Abstract: A vacuum pump is provided, which suppresses occurrence of a gas product in an exhaust side outlet of a thread groove and maintains pump performance over a long period. The vacuum pump includes inflow suppressing walls formed by widening greater an exhaust side end portion of ridge portions, extended along a gas exhaust direction on an outer circumferential surface of an inner circumference side stator, forward in a rotor rotating direction than an intake side end portion, the inflow suppressing walls suppressing retention of gas in exhaust side outlets of thread grooves engraved among the ridge portions.

Abstract: A gas turbine engine including a compressor, a turbine, and a variable-ratio unit is disclosed. The turbine is coupled to the compressor to drive rotation of multiple stages of the compressor. The variable-ratio unit is configured to transmit rotational power from the turbine to at least one stage of the compressor to drive rotation of the at least one stage of the compressor.

Abstract: A rotor structure for a centrifugal flow machine includes working vanes attached to the hub of the rotor without any support disc or shroud. Additionally, the vane has a device for efficiently flushing the sealing chamber behind the rotor.

Abstract: A pump having an impeller with front and back sides, for rotating on a shaft with the front side nearest an inlet and the back side nearest a motor housing, to provide a main flow of the liquid from the inlet to the outlet and a rear impeller flow of the liquid in an area between the impeller's back side and the motor housing. The back side having a logarithmic spiral-shaped vane to constantly sweep, and expel debris from, the area. The logarithmic spiral-shaped vane defined by an equation: r=e?/tan(?), where r and theta (?) are the radius and azimuthal angle defined using a polar coordinate system having an origin at a center point of the impeller; and beta (?) is an angle perpendicular to which a force acting on the debris will be oriented relative to a line tangent to a circle centered at the center of the impeller and extending out to the point of contact between the vane and the debris.

Abstract: An impeller, fan assembly, and associated methods are shown. Selected configurations are shown that include a circumferential feature formed within a plate of an impeller and spaced apart from edges of the plate.

Abstract: A pump casing having a casing body is configured with a discharge formed in the casing body where a midline of the discharge is offset from a tangent line of the casing body and offset from a centerline of the casing body, such that the midline of the discharge is located along a point between the defined centerline and defined tangent line of the casing body.

Abstract: An annular diffuser is formed on an outlet side of a wheel in a housing. A spiral scroll is formed on an outlet side of the diffuser in the housing. An annular concave part is formed to be depressed to an inside in a radial direction in a boundary between a shroud-side wall surface of the diffuser and a wall surface of the scroll.

Abstract: A fan frame module comprises a frame and a wire-stopping structure. In the frame, an outer wall is divided into a first side section, a first mid section, a central section, a second mid section and a second side section in a first direction. The extension direction of the major axis of the central section is parallel to the central axis of the frame, and the first direction is perpendicular to the extension direction of the major axis of the central section. A wire groove is formed on the first mid section to accommodate a wire. A fastening portion is disposed on one side of the wire groove. A positioning portion is disposed on the other one side of the wire groove. The wire-stopping structure is held by the fastening portion and the positioning portion, and fixed to the outer wall.

Abstract: Provided is a fan shroud assembly and, more specifically, a fan shroud assembly including a swirling airflow-preventing saw-teeth which is arranged along a predetermined inner circumferential surface of a ventilating part while maintaining a predetermined gap from an end portion of a blade of a fan or an end portion of a fan band of the fan and are formed in a saw-toothed shape, in which both a first area in which the swirling airflow-preventing saw-teeth are formed and a second area from which the swirling airflow-preventing saw-teeth are removed are formed, thereby generating a swirling airflow of ventilated air due to a reduction in pressure fluctuation and thus effectively reducing noise.

Abstract: A centrifugal blower includes a stator housing. The stator housing includes a radial contact surface which makes contact with a casing in a radial direction, a circumferential contact surface which makes contact with the casing in a circumferential direction, and an axial contact surface which makes contact with the casing in an axial direction. With such configuration, it is possible to reduce the vibration of the blower by increasing a contact area between the casing and the stator housing. Further, the stator housing includes a heat dissipating surface. As a result, it is possible to efficiently dissipate the heat, which is generated from the stator, from the heat dissipating surface of the stator housing to the gas existing within the wind tunnel.

Abstract: An isothermal turbo-compressor-condenser-expander (ITCCE) arrangement includes heat-transferring fan blades that are mounted on, or surround, individual conduits to promote air exchange and heat transfer. In operation, the open framework rotates in free air to promote heat exchange. An ITCCE bladed assembly includes a driven central hub assembly with a first fluid coupling. A first inner plenum is in fluid communication with the fluid coupling. A plurality of compressor multiport conduits extend radially, and pass fluid from, the first inner plenum to an outer plenum that acts ad an equalizing line. A return path is provided to the fluid coupling from the outer plenum. The conduits can be formed as metal extrusions, including internal ribs that separate a plurality of ports formed therebetween along an entire length of the conduits. The conduits can define an airfoil shape and/or are axially twisted, generating axial airflow. The return path can include return multiport conduits.

Abstract: An electrical submersible pump assembly has modules including a pump, a motor, and a seal section. A threaded connection between at least two of the modules has a first adapter and a second adapter. A collar rotatably carried and axially movable on one of the adapters is in threaded engagement with threads of the other adapter when the threaded connection is made up. First adapter lugs are spaced circumferentially apart from each other around the first adapter. Second adapter slots are spaced circumferentially apart from each other around the second adapter. The lugs slide into the slots while the adapters are brought together. Each of the lugs and each of the slots have side edges that are parallel with the axis. The side edges of the lugs abut the side edges of the slots to prevent rotation of the first and second adapters relative to each other.

Abstract: There is provided an impeller for a centrifugal fan which rotates around an axis extending from one side to the other side. The impeller includes a main plate, a plurality of blades each having one side portion located at the one side and the other side portion located at the other side, the one side portion being connected to a first surface of the main plate, and a connecting ring which connects the other side portions of the blades. A first circumferential groove to which a first balance weight is attachable is formed in an outer circumferential portion of a second surface of the main plate facing toward the one side. A second circumferential groove to which a second balance weight is attachable is formed in the connecting ring. An annular raised portion is formed on the first surface at a portion corresponding to the first circumferential groove.

Abstract: A three stream aspirator includes an upstream passage for receiving and discharging a motivator stream, a low pressure passage for receiving and discharging a low pressure stream, and a Venturi for receiving and discharging the motivator stream and for drawing the low pressure stream through the low pressure passage. The aspirator body also includes a mixing passage for receiving and mixing the motivator stream and the low pressure stream, and a first aspirator outlet, located at the end of the mixing passage, configured to discharge the mixed stream from the aspirator. The aspirator body further includes an isolated passage for receiving a high pressure stream, wherein the high pressure stream is isolated from any other stream while within the aspirator; and a second aspirator outlet, adjacent to the first aspirator outlet, from which the high pressure stream is discharged.

Abstract: A jet pump of a downhole tool in a wellbore, wherein the jet pump has a nozzle in fluid communication with a throat and wherein the throat is further in fluid communication with a diffuser, the jet pump further having a central channel located towards an uphole end of the downhole tool, wherein the central channel is configured to house a volume of power fluid; a first annular channel defined in the downhole tool, wherein the first annular channel is arranged around the nozzle and in fluid communication with the central channel; a volume of production fluid located towards a downhole end of the downhole tool; a second annular channel defined in the downhole tool configured to house the volume of production fluid; and a reverse channel in fluid connection with the second annular channel, wherein the reverse channel is in fluid communication with the nozzle.

Abstract: A pressure supply device in accordance to one or more aspects includes an elongated body having an internal bore extending from a power end to a discharge end having a discharge port, two or more gas generators connected to the power end and a hydraulic fluid disposed in the bore between a piston and the discharge end. The ignition of one of the gas generators drives the piston to exhaust a partial volume of the hydraulic fluid that is less than the total operational volume of the hydraulic fluid under pressure to operate at a connected device.

Abstract: A hydraulic system is disclosed for use with a machine. The hydraulic system may have a pump configured to pressurize fluid, a first actuator configured to receive pressurized fluid from the pump, and an accumulator configured to receive fluid from the first actuator. The hydraulic system may also have a second actuator configured to receive pressurized fluid from the pump and the accumulator, and a pilot circuit configured to receive pressurized fluid from the pump and the accumulator. The hydraulic system may further have at least one valve movable to provide priority of fluid flow from the accumulator to the pilot circuit over the second actuator when a pressure of the accumulator is less than a low-pressure threshold.

Abstract: A hydraulic system includes a first pump to provided pressurized fluid to a first hydraulic circuit and a second pump to provide pressurized fluid to a second hydraulic circuit. When the hydraulic system is in an energy conservation mode, the output power of the first pump is reduced to less than the hydraulic power demand of the first hydraulic circuit.

Abstract: A pump discharge amount is divided in accordance with switch amounts of respective switch valves (V1, V2) by leading load pressures of actuators (A1, A2) to which compensator valves (C1, C2) are connected to respective first pressure chambers (9, 10) of the compensator valves (C1, C2), leading a maximum load pressure selected by a selection unit (4) to respective second pressure chambers (11, 12) of the compensator valves (C1, C2), and controlling respective openings of the compensator valves (C1, C2) in accordance with respective pressure actions between the respective pressure chambers (9, 10, 11, 12). A drain passage (13) is provided to connect the first pressure chamber (10) of the compensator valve (C2) to a tank (T), and a flow dividing ratio modification valve (CV) is provided to control a pressure in the first pressure chamber (10).

Abstract: One example of an actuation system includes a pneumatic muscle connected to a component to be actuated. The system also includes an actuation member connected in series to the pneumatic muscle and valve connected to the pneumatic muscle to control a pressure in the pneumatic muscle. The system also includes a positioning mechanism connected to the component to control a movement of the component and a controller connected to the pneumatic muscle, the valve, and the positioning mechanism, the controller to control actuation of the component by controlling the pressure in the pneumatic muscle.

Abstract: A fluid pressure cylinder includes: a piston rod; a cushioning chamber that decreases in capacity in accordance with extension of the fluid pressure cylinder; a communication passage that allows the cushioning chamber and an in-rod chamber to communicate with each other; a throttle passage that exerts a cushioning function by applying resistance to a flow of a working fluid from the cushioning chamber to the in-rod chamber; a check valve that is provided in a piston, allows the in-rod chamber and a driving chamber to communicate with each other, and has a checking function for permitting only a flow of the working fluid from the in-rod chamber to the driving chamber; and a pilot passage that is formed in the piston and disables the checking function by guiding a pressure in the cushioning chamber to the check valve as a pilot pressure.

Abstract: The jack-type lifting system includes a valve for modifying a maximum force value of a lifting jack activated by a protrusion for determining a determined portion such as the beginning of the extension stroke of the lifting jack. Thanks to the modification of the maximum force value, a pressure source thus applies the full force of the lifting jack after a start-up stroke so as to protect a lock of a reverser cowl which has been forgotten during maintenance.

Abstract: A hydraulic power system for a mobile machine is provided. The system includes a load configured to be driven by pressurized hydraulic fluid and a hydraulic pump operatively connected for supply pressurized hydraulic fluid to the load. An engine is operatively connected and configured to drive the hydraulic pump. An aeration sensing system includes a sonic sensor system having a plurality of bands arranged on an outer surface of a line carrying pressurized hydraulic fluid and a pressure sensor for sensing a pressure of the hydraulic fluid in the line. A controller is in communication with the sonic sensor system and the pressure sensor and configured to calculate a level of aeration in the hydraulic fluid in the line during mobile machine operation using speed of sound data from the sonic sensor system and pressure data from the pressure sensor.

Abstract: A fitting for connecting first and second pieces of strut to one another includes a coupling component. The coupling component has first and second coupling portions configured for reception in respective fitting grooves of the first and second pieces of strut when the coupling component is in a first orientation. Each of the coupling portions are rotatable within the respective fitting grooves from the first orientation to a second orientation to connect the first and second pieces of strut to one another. An anti-rotation plate is connected to the coupling component. The anti-rotation plate has an unlocked position relative to the coupling component to allow the first and second coupling portions to be received in the respective fitting grooves, and a locked position relative to the coupling component to inhibit rotation of each of the first and second coupling portions from the second orientation to the first orientation.

Abstract: A clip connection includes a first component and a male fixing element which protrudes therefrom and has at least two balls or spherical portions that are arranged coaxially with one another and are connected together. A clip element is clipped onto the male fixing element. The clip element has two form-fitting elements which bear from the outside against the fixing element and engage between the balls or spherical portions. The form-fitting elements each extend in a longitudinal direction such that in a clipped-on state, the clip element is displaceable in translation in the longitudinal direction relative to the male fixing element and to the first component.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a new connection system that facilitates the reversible, quick and secure joining of planks or other constructive materials with a flat surface. The connection system is based on the fact that one of the pieces to be joined has a set of hooks or male connectors arranged in a linear series, the separation of which coincides with that displayed by a set of die cuts or female connectors arranged in a series on the second piece to be joined. The die cuts or female connectors are characterised in that they are bottle shaped. The hooks or male connectors may only be inserted in the punches or female connectors by means of sliding. The connection system may have one or more linear series of hooks or die cuts. The connection system makes it possible to join structural elements, such as planks, boards or panels, be it to one another or by means of a free connector, which adjusts and assembles them.

Abstract: The present invention provides a removable blind fastener (2) having a first tubular element (4) comprising an arm portion (22), a second tubular element (6) comprising an arm portion (28), and an elongate screw member (8). The elements (4 and 6) are arranged in telescoping relationship one with the other and which fastener (2), when in use as a temporary fastener, is caused to secure the component parts (10 and 12) of an airframe by causing telescoping movement of the elements (4 and 6) towards each other when the screw member (8) is turned in one direction and is caused to release the component parts (10 and 12) of the airframe by causing telescoping movement of the elements (4 and 6) away from each other when the screw member (8) is turned in an opposite direction.

Abstract: A re-usable push-in fastener includes a fastener grommet including a plurality of deflectable legs and a fastener pin which is inserted into the fastener grommet. The grommet and pin have a pre-installation relative position in which the pin is held in the grommet, with the legs of the grommet in relaxed positions. A full installation relative position for the grommet and pin includes the pin urging the legs outwardly against the surface of a hole in an object in which the grommet is installed.

Abstract: To provide a lower member fixing device that eliminates the need for a fixation tool and reduces the time and effort for fixation, and a fluid control device provided with the lower member fixing device. A through hole of a lower member is formed by a large-diameter section opened in an upper surface and a small-diameter section continued from the lower part of the large-diameter section and opened in a lower surface. A fixation member includes a shaft section inserted into the small-diameter section of the through hole, a head inserted into the large-diameter section of the through hole, and a magnet section provided at a lower end of the shaft section. The support member is made of a magnetic substance and a recess into which the magnet section of the fixation member is fitted is formed in the upper surface of the support member.

Abstract: A shaft coupling device is provided that includes a first portion, a second portion, a pair of buttons, a biasing member, and at least one button stop. The first portion has a female couple section and a first device mounting section. The second portion has a male couple section and a second device mounting section. The male couple section is configured so as to be receivable within the cavity of the female couple section. The biasing member, the button stop, and at least a portion of the first and second buttons are disposed within the second cavity of the male couple section, with the biasing member disposed between the buttons, biasing the buttons radially outwardly. The button stop limits the radially inward travel of the buttons.

Abstract: A device for connecting two rakes to gather and/or pick up loose materials is disclosed. The device has a first handle attachment and a second handle attachment. The first handle attachment has a first projection and a first recess. The second handle attachment has a second projection and a second recess. The first projection is removably receivable in the second recess and the second projection is removably receivable in the first recess to join the first handle attachment to the second handle attachment. When the first projection is received in the second recess and the second projection received the first recess the first and second handle attachments are positionable in an open position where the first bottom end of the first attachment is spaced apart from the second bottom end of the second attachment and a closed position where the first bottom end is adjacent the second bottom end.

Abstract: In one aspect, a fitting for connecting first and second pieces of strut to one another, wherein each piece of strut includes an elongate strut body having opposite longitudinal ends, a length extending between the opposite longitudinal ends, and a fitting side defining an external fitting groove extending lengthwise of the body, includes a first clip arm configured to extend into the external fitting groove of the first piece of strut. A second clip arm is configured to extend into the external fitting groove of the second piece of strut. A central portion is connected to and extends between the first and second clip arms. The central portion includes a first dimple configured to receive a tool and a second dimple configured to receive a tool.

Abstract: A beam clamp for securing strut to a beam includes a clamp body having a first strut engagement portion configured for engaging a first attachment structure of a strut, and a second strut engagement portion separate from the first strut engagement portion and configured for engaging a second attachment structure of a strut.

Abstract: A telescopic rod includes a large-diameter rod segment, a small-diameter rod segment, and a clamping unit. The large-diameter rod segment is telescopically joinable to the small-diameter rod segment, and includes a uniform-dimension main region, a marginal region, and a dimension reducible region which has left and right grip areas defined by an elongated gap and proximate and distal transverse slots communicated with the elongated gap. The clamping unit is displaceable between an untightened state and a tightened state, where the dimension reducible region is squeezed by the clamping unit such that the left and right grip areas tightly and evenly grip the small-diameter rod segment.

Abstract: A trailing end of a leading metal strip is joined to a leading end of a trailing metal strip by first overlapping the leading end of the trailing strip with the trailing end of the leading strip and then clinching the ends together at the overlap by pressing at least one punch of a joining tool into one of the strips at the overlap sufficiently to complementarily deform both of the strips. The thickness of the leading and trailing ends is measured and a depth of engagement of the punch into the strips is controlled in accordance with the measured thickness.

Abstract: An occurrence of thermal distortion when heterogenous materials are joined together is suppressed. Provided is a joining structure that includes a first member, a second member, a rivet and a resin-filled portion. The first member is formed of a first material. The second member is formed of a second material that is different from the first material. The rivet penetrates through at least the first member and joins the first member and second member together. The resin-filled portion is provided around the rivet at a side of the first member at which the second member is disposed. The resin-filled portion is formed by at least one of the first member and the second member and forms a gap between the first member and the second member. A resin member is disposed inside the resin-filled portion.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a screw assembly with a threaded spindle and a spindle nut. The spindle nut comprises at least one threaded portion made of sintered material with an internal thread. The internal thread engages in an external thread of the threaded spindle. It is according to the invention provided that the internal thread and the external thread are configured as steep threads.

Abstract: The bolt of the present invention can reliably peel coating even when fastened with a low torque, and can secure sufficient conductivity. A coating peeling part 4 for peeling coating is formed at a tip end of an axis part 2 in which a regular screw part 1 is formed. The coating peeling part 4 includes crushing parts 5 having a trapezoidal top part and having a flank which is projected at a different angle with respect to the flank of the regular screw part 1; and a protruding part 6 which is arranged adjacent to the crushing parts 5 and whose top part projects beyond the outer diameter of the regular screw part 1.

Abstract: A fastener comprises a shank defining a shank root, a head, a drilling portion and main threads. Each of the main threads is inclined with respect to a shank axis by 60-82 degrees. At least one main lobe projects from the shank. The main lobe is extended outwards from the shank root and attached to at least one cutting face of each main thread. Accordingly, the inclining arrangement allows the main threads to have a large rotating angle at the time of drilling and increase the drilling speed. By the main lobe in connection with the main thread, the fastener attains the preferable torque and flexibility, enhances the torsion resistance and the tensile strength against the drilling stress to prevent the fastener from snapping and reduces the resonant vibratory effect caused by vibrations after the drilling action, thereby promoting a firm fastening effect.

Abstract: The present invention proposes a cap for forming a sealed cavity around one end of a fastener to thereby contain out-gassing and sparking events in the event of a lightning strike to the fastener. The invention also proposes a joint comprising such a cap, and a kit of parts and method for installing such a cap. A cap according to the invention comprises: an inner cap member having an annular base terminating at an edge which surrounds an opening into an air cavity for enclosing the one end of a fastener; and an outer cap member having an annular skirt or flange which extends radially outwardly away from the annular base, the annular skirt or flange and annular base between them defining an annular sealing cavity.

Abstract: A metal fastener is provided having a first threaded screw portion for engaging a complementary threaded portion of a bore of a metal member at a first temperature, and a sealing portion disposed proximal a distal end of the first screw portion, the sealing portion having a greater coefficient of thermal expansion than the metal member, wherein the sealing portion is configured to thermally expand and provide a seal between the sealing portion and an inner circumference of the bore at a second temperature higher than the first temperature, such that the first screw portion of the fastener is immobile relative to the bore at the second temperature.

Abstract: A retention clip is provided. The retention clip comprises a spring section, a first elbow section extending from the spring section, a handle section extending from the first elbow section, and a second elbow section opposite the first elbow section. The second elbow section may extend between the handle section and the spring section. A retention assembly is also provided. The retention assembly may comprise a mounting fitting and a housing disposed in the mounting fitting. The housing may define a perimeter of an opening. A retention clip may be disposed around the housing with an elbow section extending into the perimeter to obstruct the opening.

Abstract: In one aspect, a rolling element shaft assembly is provided. The rolling element shaft assembly includes a solid shaft having a first end and a second end, a tubular shaft configured to receive the shaft first end, and a bearing sleeve coupled to the solid shaft. The bearing sleeve includes a first portion defining a first edge, a second edge, and at least one first bearing aperture, and a second portion defining a third edge, a fourth edge, and at least one second bearing aperture. The first portion is configured to couple to the second portion about the solid shaft. The bearing sleeve further includes at least one first bearing disposed within the at least one first bearing aperture and at least one second bearing disposed within the at least one second bearing aperture.

Abstract: A crankshaft for a reciprocating piston engine is disclosed. The crankshaft has at least two shaft journals adjoined by respective crank webs which are connected to one another by an associated crank pin. Respective material accumulations, which in each case have a surface oriented at least substantially orthogonally with respect to the axis of rotation, are provided on the crank webs in the region of the axis of rotation.

Abstract: A ball joint connection with a ball socket in which a ball segment-shaped opening is formed, and a joint ball is rotatably supported and snap-fitted in the ball socket. The joint ball shall be inserted in a ball socked with little effort, but can be removed only with a major effort or not at all in a nondestructive manner. To this end, below the opening, at least one rigid tab is fastened in the ball socket which, in a rest position, extends so far in the direction of the opening that it has a predetermined distance to the mounted joint ball. The tab is spring-elastically movable from the rest position during the assembly of the joint ball.

Abstract: A roller structure and a manufacturing method thereof are introduced. The roller structure includes a roller rotatable about an axial portion; a bush with an end disposed to an end of the axial portion and has a first stop portion positioned proximate to one side of the roller and another end having an engaging portion coupled to a load; and a second stop portion disposed to the other end of the axial portion and positioned proximate to the other side of the roller such that the roller rotates between the first stop portion and the second stop portion. Hence, the roller structure and the manufacturing method thereof provide a modularized roller structure for carrying a load, effectuate modularized assembly and production, enhance assembly efficiency, attain structural streamlining, and cut costs.

Abstract: An angular contact self-aligning toroidal roller bearing comprising an inner ring, an outer ring, and a set of rolling elements formed of rollers arranged in an intermediate configuration between the inner and outer rings. Each roller is arranged to self orient in its axial direction in relation to the inner and outer rings in a loaded zone during operation. Furthermore, a method for determining dimensional parameters of structural members of an angular contact self-aligning toroidal rolling element bearing and a method for manufacturing an angular contact self-aligning toroidal rolling element bearing are described herein.

Abstract: A system, includes a hydraulic transfer system configured to exchange pressures between a first fluid and a second fluid, wherein the first fluid has a pressure higher than the second fluid, comprising: a sleeve; a cylindrical rotor disposed within the sleeve in a concentric arrangement and has a first end face and a second end face disposed opposite each other; a first end cover having a first surface that interfaces with the first end face of the cylindrical rotor; a second end cover having a second surface that interfaces with the second end face of the cylindrical rotor; and a hydrostatic bearing system configured to utilize a bearing fluid at a pressure higher than the second fluid to resist axial displacement, radial displacement, or both axial and radial displacement of the cylindrical rotor.

Abstract: A bearing monitoring system is provided including one or more bearings within a flow passage and a working fluid passing over at least one surface of the bearings. A first thermocouple is located in the flow passage upstream relative to the one or more bearings and configured to measure a first temperature of the working fluid and a second thermocouple is located in the flow passage downstream relative to the one or more bearings and configured to measure a second temperature of the working fluid. The system further includes a control device in communication with the first thermocouple and the second thermocouple, and configured to compute a temperature gradient across the one or more bearings from the first temperature and the second temperature, compare the temperature gradient against a known value, and if the temperature gradient exceeds the known value, the control device is configured to provide an alert.

Abstract: A sintered bearing includes a sintered metal formed by using a metal powder mixture containing copper powder and iron powder. The metal powder mixture contains 80 wt % or more of particles having an average particle diameter of less than 45 ?m. The copper powder contains electrolytic copper powder. The electrolytic copper powder contains 40 number % or more of particles having a circularity of 0.64 or more.