Abstract: An article comprises a plasma resistant ceramic material comprising 40 mol % to less than 100 mol % of Y2O3, above 0 mol % to 60 mol % of ZrO2, and above 0 mol % to 5 mol % of Al2O3.

Abstract: A plasma resistant ceramic article comprises a plasma resistant ceramic material comprising 60-80 mol % of Y2O3, above 0 mol % to 9 mol % of ZrO2, and 20-40 mol % of Al2O3.

Abstract: There are provided a method for manufacturing a magnesium fluoride sintered compact to be free from cracks and chipping and to have high relative density, a method for manufacturing a neutron moderator, and the neutron moderator. The method for manufacturing a magnesium fluoride sintered compact includes a powder filling process for filling a magnesium fluoride powder material into a die by tapping, and an intermediate body sintering (pulsed electric current sintering) process for performing pulsed electric current sintering for sintering the filled magnesium fluoride powder material while applying a pulsed electric current thereto, to obtain a magnesium fluoride sintered compact (intermediate body).

Abstract: The invention relates to boron nitride agglomerates, comprising lamellar, hexagonal boron nitride primary particles, which are agglomerated with one another with a preferred orientation, the agglomerates formed being flake-shaped. The invention also relates to a method for producing said boron nitride agglomerates, characterized in that lamellar, hexagonal boron nitride primary particles are agglomerated in such a way that they line up with one another with a preferred orientation. The flake-shaped agglomerates according to the invention are suitable as filler for polymers for making polymer-boron nitride composites and for hot pressing of boron nitride sintered compacts.

Abstract: A method of melt infiltration for producing a ceramic matrix composite comprises applying a surface slurry onto one or more outer surfaces of an impregnated porous preform. The surface slurry comprises a solvent and particulate solids, and the preform comprises a framework of ceramic fibers loaded with particulate matter. The surface slurry is dried to form a porous layer comprising the particulate solids on the one or more outer surfaces of the impregnated porous preform. After forming the porous layer, an end portion of the impregnated porous preform that includes at least part of the porous layer is immersed in a molten material, and the molten material is infiltrated into the impregnated porous preform from the end portion. The porous layer serves as a wick to transport the molten material over the one or more outer surfaces, thereby enabling melt infiltration of the impregnated porous preform from other portions thereof.

Abstract: A nutrient composition improved over the state of the art and which releases the nutrients contained therein in a time-controlled manner in the rhizodermal and epidermal region of the plants. The nutrient composition for plants contains at least one mixed-metallic crystalline orthophosphate of the type [Ta(M1 M2 M3 . . . Mx)b(PO4)c.nH2O], wherein T is selected from NH4, K or CH4N2O, M1, M2, M3 . . . Mx are metals selected from Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn, a=0 or 1, wherein b=3 when a=0 and b=1 when a=1 and wherein c=2 when a=0 and c=1 when a=1 and wherein 0<n<9, wherein the mixed-metallic crystalline orthophosphate contains at least two different metals M1, M2, M3 . . . Mx, with the proviso that at least one of said at least two different metals is selected from Mn, Mg and Ca, wherein the total proportion of Mn, Mg and/or Ca in total is in the region of 0.5 to 90 mol-% with respect to the total amount of all metals contained in the mixed-metallic crystalline orthophosphate.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a urea fertiliser having a lignin compound and elemental sulphur dispersed through-out the fertiliser and having improved hardness.

Abstract: Treated biochar and methods for treating biochar are provided. The method for treating the biochar includes forcing, assisting or accelerating the movement of an infiltrant into the pores of the biochar, whereby the treatment affects properties of the biochar that provide for a more reliable and predictable biochar for use in various applications, including, but not limited to, agricultural applications.

Abstract: Process for producing a biofertilizer, comprising the following steps: a) solid-state fermentation to produce enzymes and nutrients critical for plant nutrition; b) immobilization through allophane nanoparticles of the enzymes and substrates produced during stage a); and c) a second fermentation to favor the development of microorganisms that improve the quality of the biofertilizer. Protection is also sought for the biofertilizer that is produced from this process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for converting paraffin to olefin comprising the following steps: (a) providing a hydrocarbon feedstock containing at least one paraffin having 1 to 12 carbon atoms and at least one olefin having 2 to 12 carbon atoms; (b) providing a catalyst containing at least one Group VIA and/or Group VIIA transition metal on a solid support; (c) pretreating the catalyst by contacting the catalyst with at least one reducing gas and at least one oxidizing gas; and (d) contacting the by hydrocarbon feedstock and the pretreated catalyst at a temperature in the range of 200° C. to 600° C., preferably 320° C. to 450° C. and to a catalyst for use therein.

Abstract: A process for oxydehydrogenating an alkane to a corresponding alkene, particularly ethane to ethylene, wherein a feed comprising the alkane, an oxygen-containing oxidizing agent and a diluent comprising CO2 are provided to a reactor. Oxidative dehydrogenation with oxygen takes place in the reactor in the presence of a catalyst to convert the alkane to a product stream which includes the corresponding alkene. The oxygen used as the oxidizing agent may be supplied in stoichiometric amount or in stoichiometric excess.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing butadiene through an oxidative dehydrogenation reaction, the method including steps of a) introducing a first stream which includes C4 fraction, steam, oxygen (O2), and nitrogen (N2) into a reactor which is filled with catalyst to perform oxidative dehydrogenation reaction; b) selectively absorbing butadiene, which is obtained from the reactor, into an absorption solvent, and separating and removing C4 mixture other than the dutadiene and light gas product; and c) recovering and purifying the butadiene. Through integration of the gas separating and purifying steps by using the single absorption solvent during production of butadiene, equipment costs and operating costs accruing from repeated introduction and removal of solvent are reduced, thereby ensuring economic competitiveness of the process.

Abstract: In the halogenation reaction of organic olefin compounds, an excess amount of halogen gas (fluorine, chlorine, vaporized bromine and iodine, or their combination) is normally used in order to achieve as complete as possible conversion of the organic starting material. In a conventional process, the excess halogen gas in the off-gas stream is scrubbed by caustic solution which increases the consumption of halogen and generates waste for disposal. The present invention provides a novel process to recover and reuse the excess halogen gas and thus reduce the operating cost of the process.

Abstract: The present application describes a method for the synthesis of neopentylglycol starting from isobutyraldehyde and formaldehyde which are reacted in the presence of an alkaline catalyst, followed by separation of the volatile components until a water content of less than 5% is obtained. The distillation bottom product is then hydrogenated.

Abstract: Process for the production of ethanol from acetic acid and hydrogen, said process comprising: reacting in an esterification reaction vessel methanol with acetic acid in the presence of an esterification catalyst and an entrainer to form a product comprising entrainer, methyl acetate and water, and in a distillation column, recovering from the product an overhead product fraction comprising methyl acetate, methanol and water, feeding the overhead product fraction, together with hydrogen, into a hydrogenation unit containing a copper based hydrogenation catalyst, to produce a hydrogenation product stream comprising ethanol, methanol, unreacted methyl acetate, unreacted hydrogen, ethyl acetate and water, cooling the hydrogenation product stream; separating the cooled hydrogenation product stream into a liquid phase which comprises the majority of the methanol, ethanol, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate and water, and a gaseous phase which comprises the majority of the unreacted hydrogen; recycling at least part of t

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to processes for preparation of higher alcohols such as n-butanol from lower alcohols such as ethanol by Guerbet condensation. In some aspects, the present invention relates to improvements in n-butanol yield and selectivity by the selection of process reaction conditions such as, but not limited to, mole ratio of hydrogen to ethanol, mole ratio of acetaldehyde to ethanol, mole ratio of ethyl acetate to ethanol and/or mole ratio of carbon monoxide to ethanol.

Abstract: There is provided a process for reducing the water and carboxylic acid content of an alcohol composition comprising at least one alcohol having from one to four carbon atoms, water and at least one carboxylic acid having from one to four carbon atoms, wherein said process comprises: (a) forming a vapour phase alcohol composition A and a liquid phase alcohol composition B from the alcohol composition; (b) separating a second vapour phase alcohol composition C and an aqueous phase D from the liquid phase alcohol composition B in a distillation column, wherein the aqueous phase D contains the majority of the carboxylic acid that was present in the liquid phase alcohol composition B; (c) passing the vapour phase alcohol composition A to a drying unit comprising a desiccant, (d) passing the vapour phase alcohol composition C to a drying unit comprising a desiccant; and (e) recovering an alcohol composition from the drying unit of step (c) and the drying unit of step (d); wherein the recovered alcohol composition o

Abstract: A catalyst composition for preparing o-phenylphenol is provided. The catalyst composition includes a carrier; and a first active metal, a second active metal, and a catalytic promoter carried by the carrier. The first active metal is platinum, and the second active metal is selected from the first, second and third rows of transition metals of groups VIB and VIIIB. The present disclosure utilizes the carrier to carry the first active metal, the second active metal and the catalytic promoter so as to increase the selectivity of o-phenylphenol and the service life of a catalyst.

Abstract: A process is proposed for production of dimethyl ether (DME) from synthesis gas (SG), in which at least one feed stream formed from synthesis gas (SG) is subjected to at least one synthesis step, in which components present in the feed stream are at least in part converted to dimethyl ether (DME), wherein at least one crude product stream is obtained which contains at least dimethyl ether (DME) and the unreacted components of the feed stream. The feed stream contains at least hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, and has a stoichiometric number of 2.0 to 5.0. The feed stream further contains 4 to 20 mol percent carbon dioxide, and the ratio of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide in the feed stream is in a range from 0.5 to 4. The at least one synthesis step is carried out under isothermal conditions. A system for production of dimethyl ether (DME) from synthesis gas (SG) is likewise subject matter of the present invention.

Abstract: Described herein are methods and systems for producing methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) by reacting an isobutene-containing stream with methanol in an MTBE production unit. In accordance with the method described herein, at least a portion of the isobutene-containing stream is obtained from a mixed C4 stream from a steam cracking unit and is not produced by passing the dehydrogenation of isobutane. Furthermore, an alkane-containing stream from the MTBE production unit is used as a feed stream for the steam cracking unit.

Abstract: A process for the acid-catalysed dehydration of ethanol, the process comprising the steps of distilling an ethanol feedstock (101) comprising at least one nitrogen-containing contaminant to form an overhead stream (102) and a bottom stream comprising ethanol (103), wherein the distillation has a reflux ratio of at least 20:1; and reacting the bottom stream in the presence of an acid catalyst to form a product stream comprising ethylene.

Abstract: A method for the processing, by separation technology, of a gas mixture (k) which is formed from a product stream (d) of a reactor (4) for synthesising dimethyl ether from synthesis gas (b), and which contains at least dimethyl ether, carbon dioxide and at least one other component which is lower-boiling than carbon dioxide, is proposed. The gas mixture (k) is cooled at a first pressure level from a first temperature level to a second temperature level and a fraction of the gas mixture (k) that remains in gaseous form at the second temperature level is washed in an absorption column (16) with a reflux (v) predominantly containing carbon dioxide. The reflux (v) predominantly containing carbon dioxide is at least partially formed from a fraction of the gas mixture (k) which is separated in liquid form during the cooling.

Abstract: 5,9-dimethyl-9-hydroxy-decen-4-al, having the formula (I)

Abstract: The oxidation of isobutyraldehyde produces isobutyric acid and byproducts, such as isopropyl formate. A process of reducing the isopropyl formate byproduct and other byproducts in the oxidation of isobutyraldehyde is described. The process uses a carbonyl compound, such as acetone, to reduce byproduct levels in the resulting product. Process for use of static mixers in oxidation reactions of aldehydes are also provided.

Abstract: A process for preparing a carboxylic acid, including a step of bringing at least one vicinal diol or at least one vicinal polyol into contact with an atmosphere including oxygen, and a catalyst, and in the absence of additional solvent.

Abstract: The present invention belongs to the technical field of chemical catalysts, and particularly relates to a zinc 2-arylpropionate catalyst, a preparation method therefor and use thereof The structural formula of the zinc 2-arylpropionate catalyst of the present invention is one of the following structures. The catalyst can be used for homogeneous catalysis of a 1,2-aryl rearrangement reaction of ?-haloarylketal, and especially for synthesis of high yield and environmentally friendly 2-arylpropanonic acid non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic drugs, such as, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, loxoprofen, flurbiprofen, fenoprofen, or naproxen and the like.

Abstract: This invention relates to novel derivatives of 4-hydroxybutyric acid and prodrugs thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the foregoing. This invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of this invention and the use of such compositions in methods of treating narcolepsy, fibromyalgia, other disorders or conditions that are beneficially treated by improving nocturnal sleep or by administering sodium oxybate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparation of dimethyl-(E)-butenedioate(I). The process for preparation of dimethyl-(E)-butenedioate (I), comprises reaction of Fumaric acid with methanol in the presence of C2-C4alkanoyl halideas coupling catalyst.

Abstract: A method for preparing dimethyl 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate (DMCD) is provided. The method includes hydrogenating dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) under a condition of a pressure of 20 to 30 kg/cm2 to continuously prepare the DMCD, and thereby increasing the selectivity of the DMCD. A method for preparing 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) is further provided.

Abstract: Polyol esters of metathesized fatty acids are generally disclosed herein. Methods of using such compounds, for example, as cleaning agents, solvents, and coalescents for paints and coatings, are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel compounds, e.g. for use as a medicament. In particular, the present invention relates to novel medicaments, preferably in the treatment and/or prevention of systemic diseases, autoimmune diseases, and/or inflammatory diseases, for example multiple sclerosis and psoriasis.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of at least one cyclohexanol derivative of the formula (I) and/or (II) as antimicrobial active compound or as anti-acne, antidandruff, antiperspirant or deodorant active compound, to preparations comprising these compounds, and to specific cyclohexanol derivatives and to a process for the preparation thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing hexamethylenediamine, wherein a) a muconic acid starting material is provided, which is selected from among muconic acid, esters of muconic acid, lactones of muconic acid, and mixtures thereof, b) the muconic acid starting material is subjected to a reaction with hydrogen in the presence of at least one hydrogenation catalyst in order to form 1,6-hexanediol, and c) the 1,6-hexanediol obtained in step b) is subjected to amination in the presence of an amination catalyst in order to obtain hexamethylenediamine. The invention further relates to hexamethylenediamine which can be produced by means of said method.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel hydrogenation reaction and hydrogenolysis reaction, and does not require a large scale hydrogen supply equipment and a high-pressure facility for a respective reaction. The present invention relates to a method for producing a hydrogenated compound, characterized in reducing a compound to be hydrogenated (C) using a hydrogen-containing compound (A) and a reduced compound (B) to produce the hydrogenated compound (c).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for hydrogenating 4,4?-methylenedianiline and/or polymeric MDA with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst comprising ruthenium on a zirconium oxide support material, and also to the use of a catalyst comprising ruthenium on a zirconium oxide support material for hydrogenating 4,4?-methylenedianiline and/or polymeric MDA.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for producing an ionic liquid, the method comprising: reacting a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound or an amine-based compound with an ammonium salt along with trialkyl orthoformate to acquire an alkylated nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound or an alkylated nitrogen-containing amine-based compound, wherein the alkylated nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound or the alkylated nitrogen-containing amine-based compound as a cation of the ionic liquid is ionically bonded to an anion included in the ammonium salt to form the ionic liquid.

Abstract: A stearoyl amino acid salt having a structural formula of the general formula (I), wherein R1 is H or an aromatic base capable of being substituted by one or more substituents, or a C1-4 straight chain or an alkyl with a branched chain, the substituent being an alcoholic hydroxyl group or a phenolic hydroxyl group; and R2 is a C11-25 saturated or unsaturated aliphatic group. Also provided are methods of preparing the stearoyl amino acid salt, and methods of using the stearoyl amino acid salt. Compared to a prototype drug stearoyl amino acid, the stearoyl amino acid salt described herein has excellent physicochemical properties, good stability, high relative bioavailability, a strong drug effect and a high safety factor. It is thus expected to become a candidate for clinical treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and acute brain injury, and a clinical drug for weight loss, thus having broad application prospects.

Abstract: Allosteric hemoglobin (Hb) modifiers of hemoglobin which contain nitric oxide (NO) moieties allowing for the release of NO in vivo. The compounds retain the oxygen delivery capability of the allosteric hemoglobin modifier to bind Hb and enhance Hb's ability to deliver oxygen to cells and tissues, and also release NO from the NO moiety. Methods of delivering oxygen and/or NO to cells and tissues are also provided.

Abstract: The present application refers to a medicinally active compound of formula (I) and its possible use as anti-inflammatory agent. Further, the present application refers to a method for the preparation of the compound of formula (I) as well as to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I).

Abstract: The invention generally relates to compounds of formula (I) with neural protective effect, and preparation and uses thereof. The compounds have multiple mechanisms or functions, for example, inhibition of monoamine oxidase and cholinesterase, scavenging of free radicals, and protection of cells such as nerve cells. The compounds can be used for manufacture of medicaments of cell protection, for prevention and/or treatment of monoamine oxidase, cholinesterase and free radicals related diseases, for example, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and stroke, and free-radical related diseases such as heart disease, myocardial ischemia, diabetes and other cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

Abstract: A modular system and method for producing urea from bio-mass includes means and steps for “homogenizing” a biomass feedstock stream having components with different bulk density BTU content into a stream having a consistent bulk density BTU content. The steps include cleaning the incoming bio-mass feedstock stream to remove non-organic matter, blending the cleaned bio-mass feedstock stream to obtain a homogeneous blend having a consistent bulk density BTU content, and milling the homogeneous blend bio-mass feedstock stream to a predetermined size no greater than 12 mm.

Abstract: A process for the synthesis of chiral propargylic alcohols.

Abstract: The present invention provides compounds having a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling inhibitory action useful as preventive and therapeutic drugs of inflammatory disease and/or central nervous system disease or diseases such as chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain (CINP), liver injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and the like. The present invention relates to a compound represented by formula (I) and a salt thereof: (wherein, each symbol is explained in greater detail in the specification).

Abstract: Described are ROR? modulators of the formula (I), or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, wherein all substituents are defined herein. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same. Such compounds and compositions are useful in methods for modulating ROR? activity in a cell and methods for treating a subject suffering from a disease or disorder in which the subject would therapeutically benefit from modulation of ROR? activity, for example, autoimmune and/or inflammatory disorders.

Abstract: Described are ROR? modulators of the formula (I), or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, wherein all substituents are defined herein. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same. Such compounds and compositions are useful in methods for modulating ROR? activity in a cell and methods for treating a subject suffering from a disease or disorder in which the subject would therapeutically benefit from modulation of ROR? activity, for example, autoimmune and/or inflammatory disorders.

Abstract: The invention relates to a catalyst comprising an active component based on molybdenum and on potassium and a support based on hydroxyapatite, and also to a process for preparing said catalyst and a process for producing methyl mercaptan in a catalytic process by reaction of carbon monoxide, sulphur and/or hydrogen sulphide and hydrogen, comprising the use of said catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel use of magnetic iron oxide red Fe21.333O32 as a catalyst in oxidizing methanthiol to prepare dimethyl disulfide. The magnetic iron oxide red Fe21.333O32 according to the present invention has extremely high catalytic selectivity in catalyzing and oxidizing methanthiol to prepare dimethyl disulfide. The magnetic iron oxide red Fe21.333O32 is prepared with a carbonate and a ferrite as raw materials, has advantages of low cost and simple preparation process, and is suitable for industrial production.

Abstract: The present invention provides hepatoprotectant acetaminophen mutual prodrugs, which have an acetaminophen moiety covalently linked to a second moiety that may act as a hepatoprotectant against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Additionally, acetaminophen mutual prodrugs may have improved water solubility which may provide better suitability for parenteral and other dosage forms relative to administration of acetaminophen. Also provided are methods of treating a disease or condition that is responsive to acetaminophen (such as fever, pain and ischemic injury) using hepatoprotectant acetaminophen mutual prodrugs, as well as kits and unit dosages.

Abstract: Described are ROR? modulators of the formula (I), or stereoisomers, tautomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof, wherein all substituents are defined herein. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same. Such compounds and compositions are useful in methods for modulating ROR? activity in a cell and methods for treating a subject suffering from a disease or disorder in which the subject would therapeutically benefit from modulation of ROR? activity, for example, autoimmune and/or inflammatory disorders.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to reagents and methods useful in the synthesis of aryl iodines, for example, in the preparation of iodine labeled radiotracers. The reagents and methods provided herein may be used to access a broad range of compounds, including aromatic compounds, heteroaromatic compounds, amino acids, nucleotides, and synthetic compounds.