Abstract: A process for treatment of water. Hardness and non-hydroxide alkalinity are removed from feedwaters in amounts to substantially avoid scaling when concentrated. Sparingly ionizable components in the feedwater are urged toward increased ionization by increasing the pH of the feedwater, and, in an embodiment, up to about pH 10.5, or higher. In this manner, species such as silica become highly ionized, and (a) their rejection by membranes used in the process is significantly increased, and (b) their solubility in the reject stream from the membrane process is significantly increased. Sparingly ionized species such as boron, silica, and TOC are highly rejected, and thus, their passage through the membrane is reduced by a factor of ten or more. Recovery ratios of ninety percent (90%) or higher are achievable with many feedwaters, while simultaneously achieving a substantial reduction in cleaning frequency of membranes used in the process.

Abstract: An object is irradiated with a laser light modulated by a reflection type spatial light modulator such that aberration of the laser light converged inside the object becomes a predetermined aberration or less. Therefore, aberration of the laser light generated at a position on which a converging point of the laser light is located is made as small as possible, to enhance the energy density of the laser light at that position, which makes it possible to form a modified region with a high function as a starting point for cutting. In addition, because the reflection type spatial light modulator is used, it is possible to improve the utilization efficiency of the laser light as compared with a transmissive type spatial light modulator.

Abstract: A composition for preparing high-performance glass fiber by tank furnace production comprising in preferred percentage by weight: 57.5˜62.5% of SiO2,14.5˜17.5% of Al2O3,13.5˜17.5% of CaO,6.5˜8.5% of MgO,0.05˜0.6% of Li2O,0.1˜2% of B2O3,0.1˜2% of TiO2,0.1˜2% of Na2O,0.1˜1% of K2O and 0.1˜1% of Fe2O3 and (CaO+MgO)/MgO>3, with the content of at least one of the three components, Li2O, B2O3 and TiO2higher than 0.5%, with the composition yielding glass fiber having improved mechanical property, causing the melting and clarification of glass and forming performance of fiber close to those of boron-free E glass, and facilitating industrial mass production by tank furnace processes with manufacturing costs close to those of conventional E glass.

Abstract: To provide glass having a favorable color tone, and its production process. Glass comprising, as represented by mass percentage based on oxides, at least 60% and at most 75% of SiO2, at least 8% and at most 20% of Na2O, at least 4.5% of MgO, at least 1% and at most 10% of CaO, and at least 0.01% and at most 0.5% of Er2O3.

Abstract: Certain example embodiments of this invention relate to a frit slurry paste for use in assemblies (e.g., a vacuum insulated glass unit or a plasma display panel), and methods of making the same. Frit powder, binder material, and a water-based solvent are mixed together to form an intermediate mixture. The frit powder is substantially lead free, and the water-based solvent is provided at a first temperature. Additional water-based solvent is added to the intermediate mixture to form a frit slurry paste. The additional water-based solvent is provided at a second temperature, with the second temperature being lower than the first temperature. The binder material is provided at a concentration of 0.001%-20% by weight with respect to the frit slurry paste or the frit slurry paste absent the frit powder. The frit slurry paste has a bulk viscosity of 2,000-200,000 cps.

Abstract: Provided is a composite substrate, including a glass sheet and a resin sheet bonded to each other, in which the glass sheet has a refractive index nd of 1.55 or more and 2.3 or less and the resin sheet has a refractive index nd of 1.55 or more and 2.3 or less.

Abstract: Methods for producing construction material utilizing loose pieces of aggregate (30), enzyme producing bacteria, an amount of urea and an amount of calcium ions. A first solution is prepared which includes urease which is formed by enzyme producing bacteria. A second solution is prepared which includes urea and calcium ions. The first and second solutions are added to the loose aggregate (30). The calcium ions contribute to the formation of calcium carbonate wherein the calcium carbonate fills and bonds between at least some of the gaps between the loose pieces of aggregate forming a solid construction material (92).

Abstract: A proposal is made for a cementitious system which comprises accelerator particles coated with crosslinked shellac, for the use as an additive component which comprises the accelerator particles coated with crosslinked shellac, and for a cement slurry which comprises the cementitious system and water.

Abstract: A concrete comprises in relative parts by weight: 100 of Portland cement; 0.25 to 9 of a defoamer; 0.001 to 6 of a surfactant; 0 to 230 of coarse gravel and/or fine gravel and/or shear enhancers; 0 to 85 of sand; 0 to 60 of a particulate pozzolanic or non-pozzolanic material or a mixture thereof having a mean particle size less than 15 micrometers; 0 to 80 of a particulate pozzolanic or non-pozzolanic material or a mixture thereof having a mean particle size between 15 to 88 micrometers; 0.3 to 18 of a water-reducing superplasticizer; 0 to 14 of polyethylene fibers; and 5 to 40 of water. An air mixing process using a tightly sealed mixing tool is used to thoroughly mix the constituents of the concrete before adding the water for curing. By adjusting relative parts in the composition, concretes of high and ultrahigh performance can be achieved efficiently.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a refractory material based on magnesia or magnesia spinel, and to a refractory material based on magnesia or magnesia spinel.

Abstract: A pink-colored zirconia sintered body has a high sintered body density and strength, and a colored translucency, which has a color tone similar to teeth and excellent translucency and has high aesthetic properties. A colored translucent zirconia sintered body includes from 2 to 4 mol % of yttria, from 0.02 to 0.8 mol % of Er2O3, at least 20 and less than 2,000 ppm, as calculated as Fe2O3, of an iron compound, at least 0.005 and less than 0.2 wt % of Al2O3 and the rest being zirconia, and having a lightness L* of from 55 to 75, a* of from 0 to 10 and b* of from 0 to 30 as chromatic parameters stipulated in JIS-Z8729, has a relative density of at least 99.80% and has a total light transmittance of at least 18% and at most 40% as measured at a sample thickness of 1 mm using a D65 light source.

Abstract: Method and system for bonding two or more CVD SiC articles together without the use of interface materials using applied forces from about 0.0035 MPa to about 0.035 MPa. The articles are pretreated for bonding. Graphite or other fixtures are used to apply forces in a vacuum or inert gas environment. Temperatures from about 1900° C. to about 2200° C. are used to initiate a ??? transition in the SiC to create bonded CVS SiC articles.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein generally relate to apparatus and methods for thermally treating chamber components for use in ultraviolet semiconductor processing chambers. Thermal treatment of chamber components comprising unitary ceramic or glass articles may reduce the probability of particle generation when the chamber components are exposed to corrosive environments, such as exposure to ultraviolet light and ozone/oxygen radicals. A method of thermally treating chamber components includes heating the unitary article at an acceptable ramp rate to a desired temperature for a desired time period and subsequently cooling the unitary article at the ramping rate.

Abstract: The present invention comprises methods and compositions comprising a microalgae consortium. A composition comprises at least one genera of microalgae flocculated by Paenibacillus polymyxa strain, Strain 2, deposited under the Budapest Treaty as ATCC Accession No. PTA-12841. Methods of treating the soil comprise adding a composition of the present invention to soil.

Abstract: System for the bio-treatment of organic waste by means of insect larvae comprising a tank provided with removable cover and means for ventilation and temperature control able to induce migration of the larvae outside the waste mass when in a desired larval development stadium, means for distributing in many times the various waste layers and for removing the same at the end of the treatment and means for distributing the larvae inside the tank and for collecting and storing the larvae at the end of the treatment. Method for the bio-treatment of organic waste by means of larval stadium insects provided with the step of placing a first waste layer inside a tank (1), placing insect larvae or eggs on said layer and adding other waste layers at prefixed and shorter time intervals than the larvae development time, inducing the spontaneous migration of the larvae towards suitable collecting areas by means of temperature and humidity control and removing the treated waste from the tank.

Abstract: A process is described, such process comprising i) contacting a hydrocarbon feed with a heterogeneous catalyst under conditions suitable to hydrolyze nitriles present in the feed to form a nitrile hydrolysis product comprising ammonia, carboxylic acid and carboxylate salts or a mixture thereof; and ii) removing the nitrile hydrolysis product from the feed. In an embodiment, the hydrocarbon feed comprises olefins and is intended for use in an olefin oligomerization process.

Abstract: A method for producing difluoromethane, including the catalytic reaction of dichloromethane with hydrogen fluoride in the liquid phase, in the presence of chlorine, and in the presence of an ionic liquid catalyst consisting of the product of the reaction of antimony pentachloride with an organic salt having the general formula X+A, where A is a halide anion or hexafluoroantimonate, and X+ is a quaternary ammonium cation, quarternary phosphonium or ternary sulfonium. Further, equipment suitable for implementing said method.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing a fluorine-containing alkane, which comprises reacting at least one fluorine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of chlorine-containing fluoroalkanes and fluorine-containing alkenes with hydrogen gas in the presence of catalysts, wherein two or more catalysts having different catalytic activities are used, and the fluorine-containing compound and hydrogen gas, which are starting materials, are sequentially brought into contact with the catalysts in the order of the catalyst having a lower catalytic activity followed by the catalyst having a higher catalytic activity. According to the present invention, in the method for producing a fluorine-containing alkane by using chlorine-containing fluoroalkane or fluorine-containing alkene as a starting material, and subjection it to a reduction reaction or a hydrogen addition reaction, the objective fluorine-containing alkane can be produced with high productivity.

Abstract: To provide a method for stably storing tetrafluoropropene filled in a container for e.g. storage or transportation, without occurrence of reaction such as polymerization. A method for storing tetrafluoropropene in a gaseous-liquid state composed of a gas phase and a liquid phase in a closed container, wherein the oxygen concentration (content) in the above gas phase is adjusted to at least 3 vol ppm and less than 3,000 vol ppm at a temperature of 25° C.

Abstract: Provided are compositions including (3R, 4R, 6R)-stereoisomers of phenyl substituted pinenes having CB receptor agonist properties, methods of treating diseases or disorders with the pharmaceutical compositions, and processes for their preparation are also provided.

Abstract: Novel derivatives of tris(2-hydroxyphenyl)methanes which have, as functional groups, polyalkoxy groups unmodified or modified with terminal hydrophilic groups, preparation of such compounds and use thereof, especially for mineral oil production.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and a device for controlling the viscosity of reaction solutions in the hydroformylation of olefin-containing mixtures.

Abstract: Processes for producing acetic acid are presented herein. One or more embodiments include processes for controlling downstream water concentration in acetic acid production process including contacting methanol and carbon monoxide in the presence of a reaction medium under carbonylation conditions sufficient to form a carbonylation product including acetic acid, wherein the reaction medium includes a carbonylation catalyst, water in an upstream water concentration of from 1 wt. % to 14 wt. % water, and a tertiary phosphine oxide; recovering acetic acid from the carbonylation product; and controlling a downstream water concentration by determining a target water concentration and introducing the tertiary phosphine oxide to the reaction medium at a rate, basicity, concentration or combination thereof sufficient to provide a downstream water concentration within 1 wt. % of the target water concentration.

Abstract: The oxidation of isobutyraldehyde produces isobutyric acid and byproducts, such as isopropyl formate. A process of reducing the isopropyl formate byproduct and other byproducts in the oxidation of isobutyraldehyde is described. The process uses a carbonyl compound, such as acetone, to reduce byproduct levels in the resulting product. Process for use of static mixers in oxidation reactions of aldehydes are also provided.

Abstract: An improved process for preparing aromatic carboxylic acids by the exothermic liquid-phase oxidation reaction of an aromatic feedstock compound wherein water is efficiently recovered from the exothermic liquid-phase oxidation reaction and treated to reduce corrosive agents residing therein.

Abstract: The present invention describes a process for preparing alpha-beta-unsaturated carboxylic acids by dehydration of hydroxycarboxylic or alkoxycarboxylic acids which are substituted in the alpha position, in particular 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid, while avoiding accumulation of by-products and additives.

Abstract: Process for obtaining formic acid by thermal separation of a stream comprising formic acid and a tertiary amine (I), in which, in step (a), a liquid stream comprising formic acid, methanol, water and tertiary amine (I) is produced by combining methyl formate, water and tertiary amine (I), from there in step (b), methanol is separated off and in step (c), formic acid is removed by distillation from the liquid stream obtained in a distillation apparatus, wherein, when methyl formate, water and tertiary amine (I) are combined, methyl formate, water and optionally tertiary amine (I) are first introduced in step (a1) in a molar ratio of 0?n(amine to a1)/n(mefo to a1)?0.1, and from 70 to 100% of the hydrolysis equilibrium possible is set and then, in step (a2), tertiary amine (I) is introduced in a molar ratio of 0.1?n(amine to a2)/n(mefo to a1)?2, and the mixture is reacted.

Abstract: The invention provides an acid addition salt of a compound of the formula (1). Also provided by the invention are processes for preparing the compound of formula (1) and alkyl analogs thereof, novel intermediates for use in the process and methods for preparing the intermediates. The invention also provides new medical uses of compounds of the formula (1) and its ethyl analog.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for refining glyceride oil by size exclusion chromatography to obtain a triglyceride enriched fraction. The process comprises passing a glyceride oil through a size exclusion column packed with porous particles having a mass weighted mean particle size of 20 to 1,000 ?m and an average pore size of 10 to 150 A without using any solvent and collecting an eluate fraction enriched in triglyceride. The process may further comprise passing a solvent through the size exclusion column after the eluate fraction enriched in triglyceride is collected to obtain a partial glyceride enriched fraction. The process can suitably be used to produce triglyceride enriched fraction having a triglyceride content that is close to 100%.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of dintrotoluene which comprises (a) nitrating toluene with a nitrating acid, wherein said nitrating acid is a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid, in one or more nitration steps, and separating the nitrating acid from the process stream thus formed, wherein a crude mixture comprising dinitrotoluene and a fraction of said nitrating acid dissolved therein is obtained, said crude mixture further comprising at least 50 ppm of HCN, and (b) washing the crude dinitrotoluene containing mixture in one or more washing steps, wherein, before the first washing step is carried out, the crude mixture is distilled and/or stripped to remove HCN therefrom, wherein a crude dinitrotoluene containing mixture which is essentially free of HCN is obtained.

Abstract: An improved process for the preparation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient Clomiphene and, in particular, trans-Clomiphene, using acetic acid or trifluoroacetic acid is disclosed.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of alkali metal salts of glycine or of racemic ?-amino acids of the general formula (I) R1—CH(NH2)—COOH??(I) in which R1 is selected from hydrogen, CH3, C2H5, CH(CH3)2, (CH2)2COOH and CH2OH, wherein an alkali metal salt of the corresponding ?-ketocarboxylic acid or glyoxalic acid is reacted in the presence of at least one heterogeneous catalyst, which comprises at least one transition metal, in the presence of hydrogen with at least one nitrogen compound at temperatures in the range from 50 to 200° C., where the nitrogen compound is selected from primary and secondary amines and ammonia.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel process for the preparation of highly pure Levothyroxine Sodium, i.e., (S)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3, 5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl] propanoic acid sodium salt via two process intermediates viz 3,5-Diiodo L-Tyrosine copper complex and novel Bis (p-anisyl) iodonium Iodide. The invention also provides levothyroxine pentahydrate free from genotoxic impurities and liothyronine levels below 0.04% wt/wt.

Abstract: Provided are compounds for use as neutralizing agents in aqueous formulations. The compounds are of the formula I: (Formula I should be inserted here.) wherein R, R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are as defined herein.

Abstract: A new process for the production of APMMEA (aminopropylmethylethanolamine) is proposed. This process comprises at least 2 steps in which MEAPN (monomethylethanolaminopropionitrile) is first produced from MMEA (monomethylethanol amine) and ACN (acrylonitrile) and then said MEAPN is hydrogenated to obtain the corresponding amine, the APMMEA compound. APMMEA may be then eventually purified by several known process, notably by distillation.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to novel compounds having vitamin D receptor agonist and histone deacetylase inhibitory efficacy as well as methods for reducing or inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells or for treating cancer.

Abstract: Provided are new fatty acid derivatives, methods for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions including such compounds, and methods of using these compounds and compositions, e.g., as agents for the treatment of obesity and related disorders, and for improving cognition.

Abstract: A method of forming urea by integration of an ammonia production process with that of a urea production process, as well as a system for the method is disclosed. Also, an alternative method of forming urea by integration of a part of an ammonia production process with that of a urea production process, as well as a system for the alternative method.

Abstract: A process for producing taurine from alkali ditaurinate or alkali tritaurinate, or their mixture, comprising the conversion of alkali ditaurinate to dialkali ditaurinate or alkali tritaurinate to trialkali tritaurinate, or their mixture, the ammonolysis reaction of ammonia added to a solution of dialkali ditaurinate or trialkali tritaurinate, or their mixture, to yield alkali taurinate, removing excess ammonia from the foregoing and neutralizing alkali taurinates with an acid to form a crystalline suspension of taurine, and recovering taurine by means of solid-liquid separation.

Abstract: A cyclic process is disclosed for the production of taurine from alkali isethionate in a high overall yield by continuously converting the byproducts of the ammonolysis reaction, sodium ditaurinate and sodium tritaurinate, to sodium taurinate. Sodium sulfate and residual taurine in the crystallization mother liquor are efficiently separated by converting taurine into a highly soluble form of sodium taurinate or ammonium taurinate while selectively crystallizing sodium sulfate.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to novel retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma (ROR?) modulators, processes for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions containing these modulators, and their use in the treatment of inflammatory, metabolic and autoimmune diseases mediated by ROR?.

Abstract: Cystine analogs that improve the solubility of L-cystine in urine for treatment of cystinuria and which have the structure: and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and prodrugs thereof, wherein each R and R? pair are independently selected from (i) or (ii); (i) R and R? are independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alcohol, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or (ii) R and R? together form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring structure, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl ring structure; X is hydrogen, or an alkyl; and Y is O or S.

Abstract: A process for the complete or partial oxygenation of hydrocarbons comprises contacting a C1-C8 hydrocarbon, molecular oxygen, and hydrogen peroxide, in the presence of water and a heterogeneous catalyst, under conditions suitable to convert the C1-C8 hydrocarbon to at least one corresponding C1-C8 oxygenate product, wherein the heterogeneous catalyst provides confinement and contains both Brønsted-Lowry acid centers and Lewis acid centers. The reaction may be carried out at a temperature ranging from 2° C. to 90° C. The use of molecular oxygen increases the economic attractiveness of the process while also improving yield.

Abstract: Processes for annealing amorphous atorvastatin is described. Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations containing annealed amorphous atorvastatin are also described.

Abstract: The present invention relates to 1-[m-carboxamido(hetero)aryl-methyl]-heterocycyl-carboxamide compounds of formula (I) wherein X, Ar1, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5a, R5b and p are as described in the description, to their preparation, to pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and to their use as pharmaceuticals, to pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more compounds of formula (I), and especially to their use as CXCR7 receptor modulators.

Abstract: In one aspect, the invention relates to compounds having the formula: where R1-R5 and X are as defined in the specification, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. These compounds have neprilysin inhibition activity. In another aspect, the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds; methods of using such compounds; and processes and intermediates for preparing such compounds.

Abstract: The present invention provides salt adducts comprising at least one positively charged moiety being a pyridoxine or a derivative thereof and at least one carboxylated 5- to 7-membered lactam ring, optionally additionally substituted, methods of their preparation, and pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments comprising them. Salt adducts of the invention and compositions comprising them may be used to in the treatment of diseases or disorders associated with or inflicted by alcohol consumption.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel difluoromethyl-nicotinic indanyl carboxamide compounds, to processes for preparing the carboxamide compounds, to compositions comprising the carboxamide compounds, and to the use thereof as biologically actives, especially for control of harmful microorganisms in crop protection and in the protection of materials.

Abstract: The invention relates to N-[4-(quinolin-4-yloxy)cyclohexyl(methyl)](hetero)arylcarboxamides, intermediates and methods for their production, use thereof for treating and/or preventing diseases and use thereof for producing medicinal products and use thereof for treating and/or preventing diseases, especially of hyperproliferative diseases.

Abstract: Provided is an industrially scalable process for the preparation of a benzazepine derivative, namely, 7-chloro-5-hydroxy-1-[2-methyl-4-(2-methyl benzoyl amino) benzoyl]-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1-benzazepine (generically referred as Tolvaptan).