Abstract: The invention is a laminating process which is directed toward economical production methods for scalable amounts of production which develop properties suitable for a broad based product line. In particular, the product is capable of important key components of commercial properties such as adhesion, scratch resistance, chemical inertness, and bending without failure.

Abstract: A panel for use over a vehicle airbag includes a skin layer with a tear seam formed therein. The skin layer is made from a material that includes a polymer matrix and one or more transmissivity-reducers in the form of microflake fillers or fillers having a monomodal particle size distribution. The transmissivity-reducers are included in an amount that reduces the transmissivity of light through the material to reduce variation in laser scoring processes and also in an amount that does not substantially alter the mechanical properties of the polymer matrix. Skin layers made from these materials can be used in laser scoring processes of TPO coverings that are thinner than previously known.

Abstract: A polarizing plate, a method of preparing the same and a liquid crystal display apparatus including the same are disclosed. The polarizing plate includes a polarizer and a polyester film formed on a surface of the polarizer, wherein the polyester film has a ratio of an elongation ratio in a machine direction to an elongation ratio in a transverse direction of about 1:0.8 to about 1:1.2, an in-plane retardation (Re) of about 500 nm or less at a wavelength of 550 nm, and an out-of-plane retardation (Rth) of about 10,000 nm or less at a wavelength of 550 nm.

Abstract: A method and an arrangement for manufacturing a multi-layer composite (13) by laminating a sheet-like element (6) onto a backing (2) in a laminating unit (1), having steps, in this order, of conveying the element (6) in a longitudinal direction, detecting a position of the element (6), correcting the position of the element (6) on the basis of the detected position and on the basis of a reference position (15), and bonding said element (6) onto the backing (2). The detection step comprises the phases of measuring the lateral position, an angle of pivoting, and a longitudinal position of the element (6), and the correction step includes phases of lateral movement (T), pivoting (P), and longitudinal movement (L) of the element (6), apparatus elements perform the steps.

Abstract: A method for initial separation of an adhered backing film from an uncured pre-impregnated composite lamina having an edge includes exposing and supporting the edge of the composite lamina, and applying an impact force to the exposed edge with an automated tool. The impact force is sufficient to cause delamination of the backing film from the composite lamina without damaging the lamina.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for producing a flexographic printing plate from a flexographic printing original plate provided with a photosensitive resin layer comprising a photosensitive resin composition containing at least (A) a hydrophobic polymer comprising a water-dispersible latex, (B) a photopolymerizable compound and (C) a photopolymerization initiator, wherein the method comprises a main exposure step, a development step and a post-exposure step, characterized in that a treatment solution containing a first amino-modified silicone having an amine equivalent of 1000 g/mol or less and a second amino-modified silicone having an amine equivalent of 3000 g/mol or more in a mass ratio of from 2.5:1 to 1:6 is contacted with the whole surface of the flexographic printing plate.

Abstract: A container is formed to include and interior region and a mouth opening into the interior region. The container includes a floor, a side wall coupled to the floor to define the interior region between the floor and the side wall, and artwork on the side wall.

Abstract: An apparatus for adjustably positioning a form roll having a form roll axis against at least two different sized plate cylinders in a variable cutoff printing unit is provided. The apparatus includes a plate cylinder support for interchangeably supporting the at least two different sized plate cylinders, the plate cylinder support including a plate cylinder axis at least two different sized plate cylinder cams. The at least two different sized plate cylinder cams are interchangeably removably connectable to the plate cylinder support and include a smaller plate cylinder cam and a larger plate cylinder cam that are removably connectable to the plate cylinder support as alternatives of each other. The apparatus also includes a form roll hanger for supporting the form roll that is configured for contacting the smaller plate cylinder cam if the smaller plate cylinder cam is coupled to the plate cylinder support to set a smaller distance between the plate cylinder axis and the form roll axis.

Abstract: A system for attaching mesh to a frame and applying tension to the mesh is described. The system includes a locking strip slot in a movable frame member that permits mesh and an attached locking strip to be inserted into the slot from the top. The locking strip may be asymmetric. The system further includes a rigid frame that can hold the movable frame member under tension. The system also includes gripping the movable frame member at the locking strip slot to apply tension to the mesh. A simple hand tool may be used for engaging the locking strip slot and leveraging against the rigid portion of the frame to apply the tension. A simple hand tool may be used for separating the movable frame member from the rigid frame to remove the mesh.

Abstract: In an aspect, a system and method for assembling a semiconductor device on a receiving surface of a destination substrate is disclosed. In another aspect, a system and method for assembling a semiconductor device on a destination substrate with topographic features is disclosed. In another aspect, a gravity-assisted separation system and method for printing semiconductor device is disclosed. In another aspect, various features of a transfer device for printing semiconductor devices are disclosed.

Abstract: A method for material deposition employs a printing press, such as those used in cold foil transfers, that permits a greater usage of the foil web than traditional methods. This is achieved by increasing the number of times the foil web is passed through the press, while simultaneously taking into account the area that has not been used and adjusting the impacted area of the foil web accordingly. The foil web is adjusted by using a series of adjustable rollers and angular bars to change the length of the circumferential path the foil takes through the press. By modifying the angle of these rollers and the distance between them, the path can be lengthened or shortened to correspond to the particular needs for a particular print job. This allows the press to use the foil in such a way that reduces foil waste and manufacturer and consumer costs.

Abstract: A system for measuring the viscosity of printing ink during a printing and ink correction process includes a printing press having an ink supply system, and an optical measuring device for measuring actual optical values of light that has interacted with at least parts of the printing picture. The printing press has an ink mass determination device to determine the weight of at least parts of the ink located in the ink supply system, and a control and evaluation device to receive measured values from the optical measuring device and from the ink mass determination device. The control and evaluation device determines an optical deviation, and, based on the optical deviation and the values from the weighing devices, an amount of corrective ink that is to be fed to the printing press in order to approximate the actual optical values to optical reference values.

Abstract: Hard imaging methods and devices are described. In at least some examples, a method includes ejecting a plurality of droplets of a liquid marking agent corresponding to the image to be formed, wherein the droplets of the liquid marking agent individually comprise a plurality of ink particles. The droplets are received upon a transfer member, and after the receiving, at least the ink particles are transferred from the transfer member to media to form a hard version of the image using the media.

Abstract: An apparatus that performs recording using a recording head provided with a plurality of ejection port arrays each including a plurality of ejection ports for ejecting a liquid and heaters each provided corresponding to each of the ejection ports, the ejection port arrays being disposed on a printing element board and arranged in a predetermined direction, the apparatus including a driving unit configured to drive the heaters corresponding to the ejection ports in the plurality of ejection port arrays to eject the liquid, the driving unit giving priority to the heater corresponding to other ejection port array except for a first ejection port array and a second ejection port array of both sides in the predetermined direction among the plurality of ejection port arrays disposed in the predetermined direction to drive for recording.

Abstract: A method and a device for imaging and/or varnishing the surfaces of objects or vehicles, etc. includes adapting a time lag between an application of fluid and further treatment thereof, such as drying ink or varnish, to a spreading behavior of the fluid during the application thereof. The fluid may be applied to the surface of the object in sections, firstly drying the fluid in individual sections before applying it to the next section.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid discharging apparatus which includes a modulation circuit which generates a modulation signal which is obtained by pulse-modulating a source signal, a transistor which generates an amplified modulation signal by amplifying the modulation signal, a low pass filter which includes an inductor and a capacitor and generates a drive signal by smoothening the amplified modulation signal, a piezoelectric element which is displaced by receiving the drive signal, a cavity of which the internal volume changes in accordance with the displacement of the piezoelectric element, a nozzle through which liquid in the cavity is discharged in accordance with change in the internal volume of the cavity, and a circuit substrate on which the modulation circuit, the transistor, and the low pass filter are mounted, in which the capacitor is a leadless type capacitor.

Abstract: A liquid discharge apparatus includes: a drive signal generator that generates a drive signal; a piezoelectric element that is displaced in response to a voltage of the drive signal; a cavity which is filled with a liquid and of which an inside volume is expanded and contracted due to the displacement of the piezoelectric element; and a nozzle that communicates with the cavity and is capable of discharging the liquid by the expansion and contraction of the inside volume of the cavity. In the drive signal generator, a set of a first MOSFET and a second MOSFET which are electrically connected in series between a wire of a high potential and a wire of a low potential is arranged in plurality in series. A part or all of the first MOSFETs and the second MOSFETs in the plurality of sets have different sizes from each other.

Abstract: A method of forming a fluid ejection device includes providing a substrate having a first side supporting an oxide layer and a conductive layer over the oxide layer; and patterning the conductive layer to define an area for an actuator of the fluid ejection device, including shaping the area with first and second ends each having a first width and at least one portion between the first and second ends having a second width less than the first width.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting head includes a nozzle opening that is formed on one face of a silicon substrate, and ejects liquid, a first concave portion that is provided on the other face of the silicon substrate, and configures a pressure generating chamber which communicates with the nozzle opening, and a second concave portion that is provided on one face of the silicon substrate, and configures a flow path which communicates with the first concave portion and supplies the liquid, in which the first concave portion and the second concave portion overlap each other in an in-plane direction when seen in a direction which is orthogonal to the face of the silicon substrate.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an inkjet head includes a nozzle plate including a first surface, a second surface opposite to the first surface, a through hole configured to make the first surface communicate with the second surface, and a cylindrical member integrally extending from the second surface by extending the through hole. An ink pressure chamber communicating with the cylindrical member and the through hole is provided on the second surface side of the nozzle plate. This inkjet head also includes an actuator which discharges ink in the ink pressure chamber from the through hole by displacing the nozzle plate.

Abstract: A recording head having a substrate and a channel forming member configured to form a flow channel, a supply port formed at the substrate so as to penetrate through the substrate, the flow channel communicates with the supply port, and a member formed of an organic material and configured to connect two surfaces forming the supply port and opposing each other with the supply port interposed therebetween.

Abstract: A recording apparatus includes a set portion on which a recording medium having a circumferential surface is able to be set; a recording portion having a plurality of nozzle rows that discharge ink; and a rotation mechanism that relatively rotates and moves the recording medium set on the set portion and the recording portion, in which the plurality of nozzle rows includes nozzle rows that discharge a relatively high visibility ink and nozzle rows that discharge a relatively low visibility ink, and are arranged in an intersection direction that intersects a rotation axis of the rotation movement, the nozzle rows that discharge the high visibility ink are arranged on the center side in the ink discharge surface in the intersection direction, and the nozzle rows that discharge the low visibility ink are arranged on the end side in the ink discharge surface in the intersection direction.

Abstract: Various configurations of print head die are described. In an example, a first print head die has first print structures disposed along a major dimension thereof perpendicular to the media path, the first print structures including a leading print structure with respect to the media path. A second print head die independent of the first print head die has second print structures disposed along a major dimension thereof perpendicular to the media path, the second print head die being staggered with respect to the first print head die along the media path, the second print structures including a leading print structure with respect to the media path. An extent between respective leading print structures of the first and second print head dies is between a minimum equal to a width of the first print head plus 100 ?m and a maximum value such that the distance along the media path between any of the first print structures and any of the second print structures does not exceed 10 mm.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a flexible circuit, including forming a first set of traces, forming a second set of traces, and cutting a gap between the first and second set of traces.

Abstract: A printing apparatus which performs printing by using an ink jet method includes an ink jet head including nozzles which eject ink droplets on a medium, a landing position reading unit which reads a landing position which is a position on which ink droplets are landed on the medium, and a landing state determination unit which determines whether or not a landing position is deviated from a normal position which is set in advance based on a landing position which is read by using the landing position reading unit.

Abstract: A printhead maintenance device includes a maintenance housing including a set of maintenance nozzles, an air controlling member, and a waste collector. The maintenance housing moves to selectively position the set of maintenance nozzles opposite a printhead including a nozzle surface having a plurality of nozzles to eject fluid. The set of maintenance nozzles provide fluid onto the nozzle surface of the printhead to remove residue therefrom. The air controlling member forms air flow paths to at least one of direct the fluid provided by the maintenance nozzles at an angle to the nozzle surface and direct the residue maintenance nozzles to the waste collector.

Abstract: A first flushing pulse is a drive waveform for ejecting ink by displacing a meniscus onto a pressure chamber side and an ejecting side while interposing a standby position from the standby position, a second flushing pulse is a drive waveform for ejecting the ink by pushing out the meniscus onto the ejecting side, without substantially displacing the meniscus onto the pressure chamber side from the standby position, and in a flushing processing, after a first flushing processing is performed by ejecting the ink one or more times in accordance with the first flushing pulse, a second flushing processing is performed by ejecting the ink a plurality of times in accordance with the second flushing pulse.

Abstract: The present invention suppresses the spread of a mist of a liquid ejected from a liquid ejection head. Air is blown out toward a printing medium from a blowing-out opening relatively moving together with a print head, as the liquid ejection head, with respect to the printing medium. Air on the printing medium is sucked into a suction opening relatively moving together with the print head with respect to the printing medium. An ink ejection opening of the print head, the blowing-out opening, and the suction opening are arranged in the order from an upstream side to a downstream side in a moving direction of the printing medium with respect to the print head.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting apparatus includes a liquid flow path connecting a liquid containing unit that contains a liquid to a liquid ejecting unit that ejects the liquid. The liquid flow path includes a supply flow path which connects the liquid containing unit to the liquid ejecting unit and a return flow path which connects the liquid ejecting unit to the liquid containing unit. When the liquid is not ejected by the liquid ejecting unit, the liquid contained in the liquid containing unit is circulated between the liquid containing unit and the liquid flow path by allowing the liquid to flow in order of the supply flow path, the liquid ejecting unit, and the return flow path. When the liquid is ejected, the liquid contained in the liquid containing unit is supplied to the common liquid chamber via both of the supply flow path and the return flow path.

Abstract: A liquid container for supplying a liquid to a liquid ejection apparatus comprises: a liquid chamber provided to store the liquid; an air chamber connected with the liquid chamber to introduce the outside air into the liquid chamber with consumption of the liquid in the liquid chamber; an open-air hole provided to introduce the outside air into the air chamber; and a liquid inlet provided to fill the liquid into the liquid chamber, wherein the liquid inlet is located at a lower position than the open-air hole, in a filling attitude of the liquid container in which the liquid is filled into the liquid chamber.

Abstract: A liquid supply apparatus includes: a plurality of liquid containers, each including a liquid container part that is capable of storing a liquid, and a liquid supply part that is in communication with the inside of the liquid container part and is capable of supplying the liquid in the liquid container part to a recording head of a liquid ejection recording apparatus; and a casing that detachably houses therein the plurality of liquid containers and that is supported by the liquid ejection recording apparatus. At least two of the plurality of liquid containers are arranged along a top-to-bottom direction within the casing.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting apparatus informs a user when an ink tank is substantially mechanically attached so as to prevent an attaching operation from being stopped by a user before completion of attachment of the ink tank. A board is provided with a light emitter, and a control unit for controlling the light emitter according to a conductive state between an electrode and a counterpart electrode. The liquid tank is moved by force P, a second engaging portion is locked to a second locking portion, and then, the liquid tank is attached to a holder at an attachment completion position. The non-conductive state between the electrodes is changed to a conductive state before the second engaging portion engages with the second locking portion, and then, the liquid tank is fixed at the attachment completion position during movement in a reverse direction after the liquid tank passes the attachment completion position.

Abstract: A printing fluid cartridge includes a front face oriented toward a first direction, a printing fluid supply portion positioned at front face, a rear face positioned opposite the front face and oriented toward a second direction opposite the first direction, at least one electrical interface positioned between the front face and the rear face, and an engagement surface facing in the second direction. The at least one electrical interface is offset from the printing supply portion with respect to a third direction perpendicular to the first direction and the second direction. The at least one electrical interface is positioned closer to front face than the engagement surface is, and the at least one electrical interface and the engagement surface intersect a plane which is parallel with the first direction, the second direction, and the third direction.

Abstract: A flow path member includes a first space which is opened by a first liquid flow path, and into which liquid flows from the first liquid flow path; a second space which is opened by a second liquid flow path on a bottom surface at the opposite side to the first space, and out of which liquid flows from the second liquid flow path; a filter which filters liquid passing therethrough, and which is included between the first space and the second space; and a support which protrudes from the bottom surface of the second space toward the filter side, in which the support is a point-form projection.

Abstract: An inkjet printing system is disclosed and comprises at least one fluid reservoir containing a fluid, a fluid line that fluidly couples the at least one fluid reservoir with an imaging device, and a fluid level sensing apparatus fluidly coupled with the at least one fluid reservoir. The fluid level sensing apparatus comprises: a bottom portion having a fluid volume VB; an intermediate portion vertically adjacent the bottom portion and having a fluid volume VI, the intermediate portion including a first fluid sensor spaced vertically from a second fluid sensor; and an upper portion vertically adjacent the intermediate portion and having a fluid volume VU, wherein VU>VI>VB. The inkjet printing system also comprises a pump fluidly coupled with the at least one fluid level sensing apparatus and configured to exert fluid pressure along the at least one fluid level sensing apparatus.

Abstract: A liquid supply device includes a first container storing liquid; a second container to which the liquid is supplied from the first container; at least one flow path to connect the first and second containers; a valve in the flow path to allow or interrupt the flow of the liquid in the flow path by opening or closing the valve; a pump provided to the flow path to transfer the liquid from the first container to the second container; and a control unit to operate the pump under a state in which the valve is opened to transfer the liquid in the first container to the second container, then close the valve and stop the pump, and then open the valve under a state in which the pump is stopped to transfer the liquid in the second container to the first container.

Abstract: A flow passage member is used in a liquid ejecting head including an ejecting unit. The ejecting unit communicates with a self-sealing unit which is a negative pressure generation mechanism. The flow passage member includes a flow passage internal pressure adjustment mechanism that adjusts a pressure inside a flow passage between the self-sealing unit and the ejecting unit by changing a volume of the flow passage on a way of the flow passage and a flow passage opening and closing mechanism that opens and closes the flow passage on a way of a flow passage between the self-sealing unit and the flow passage internal pressure adjustment mechanism.

Abstract: In the present invention, an air bubble residing in a filter chamber is purged at a high speed without inducing liquid ejection deficiency at a liquid ejection head. A filter chamber is divided into a first filter chamber and a second filter chamber via a filter. A pump circulates ink through an ink tube and a bypass path between an ink tank and the first filter chamber. A valve capable of regulating a flow of the ink is provided at the ink tube that allows the second filter chamber and a print head to communicate with each other.

Abstract: According to the present disclosure, a manufacturing method of a fine wiring pattern is disclosed. The manufacturing method includes preparing a support member, forming a first layer on the support member by thick-film printing, and forming a second layer including Ag on the first layer by the thick-film printing. The method also includes forming a predetermined fine wiring pattern by performing an etching process upon the first layer and the second layer.

Abstract: A laser printer fuser assembly in a laser printer includes a lever to control envelope mode printing. The lever may protrude from an external surface of the laser printer and may provide a first position for normal paper printing, a second position for envelope printing, and a third position for jam clearing in the laser printer. The first position may apply a maximum force between a fuser heat roll and a pressure roll in the laser fuser printer assembly. The second position may apply a reduced force instead of the maximum force, while the third position may apply zero force. The first and second position may be accessible without opening a cover panel of the laser printer.

Abstract: An optical disk label writing method for writing a label on an optical disc uses a similar writing operation to that used to write data to the disc. The disc has a label side including a laser reactive material for forming the label image, and a tracking format that can be tracked by a writing laser in a similar way to a writing operation. A computer program is provided for converting a label image to a disk image file for writing to the label side.

Abstract: An optical print head performs optical writing onto target, and includes: current-driven light-emitting elements arranged in rows in a predetermined direction; driving transistors that are each electrically series-connected with the light-emitting elements in one-to-one correspondence, and each supply a driving current to a corresponding light-emitting element; a current control unit that controls, for each light-emitting element, a driving current amount in accordance with variation in light-emitting properties of the light-emitting element that indicate relation between the driving current amount and a light amount emitted by the light-emitting element; an application unit that, upon receiving electrical power supplied from an external power source, applies application voltage to circuits each consisting of a light-emitting element and a corresponding driving transistor; and a voltage control unit that suppresses variation in divided voltage applied to each driving transistor by controlling the application

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for controlling a laser marking machine and a laser marking machine. The laser marking machine includes an interface module, a processing module, a laser control module and a galvanometer control module. The interface module receives marking data packets and transfers the marking data packets to the processing module. The processing module parses the marking data packets to obtain marking instructions and control parameters, extracts laser control instruction(s) and galvanometer control instruction(s) from the marking instructions, extracts laser control parameter(s) and galvanometer control parameter(s) from the control parameters, transfers the laser control instruction(s) and the laser control parameter(s) to the laser control module, and transfers the galvanometer control instruction(s) and the galvanometer control parameter(s) to the galvanometer control module.

Abstract: An ink jet printer includes a microwave transparent substrate, a microwave emitter, and at least one cavity. The microwave transparent substrate is operationally movable along a first direction and is adapted to receive an ink jetted material thereon. The microwave emitter is configured to emit microwave energy at a wavelength (?). The at least one cavity has an outlet disposed adjacent the microwave transparent substrate and is adapted to receive and output an amount of the microwave energy at the outlet to reduce a moisture content of the ink jetted material. The amount of microwave energy output to the ink jetted material is substantially constant as measured along a second direction transverse to the first direction.

Abstract: An inkjet recording method includes recording an image on a heated nonpermeable substrate with an aqueous ink by an inkjet method; and drying the aqueous ink, wherein the method satisfies the following requirements (1) to (3): (1) the aqueous ink comprises water, a hydrosoluble organic solvent, a pigment and a particulate resin, wherein the hydrosoluble organic solvent comprises a solvent having a boiling point not higher than 200° C. in an amount not less than 50% by weight; (2) the hydrosoluble organic solvent having a boiling point not higher than 200° C. comprises 3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol; and (3) a difference of heating temperatures between the recording and the drying is from 25 to 80° C.

Abstract: A card printer is disclosed which uses shaped-illumination to illuminate the portion of a card upon which printing will occur. The shaped-illumination is produced by passing light from a light source through a light source shaping assembly. In an embodiment, the light source shaping assembly is composed of a plurality of baffles molded into the portion of the printer which defines the path of motion of the printer's print head. In this way, alignment between the shaped-illumination and the printing process is guaranteed with essentially no increase in the cost of printer and, in many cases, a reduction in cost.

Abstract: A printing apparatus for performing printing on a recording medium includes a printing unit configured to perform printing a plurality of images sequentially on a recording medium, a detection unit configured to detect an unsuitable area that is not suitable for printing on the recording medium, and a control unit configured to control, when the detection unit detects the unsuitable area, so as to define an unprintable region, including the unsuitable area, where the image is not to be printed on the recording medium based on a length of the unsuitable area in a direction of conveyance of the recording medium, and to continue printing the images while avoiding the set unprintable region.

Abstract: A medium identification device identifies a type of a recording medium used for image formation. The medium identification device includes: a two-dimensional image sensor that captures an image of the recording medium; and an identifying unit that obtains a glossiness evaluation value indicating glossiness of the recording medium, a surface roughness evaluation value indicating surface roughness of the recording medium, and a coloring evaluation value indicating coloring of the recording medium, using image data of a specular reflection region reflecting specular reflection light from the recording medium and image data of a diffused reflection region reflecting diffused reflection light from the recording medium, the regions being in the image of the recording medium, and identifies the type of the recording medium by combining determination using the glossiness evaluation value, determination using the surface roughness evaluation value, and determination using the coloring evaluation value.

Abstract: A label paper processing apparatus includes a paper supply unit for supplying and feeding label paper, a digital printing unit for printing the label paper, a laser processing unit, and a pair of loop forming unit disposed between the paper supply unit and the digital printing unit, and between the digital printing unit and the laser processing unit, respectively, each forming a loop of the label paper. The laser processing unit is designed to half-cut the printed label paper and to form cutouts of a shape along a printed cutting locus with a laser beam so as to scan and trace the printed cutting locus, thereby facilitating control in half-cutting of the label paper. The loop forming unit is designed to form a loop of the label paper and to hold a length of the loop substantially constant so as to control feeding of the label paper.

Abstract: An arrangement for capturing an image of a printing substrate web in a printing machine, includes a camera that has a sensor field extending parallel to the printing substrate web, and an objective lens an optical axis of which runs at right angles to the sensor field, a light source that is arranged relative to the printing substrate web such that the light emitted therefrom is reflected by reflective surface portions of the printing substrate web mainly into the camera, and the objective lens is arranged to be offset from the sensor field such that a straight line extending through the center of the sensor field and the center of the objective lens and a straight line extending from the center of the light source to the center of the light incident on the image field on the printing substrate web form equal angles with the axis of incidence.