Abstract: The invention provides systems and methods for monitoring the wellbeing of a fetus by the non-invasive detection and analysis of fetal cardiac activity data.

Abstract: A system for magnetic assessment of body iron stores includes excitation coils adapted to generate multiple-frequency alternating current (AC) magnetic fields and to partially magnetically saturate iron. The system further includes one or more detection coils adapted to detect the AC magnetic fields. A signal processor uses lock-in amplifiers and linear regression to measures changes to the multiple-frequency AC magnetic fields caused by proximity to iron. A method for magnetic assessment of body iron stores includes generating multiple-frequency AC magnetic fields and detecting changes to the AC magnetic fields caused by proximity to iron. The method further includes partially magnetically saturating iron, thereby generating non-linear responses, harmonic frequencies, and intermodulation frequencies.

Abstract: Example apparatus and methods concern determining whether a target material appears in a region experiencing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). One method acquires a baseline value for a magnetic resonance parameter (MRP) while the region is not exposed to a molecular imaging agent that affects the MRP and acquires a series of quantitative values for the MRP while the sample is influenced by a molecular imaging agent. Quantitative values may be acquired during a clinically relevant time period (e.g., 60 minutes) during which the change in the MRP (e.g., T1) caused by the molecular imaging agent is at least 90% of the peak change caused by the molecular imaging agent. The molecular imaging agent may be SBK2 and may produce a desired change in T1 for at least thirty minutes in glioblastoma.

Abstract: A differential or relative measurement between an orthogonal measurement vector and another measurement vector can be used to determine the location where fluid accumulation is occurring or the local change in such fluid accumulation. This can help diagnose or treat infection or hematoma or seroma at a pocket of an implanted cardiac rhythm management device, other implanted medical device, or prosthesis. It can also help diagnose or treat pulmonary edema, pneumonia, pulmonary congestion, pericardial effusion, pericarditis, pleural effusion, hemodilution, or another physiological condition.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods to measure parallel tissue conductance, luminal cross-sectional areas, fluid velocity, and/or determine plaque vulnerability using temperature. In at least one embodiment of a method to obtain parallel tissue conductance, the method comprises the steps of inserting at least part of a detection device into a luminal organ, applying current thereto, obtaining a native temperature measurement, injecting a solution of a known conductivity into the luminal organ, detecting a temperature change indicative of the fluid within the luminal organ, measuring an output conductance, and calculating a parallel tissue conductance based upon the output conductance and the conductivity of the injected solution.

Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging apparatus according to the invention includes a magnet device that generates a static magnetic field and a gradient magnetic field in an imaging space, a top plate that is provided to freely travel on a bed and sends an object lying thereon into the imaging space, a top plate reception member that is disposed inside the imaging space and has a traveling surface of the top plate, a top plate support column that supports the top plate reception member, and a top plate support pedestal that supports a lower end of the top plate support column, in which the top plate support pedestal is provided on a floor surface on which the magnet device is provided, via a magnet support leg, and is provided so that a movement in a direction along at least the floor surface is restricted to the magnet support leg.

Abstract: Provided is a micro robot position detection device. The device includes a micro robot position detection unit that uses a micro robot control parameter to filter a reflected signal of an ultra wide-band impulse radar signal emitted to a micro robot to extract, as a micro robot signal, a natural oscillating frequency signal generated when the micro robot is driven through control of external electromagnetic field, and analyzes the micro robot signal based on a transmission and reception parameter of the ultra wide-band impulse radar signal to calculate position information for the micro robot. Also, the device may further include an image matching unit that receives position information for the micro robot and performs position correction on the received position information based on pre-stored reference image data and the image data.

Abstract: An apparatus including a tubular channel having a pathway extending between a proximal end and a distal end of the tubular channel. The proximal end is configured to connect directly or indirectly to an end tidal CO2 monitor. The distal end has an opening. The apparatus further includes a detection member including a chamber disposed in fluid communication with the pathway of the tubular channel such that gas entering the tubular channel via the opening on the distal end passes into the chamber. A detection element is disposed within the chamber and includes a component that is sensitive to one or more systemic biomarkers such that, upon exposure to a predetermined concentration level of the one or more systemic biomarkers contained in the gas, a state of the detection element experiences a permanent alteration and the detection member indicates that the predetermined concentration level of the one or more systemic biomarkers is present in the gas.

Abstract: A breath condensate collector (10) comprising a chamber having a breath inlet port (14) and an outlet port (16); a sample collector, adapted to receive breath from the chamber outlet and having air exhaust means; cooling means (112) to promote in use condensation of vapour from breath entering the sample collector and where collector comprises a partially lidded dish (110).

Abstract: A laparoscopic tool, the tool including an elongate shaft; a handle at one end of the shaft and an aperture at the opposed end, and; a tape selectively extendable from the aperture.

Abstract: A guide for anatomical mapping of a face includes two flexible strips arranged at right angles with one of the strips slidable in its lengthwise dimension relative to the other strip. The other strip is provided with an arcuate end edge and a window predetermined based on facial anatomical features. The width and intersection of the strips are predetermined based on facial anatomical features. The guide is arranged in various positions on the face of a subject and in each position markings are made on the face of the subject along edges and through the window of the guide. This facilitates, for example, locating safe and effective injection sites for filler and the like.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for assessing the condition of a cartilage in a joint and assessing cartilage loss, particularly in a human knee. The methods include converting an image such as an MRI to a three dimensional map of the cartilage. The cartilage map can be correlated to a movement pattern of the joint to assess the effect of movement on cartilage wear. Changes in the thickness of cartilage over time can be determined so that therapies can be provided. The amount of cartilage tissue that has been lost, for example as a result of arthritis, can be estimated.

Abstract: In a sensor device which detects pressure variations owing to displacements of a body surface of a subject by respiration through variations of the output impedance of a piezoelectric vibrator, the pressure variations owing to displacements can be more efficiently transmitted to the piezoelectric vibrator. The sensor device, attached to a subject's body surface and detecting displacements of the body surface accompanying respiration of the subject, comprises a contact piece having a contact surface which contacts the body surface when the sensor device is attached to the body surface; a displacement-signal convertor which is connected with the contact piece and converts the displacements of the body surface into electrical signals; and an outputting device which outputs the electrical signals to an external unit; wherein the contact surface of the contact piece is a curved surface projecting outward in a direction from its periphery to its center.

Abstract: In a sensor device which detects pressure variations owing to displacements of a body surface of a subject by respiration through variations of the output impedance of a piezoelectric vibrator, the pressure variations can be more efficiently transmitted to the piezoelectric vibrator. The sensor device, attached to a subject's body surface, comprises a contact piece contacting the body surface; a displacement-signal convertor which converts the displacements of the body surface into electrical signals; and an outputting device which outputs the electrical signals to an external unit; the sensor device is clamped between the body surface of the subject and an upper edge portion of a subject's bottom garment, and the contact piece is arranged in one side surface of a housing, and a stopping member which can be attached with the upper edge portion of the bottom garment in the other side surface of the housing.

Abstract: A personal authentication apparatus includes a measuring circuit that measures a user electrocardiographic waveform using electrodes, a peak detector that detects peaks of first and second R waves and at least one of peaks of P and Q waves, and an acquirer. The acquirer expands/contracts a time interval between the peaks of the first and second R waves to a first time period and further (i) expands/contracts a time interval between the peaks of the first R wave and P wave to a second time period, (ii) expands/contracts a time interval between the peaks of the first R wave and Q wave to a third time period, or (iii) expands/contracts the time interval between the peaks of the first R wave and P wave to the second time period and expands/contracts the time interval between the peaks of the first R wave and Q wave to the third time period.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide techniques and configurations for a wearable sensor apparatus. In one instance, the apparatus may comprise a flexible substrate and conductive fabric component that comprises a first length and that may be attachably mounted on the flexible substrate. The conductive fabric component, in response to a direct or indirect application of external force to the flexible substrate, may stretch between the first length and a second length that is greater than the first length, and generate an electric parameter based at least in part on an amount of the applied external force. Other embodiments may be described and/or claimed.

Abstract: A remote user interface is provided for connection with an audiologic test apparatus for audiologic testing and comprising a remote user interface housing accommodating a mechanically non-latching switch for selection of one of the right ear or left ear of a patient for testing with the audiologic test apparatus.

Abstract: A concentration correction system includes an infrared detector and components that produce an aggregate emission of infrared radiation. A mirror assembly includes a mirror and is changeable between a correcting configuration and a measuring configuration. In the correcting configuration, the mirror produces a mirror signal incident on the detector. The mirror assembly also obstructs external body infrared radiation from reaching the detector. In the measuring configuration, the mirror assembly allows the external body infrared radiation onto the detector. A concentration correction method includes receiving external body infrared radiation and simultaneously receiving a first portion of the aggregate emission. A measurement value indicative of concentration is recorded from the detector. A second portion of the aggregate emission reflected with the mirror and produces a mirror signal incident on the detector.

Abstract: Provided herein is a stabilized oxygen transport matrix that includes a reversible oxygen binding protein, such as hemoglobin, immobilized throughout the stabilized oxygen transport matrix. The stabilized oxygen transport matrix is used to transport oxygen and can be used as an oxygen transport region and a reaction region of an analyte sensor, such as an implantable glucose sensor. The reversible binding protein can also function as an oxygen probe within the analyte sensor.

Abstract: A sensing device having a first and second opening, a first semipermeable membrane having a first surface and a second surface, and a second semipermeable membrane having a third and fourth surface, a ketone body sensor, and a void. The first opening is juxtaposed to the first surface and the second opening is juxtaposed to the third surface. The space between the first and second openings is the void and wherein the ketone body sensor is positioned within the void. Gasses may permeate through the first opening and into the void to contact the sensor and exit the void through the second opening.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for providing a power supply to a device, including an inductive rechargeable power supply for a data monitoring and management system in which a high frequency magnetic field is generated to provide power supply to a rechargeable power source such as a battery of a transmitter unit in the data monitoring and management system are provided.

Abstract: A system and method for monitoring biometric data of a diver and signaling those data from a first communication device to other communication devices, e.g., those of other divers, on a ship or buoy. A signal generated from a device of the diver can generate a diver identifier, an indication of a stress state of the diver and the diver's location.

Abstract: Provided herein is technology relating to medical monitoring of physiologic parameters, and particularly, but not exclusively, relating to compositions, methods and systems for the measurement of venous and arterial oxygen saturation in the blood of blood-filled anatomical structures.

Abstract: Disclosed are a biological information measurement apparatus and a biological information measurement method which are configured to: emit first and second light beams, respectively, to first and second measurement positions which are different positions in a living body; receive corresponding light beams transmitted through or reflected by the living body, to acquire first and second pulse wave signals; and calculate, as biological information, a cardiac output of the living body, based on the first and second pulse wave signals. The biological information measurement apparatus and the biological information measurement method make it possible to continually monitor a change in cardiac output by a simplified apparatus.

Abstract: A method includes receiving multiple compound muscle action potential values (CMAPs), wherein each CMAP is an onset latency, a peak latency, a conduction velocity, or a response amplitude measured from a baseline; for each of the CMAPs and for each of a number parameters calculated from the CMAPs, determining a corresponding demyelinating boundary value using a normal value from a preselected population; determining whether each of the CMAPs and each of the parameters exceeds the corresponding demyelinating boundary value; determining one or more demyelinated nerve pathways based on which of the CMAPs and the parameters exceeds the corresponding demyelinating boundary value; indicating on a display which of the CMAPs and the parameters exceed the corresponding demyelinating boundary value; and displaying, in pictorial form, an anatomical diagram indicating the demyelinated nerve pathways.

Abstract: Discussed herein is a parametric model for DTI MD histogram fitting, named the Generalized Voss-Dyke function, which is highly successful in segregating NPH cases from potential confounders without reliance on operator dependent region-of-interest analyses or inter-subject registration. The Generalized Voss-Dyke function is useful for managing the imaging of any tissue interfaces.

Abstract: A portable VOG device is disclosed that will facilitate the effective and efficient screening for TBI in military personnel in forward deployed military settings or remote locations using minimally trained staff. This includes the establishment of a protocol that will provide cost effective pre-screening of military personnel prior to deployment to establish a baseline of brain function prior to possible future injury. The efficiency of the device will promote subsequent follow-up screening to assess the effectiveness of prescribed TBI treatment. Further protocols for diagnosis and rehabilitation applications using the same virtual reality portable device will allow more advanced usage for clinicians providing ongoing evaluation and treatment.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system and a method for selecting an audio file using motion data from a mobile computing device connected to or held by a user, the mobile computing device comprising or coupled to motion sensors. The method comprising steps of moving the mobile computing device, obtaining motion data from the motion sensors, computing from the motion data step data based on a number of steps taken by the user in a specific period of time, computing a metronome beat based on the step data and generating a metronome beat file, selecting a stored audio file having a predefined beat parameter matching the metronome beat of the metronome beat file, and playing the audio file.

Abstract: A cervical dilation reading apparatus and method of use to accurately and precisely determine cervical dilation measurements during labor and delivery. The apparatus includes a measuring device having a length with a first end and a second end, a fixed attachment configured to couple with a first finger and fixedly engage the first end of the measuring device, and a slidable attachment configured to couple with a second finger and slidably engage the measuring device along the length between the first and second ends.

Abstract: A cervical dilation reading apparatus and method of use to accurately and precisely determine cervical dilation measurements during labor and delivery. The apparatus includes a measuring device having a length with a first portion, a second portion and a third portion, a fixed attachment configured to couple with a first finger and fixedly engage the first portion of the measuring device, a slidable attachment configured to couple with a second finger and slidably engage the measuring device along the length between the first and second portions, and a locking mechanism coupled to the glove configured to engage the third portion and lock a length of the measuring device in a substantially extended state when the slidable attachment is slid or moved away from the fixed attachment to record a cervical dilation measurement, and/or a retention mechanism coupled to the glove configured to engage the third portion and retain it near the glove.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods of measuring an endogenous wrinkle electric field and methods of characterizing topical applications, or other treatments, in terms of their effect on the endogenous electric field of wrinkles. Also included, are methods of developing topical applications, or other treatments that have a desired effect on the endogenous electric field of a wrinkle. The methods disclosed herein, are based on a new model of wrinkle physiology that exploits previously unknown similarities between skin wounds and wrinkles.

Abstract: Intra-oral imaging apparatus and/or method embodiments can provide digital dental reflectance images used to identify selected areas of interest (AOI) within a dental region of interest (ROD having selected image characteristics for both hemo-globin's total concentration and oxygenation level. In one embodiment, reflectance images can determine relative total hemoglobin using at least a wavelength band that includes an isobestic wavelength for absorption coefficients of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxyhemoglobin (Hb).

Abstract: Embodiments herein relate generally to sensory input for wearable devices and, more particularly, to monitor and provide feedback from wearable devices. In one example, a method for monitoring and feedback can include receiving data representing a physiological reference profile, associating the data representing the physiological reference profile with a first physiological state, acquiring data representing a physical characteristic or a physiological characteristic, or both, from one or more sensors disposed in a wearable device, correlating data representing the physical characteristic or the physiological characteristic, or both, with data representing the physiological reference profile to determine a physiological anomaly, associating the physiological anomaly with a second physiological state, and determining data representing a first amount of a remedy based on the physiological anomaly to effectuate a change from the second physiological state to the first physiological state.

Abstract: A system monitors fatigue of a user. The system (100) may include one or more data sources, such as a non-obtrusive sleep sensor, configured to generate objective sleep measures of the user. The system may also include a fatigue monitoring module, which may be configured to generate an assessment, such as in one or more processors, of the fatigue state of the user based on the data from the one or more data sources.

Abstract: A system and method electronically manages sleep related data obtained by a diagnostic device. The system and method may include collecting sleep data from a patient using a diagnostic device. The sleep data may be stored in a sleep data file and delineated as multiple sleep sessions. A user may access the stored sleep data by selecting a particular sleep session. The sleep data for the selected sleep session may then be extracted from the sleep data file and presented to the user as a combination of image tiles, JavaScript elements, and an event indicator.

Abstract: An electronic snore-ceasing device comprising an electroic snore-ceasing device body (1) and a working module (2), the electronic snore-ceasing device body (1) comprises an ear-hook (11) and an ear plug (12) jointed together with the ear-hook (11), the working module (2) is located inside the ear-hook (11) and the ear plug (12); the working module (2) comprises a snore collecting circuit (21), a control circuit (22) taking a MCU as a core thereof, a warning circuit (23), and a power supply circuit (24); when the control circuit (22) determines that a received sound signal and vibration signal reach their respective threshold values, the control circuit (22) transmitts a control signal to the warning circuit (23) located inside the ear plug (12), thereby activating the warning circuit (23) to generate a sound stimulation signal, a vibration stimulation signal or an electrode stimulation signal that does not wake the user up in sleep to suppress snores.

Abstract: A sleep monitoring device (120) for monitoring sleep states of a human, the sleep monitoring device is configured to receive movement data of the resting human from a movement measurement device (112), the sleep monitoring device (120) comprises a movement data analyzer (130) configured to compute from the movement data at least: heart beat data and respiration data,and physical activity a data classifier (140) configure to determine a heart rate regularity valuation of the heart beat data within a time interval, and to determine a respiration regularity valuation of the respiration data within the time interval, a sleep classifier (150) configured to obtain a sleep state for the time interval from at least the respiration regularity valuation and the heart rate regularity valuation.

Abstract: A system and method for monitoring a patient's blood glucose levels and communicating such levels to a patient care network is provided. More particularly, a monitor for measuring blood glucose levels may be adapted to alert the patient and preselected members of the patient care network in the event that the patient's blood glucose levels fall below a threshold amount. The monitor may be further adapted to communicate with means for automatically delivering glucose into a patient's body and means for delivering insulin into the patient's body, each means operating alone or in combination. Such a system and method may have applications in preventing symptomatic hypoglycemic episodes and providing diagnostic aid to medical professionals.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods involving the use of magnetic resonance imaging and optogenetic neural stimulation. Aspects of the disclosure include modifying a target neural cell population in a first region of a brain to express light-responsive molecules. Using a light pulse, the light-responsive molecules in the target neural cell population are stimulated. Multiple regions of the brain are scanned via magnetic resonance imaging. The scans allow for observation of a neural reaction in response to the stimulation in at least one of the multiple regions of the brain.

Abstract: Systems and related methods are provided for measuring a ketone in the fluid of a patient or other user. The systems include a portable measurement device for analyzing a plurality of fluid samples and for generating a corresponding plurality of ketone measurement results. The systems also include an electronic or communications device, for example, such as a cell phone or smartphone, configured to communicate with the measurement device. The system further includes a software application. The systems and related methods according to one aspect provide reminders, preferably interactive reminders that facilitate user compliance with a weight management or diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) monitoring or prevention program. The systems and related methods according to another aspect incorporate ketone tags and/or trigger points to improve accuracy of results and to advance user compliance.

Abstract: A wearable device for monitoring a lactate threshold can include at least one magnet configured to provide a static magnetic field to an anatomical region, a power supply, and a radio frequency (RF) module connected to the power supply. The RF module can provide pulsating RF signals across the static magnetic field and emit energy into, and receive response signals from, the anatomical region over a period of time. The response signals can enable detection of a change in H+ concentration in the anatomical region, the change enabling detection of the lactate threshold. The wearable device can be used during a variety of exercises at selectable anatomical locations.

Abstract: Support structures for positioning sensors on a physiologic tunnel for measuring physical, chemical and biological parameters of the body and to produce an action according to the measured value of the parameters. The support structure includes a sensor fitted on the support structures using a special geometry for acquiring continuous and undisturbed data on the physiology of the body. Signals are transmitted to a remote station by wireless transmission such as by electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared, sound and the like or by being reported locally by audio or visual transmission. The physical and chemical parameters include brain function, metabolic function, hydrodynamic function, hydration status, levels of chemical compounds in the blood, and the like. The support structure includes patches, clips, eyeglasses, head mounted gear and the like, containing passive or active sensors positioned at the end of the tunnel with sensing systems positioned on and accessing a physiologic tunnel.

Abstract: A system for electrically coupling a garment to a mating object and manufacture method thereof, the system comprising: a fabric interlayer of the garment including a set of ports; an electronics substrate having a first surface adjacent to a second side of the fabric interlayer and including a set of vias through a thickness of the electronics substrate, aligned with the set of ports, and a set of contacts at a second surface opposing the first surface; a mount assembly having a third surface adjacent to the second surface of the electronics substrate and including a set of holes aligned with the set of vias and the set of ports, as well as a set of openings that correspond to and receive portions of the set of contacts, and a fourth surface opposing the third surface and defining a cavity configured to receive and electrically interface the mating object to the electronics substrate; and a set of fasteners that 1) compress the backing plate, the fabric interlayer, the electronics substrate, and the mount ass

Abstract: Safety garments for use in hazardous environments are disclosed. An exemplary safety garment comprises: a first protective covering configured to cover at least part of a torso of a wearer; a second protective covering configured to cover at least part of a limb of the wearer; and a flexible panel interconnecting the first protective covering to the second protective covering. The flexible panel facilitates movement of the limb of the wearer relative to the torso of the wearer by accommodating relative movement between the first protective covering and the second protective covering. Also disclosed are a safety garment comprising a wearer-carrying harness, a safety garment comprising a refillable heat extraction pack for cooling the wearer and a safety garment comprising a deployable shield for protecting the wearer upon detection of an event.

Abstract: A device comprising a three-dimensional polymeric element and an electronic element integrated with the polymeric element is disclosed. The electronic element is made up of one or more electrode(s) each individually connectable to a measuring device and/or a controller, and each independently having a thin electrically-isolating layer deposited thereon such that the electrode is exposed to an environment surrounding the electrode at one or more pre-determined locations over the electrode. The device can include cells and/or tissue and/or a therapeutically active agent incorporated within the polymeric material. Processes of fabricating the device, systems for operating the device and methods utilizing same are also disclosed.

Abstract: A living body information measurement device of the present invention includes: an insertion/removal opening through which a finger of a living body is to be inserted/removed, a receiving space for receiving the living body finger inserted through the insertion/removal opening, and a mounting main unit having a pad receiving surface facing the receiving space and being configured to receive a pad of the living body finger inserted through the insertion/removal opening, and the mounting main unit has a pair of first finger slippage blocking portions at respective side edges of the pad receiving surface in a perpendicular direction perpendicular to an insertion/removal direction in which the living body finger is to be inserted and removed, the first finger slippage blocking portions extending along the insertion/removal direction and being configured to prevent the living body finger received by the pad receiving surface from being shifted in the perpendicular direction.

Abstract: Intravascular devices, systems, and methods are disclosed. In some embodiments, the intravascular devices include at least one electronic, optical, or electro-optical component positioned within a distal portion of the device and one or more connectors positioned at a distal portion of the device. In some instances, the connectors are flexible coils, such as a ribbon coil, formed of a conductive material. In some particular instances, the conductive coil is embedded within a polymer tubing. Further, in some embodiments the electronic, optical, or electro-optical component is positioned within a flexible element at the distal portion of the device. In some instances the flexible element is a coil. Methods of making and/or assembling such intravascular devices/systems are also provided.

Abstract: An thin walled elongated hollow lumen medical device structure comprised at least in part of a cylindrical flexible circuit. The cylindrical flexible circuit is configured in such a way to carry at least part of the device structural loads and therefore reduce the medical device total wall thickness. An exemplary embodiment of the invention structure comprises a hollow lumen medical catheter where a flexible circuit comprises the entire inner lumen and the outer lumen is comprised of a polymer extrusion.

Abstract: A monitoring device (7) operates an input block (30) to acquire a pressure signal from a pressure sensor (6a-6c) in an apparatus for extracorporeal blood processing connected to the vascular system of the subject. A processing block (34) repeatedly processes the pressure signal for generation of a time-sequence of parameter values indicative of pressure pulsations originating from heartbeats in the subject, and an evaluation block (35) evaluates the parameter values for detection of cardiac arrest and, if cardiac arrest is detected, generates a dedicated alarm signal.

Abstract: A monitoring device for the circulation of a patient includes sensors for recording data, an input unit for inputting patient specific data and a connected a data recording and analysis device configured to determine the right atrial pressure (RAP), the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the cardiac output (CO) and to determine the mean systemic filling pressure (Pms) and to determine the cardiac efficiency (Eh) therefrom. A device records a pressure value (Pps,char) characterizing the pressure assistance during positive-pressure ventilation. The data recording and analysis device is configured to determine a pressure-corrected mean systemic filling pressure (Pmsp) and a pressure-corrected cardiac efficiency (Ehp) by the difference from the right atrial pressure (RAP) and the pressure value (Pps,char) characteristic of the pressure assistance being used instead of the right atrial pressure (RAP).