protection. To achieve this, the system is equipped with: a fresh water flow passage for conducting fresh water from a desalination apparatus which desalinates seawater to obtain fresh water; a treated water flow passage for conducting treated water from a water/oil separation apparatus which removes the oil component contained in the produced water from an oilfield, to obtain treated water; and an injection water preparation flow passage in which the flows of treated water conducted through the treated water flow passage and the fresh water conducted through the fresh water flow passage converge, and injection water for injection into the oilfield is prepared.

Abstract: A modular distillation apparatus including at least one heat exchanger that preheats contaminated liquids; a heater that heats the contaminated liquid from the heat exchanger; an evaporator condenser adapted o boil the contaminated liquid coming out of the heater to produce water vapor and contaminant concentrate, and condenser the water vapor into distilled water; a vacuum chamber capable of operating at below atmospheric pressure, the vacuum chamber housing the evaporator condenser and including at least one partition to separate the distilled water from the contaminate concentrate; a vapor compressor operably associated with the vacuum chamber to receive water vapor from the evaporator condenser in the vacuum chamber and pump the water vapor at pressure back through the evaporator condenser, wherein the heat exchanger recovers sensible heat from outgoing condensed distilled water and contaminant concentrate recycled from the vacuum chamber.

Abstract: Selective scaling in water treatment systems in which desalination is performed is generally described. According to certain embodiments, the location of the formation of solid scale within a water treatment system is controlled by adjusting one or more system parameters, such as the temperature and/or flow velocity of a saline stream within the water treatment system.

Abstract: An ammonia stripper has an aerator and heat exchanger tubing in a tank. The aerator and coil are preferably attached to a frame to form a removable cassette. The cassette may also include a lid for the tank. The tank is preferably rectangular and optionally can be made with the dimensions of a standard shipping container. In a process, water flows through the tank while air bubbles are produced through the aerator. A heating medium such as water flows through the heat exchanger tubing. A gas containing ammonia is withdrawn from a headspace of the tank.

Abstract: The is described a process for determining a validated Reduction Equivalent Dose for reducing the concentration of a target contaminant contained in a fluid in a radiation fluid treatment system. In one embodiment, the process comprises the steps of: (a) determining a short wavelength Reduction Equivalent Dose for the target contaminant or a challenge contaminant in a first region of the electromagnetic spectrum having a wavelength of less than or equal to about 240 nm; (b) determining a long wavelength Reduction Equivalent Dose for the target contaminant or a challenge contaminant in a second region of the electromagnetic spectrum having a wavelength of greater than about 240 nm; and (c) summing the short wavelength Reduction Equivalent Dose and the long wavelength Reduction Equivalent Dose to produce the validated Reduction Equivalent Dose for the target contaminant.