Abstract: Methods of trimming fiber reinforced polymer composite workpieces are provided which use a pure waterjet discharged from a cutting head in liquid phase unladened with solid particles at an operating pressure of at least 60,000 psi and in combination with other cutting parameters to provide a final component profile without delamination, splintering, fraying or unacceptable fiber pullout or fiber fracture.

Abstract: The present invention is a method for slicing a workpiece, including: forming a wire row by a wire spirally wound between a plurality of wire guides and traveling in an axial direction, and pressing a workpiece against the wire row while supplying a processing liquid containing abrasive grains to a contact portion between the workpiece and the wire, wherein a used portion of the abrasive grains are subjected to a treatment with a mixed liquid of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide, and the abrasive grains subjected to the treatment are reused for the slicing of a workpiece. This makes it possible to slice a workpiece with suppressing contamination of a wafer with metal impurities when abrasive grains are reused in slicing a workpiece by use of a wire saw.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for the production of parisons from fiber-reinforced plastic, having a feed arrangement (1) for the continuous feed of a laid fiber fabric (2) and having a transverse deformation arrangement (3) with a draping apparatus (4) for the deformation of the fed laid fiber fabric (2) to form a predefined nominal profile (5). The apparatus is distinguished by the fact that the draping apparatus (4) is adjustable for a variation of a cross section of the nominal profile (5). The invention also relates to a corresponding method for the production of parisons from fiber-reinforced plastic.

Abstract: Certain embodiments of the present invention relate to methods for the production of arcuate polymeric saddles typically used to anchor and suspend insulated or non-insulated pipes. Ribs may be included to provide strength. Rounded corners on the saddles facilitate comfortably introducing and placing the saddles into hangers as well as improving use.

Abstract: Method for producing cosmetic products, preferably lipsticks, lip salves or lip glosses, the method including the steps of: providing a containment capsule or pod (7) containing an amount of preparation (1) for cosmetic product lower than 20 g; the pod extending along a central axis to a height H; introducing the pod or capsule (7) into a pouring chamber or seat (6) to at least 2/3 of H; heating the pod or capsule (7) up to a predetermined temperature adapted to cause an at least partial phase change of the preparation (1) for cosmetic product; pouring the preparation (1) for cosmetic product into a sleeve (8) provided with an inner cavity (9) reproducing the negative shape of the poured cosmetic product to be obtained; cooling the cosmetic product poured in the sleeve (8); extracting the poured cosmetic product from the sleeve (8).

Abstract: A method and device for use on pressed powders, such as those used in cosmetics. The inventive method uses a pressing device in order to repair broken and cracked pieces of powder. The repair device preferably includes a housing and a pressing mechanism. Preferably, repair device includes a magnet located on either the base of the housing or on a plate intended to receive a container. Preferably, repair device uses a screw and nut assembly for the pressing mechanism. The base includes a receiving plate connected to which rotates while the user is rotating the pressing mechanism. Preferably, pressing mechanism includes a few parts—a shaft or a screw, a handle, and a compressing plate. Preferably, the compressing plate is made to be removable from either the shaft or the screw.

Abstract: The present invention provides a molded product containing carbon fibers and a thermoplastic resin. The molded product has a stay portion, and the volume V of the stay portion and the thickness t of the molded product satisfy 1<V/t<60 (unit: mm2).

Abstract: An optical element manufacturing device includes a mold set including: a first shaping mold and a second shaping mold facing each other with a shaping-target material between the first and second shaping molds, and a sleeve located around the first and second shaping molds; and a plurality of stages on which the mold set is conveyed and which heat, press or cool the shaping-target material. The sleeve is conveyed to the stages in such a manner that a conveyance-direction front side of the mold set in an arrangement direction of the plurality of stages has a heat insulation portion with a heat insulation property that is higher than that on a conveyance-direction rear side of the mold set in order to reduce a temperature distribution in the shaping-target material.

Abstract: A mold for forming an element molded from a particle foam, including for example expanded polypropylene foam, includes at least one visible exterior surface defined by the particle foam. The visible exterior surface is textured having a roughness depth of less than or equal to 1.00 mm and a plurality of vent interfaces each having a maximum width of less than or equal to 0.4 mm. Methods of molding the element, together with a mold and a method of making the mold, are also provided.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention are based, at least in part, on the discovery of methods for encapsulating fragile insulation materials within polyisocyanurate foam to thereby provide a construction board having an advantageous balance of insulating properties and mechanical durability.

Abstract: A protective tube for a coil spring and a method for manufacturing the same are disclosed herein. The protective tube for a coil spring is manufactured by: mixing 40-70 parts by weight of a thermoplastic elastomer, 20-40 parts by weight of a thermoplastic resin, 0.2-5 parts by weight of an antioxidant, and 0.2-5 parts by weight of a crosslinking agent to obtain a mixture; pelletizing the mixture to obtain pellets; extrusion-molding the pellets into a tube; crosslinking the tube by radiation; enlarging the diameter of the crosslinked tube while forming the tube into a spiral shape by heating; and setting the enlarged-diameter tube by cooling.

Abstract: Injection molding at substantially constant pressure yields a substantially controlled injection molding process, even when utilizing a leaking check ring.

Abstract: A resin-infusion system for manufacture of a composite part includes an inflatable rigid bladder defining at least one infusion-flow medium and a preform lay-up formed on the bladder such that the infusion-flow medium defines space between the bladder and preform lay-up. The system also includes a mold into which the bladder and preform lay-up are placed such that the preform lay-up is constrained against the mold a resin injection system configured to feed resin into and to flow along the infusion-flow medium and then be infused into the preform lay-up. The bladder is configured to expand against the infused preform lay-up during curing such that the infusion-flow medium is smoothed resulting in a smooth surface of the finished part.

Abstract: A method of making a rub strip includes resin transfer molding an arcuate composite structure. The resin transfer molding step includes inserting a honeycomb core into a mold cavity having an arcuate base so that the honeycomb core assumes an arcuate shape. The resin transfer molding step further includes directing liquid resin into the mold cavity to form the composite structure comprising the liquid resin and the honeycomb core, and curing the liquid resin for a sufficient period of time. The resin transfer molding step further includes removing the composite structure from the mold. The method further includes repeating the resin transfer molding step until a sufficient number of arcuate composite structures are produced. The method further includes coupling a plurality of the arcuate composite structures together to form the rub strip.

Abstract: A method for producing a trim component for vehicle interior is disclosed. The method may produce multilayer molded bodies (e.g. interior compartments/fittings for vehicles) in which a reverse side of a leather material is backed with a plastic by injection molding. In order to prevent the leather material from being damaged by the injection pressures and/or temperatures during the in-mold injection molding process, the method provides for introducing untreated leather material into the injection mold.

Abstract: A nozzle terminal for injectors of plastic material injection moulding apparatus, includes a tubular tip defining a flow passage for the injected plastic material and including a radially inner element made of a first abrasion resistant material, an intermediate element made of a second high thermal conductivity material, and a radially outer element made of a third corrosion resistant material. The radially inner, intermediate and radially outer elements are joined to each other in intimate mutual contact, and the radially outer element fully covers the intermediate element thus insulating it from the environment.

Abstract: A hot-runner mold gate structure includes a body having a path, and a room is defined in one end of the path. A guide member is inserted in a bushing, and both of which are located in the room. A locking member is connected to the room and has a reception area in one end of the locking member. The guide member has an axial guide slot and a guide hole. The guide member has a tip which protrudes through an outlet in the distal end of the bushing. Melted PET passes through the guide hole, the guide slot and the gap between the tip and the inside of the outlet to enter into the mold set. The contact area between the locking member and the bushing is minimized to maintain a certain temperature at the outlet of the bushing to avoid the PET from being cooled.

Abstract: A plate is provided in its outer edge portion with a concavo-concave shape which makes a frame hard to fall away. A metal mold is provided with a cavity portion and a gate portion. A plurality of gate portions are provided at positions facing to an outer edge thickness surface of a metal plate in a state of being set to the metal mold and are arranged at positions conforming to arrangement of concave portions in the concavo-convex shape. A plate with frame is manufactured by using the metal mold. The invention can provide a method manufacturing the plate with frame obtained by integrally molding a resin frame in an outer edge portion of the metal plate by using the metal mold, and an amount of deformation can be held down even if any deformation is generated in the plate edge portion when the frame is integrally molded in the plate.

Abstract: In an injection molding method of fiber reinforced resin of the present invention, a resin accumulation region is provided closer to a downstream side than an injection completion position inside a heating cylinder, an injection pressure is given to molten resin that occupies the resin accumulation region in an injection process of a preceding cycle, and a shear force is given to the molten resin that occupies the resin accumulation region in a plasticizing process of a subsequent cycle. An inside of massive reinforcing fibers F is impregnated with the molten resin by giving a high injection pressure to the molten resin that occupies the resin accumulation region. Next, dispersion of the reinforcing fibers is promoted by giving a shear force in the plasticizing process of the subsequent cycle.

Abstract: An automatic opening and closing device for a mold assembly includes a base, a pivot seat, a first extensible unit, an upper mold mounting unit, two shafts, a second extensible unit, a left arm and a right arm. The first extensible unit can move the upper mold mounting unit downward to clamp or release the mold, and the second extensible unit is used to move the pivot seat between two positions. When the pivot seat is in a first position, the upper mold mounting unit can be lowered down to secure or release the mold by the first extensible unit, when in the second position, the upper mold mounting unit and the mold can be rotated an angle, to perform opening or closing of the mold assembly.

Abstract: A mold clamping device for an automatic mold opening and closing machine is used to clamp or release an upper mold which has a pair of wings. The mold clamping device is provided with two pressure cylinder units located at two lateral surfaces of the mold mounting unit, two pivot units pivoted to the two pressure cylinder units, respectively, and two clamping members pivotally disposed between the pressure cylinder units and the pivot units. When the first piston is in the first position, the clamping member will be rotated an angle to disengage the inner portion from the wing of the upper mold, and when in the second position, the piston will drive the clamping member to rotate an angle in a reverse direction, so that the wing of the upper mold is clamped between the inner portion and the bottom surface of the mold mounting unit.

Abstract: A method for forming a conformal fluid circulating passage in a mold includes providing a mold including a molding surface with an open passage thereon, the depth of the passage substantially conforming to the contour of the molding surface, the passage defining a plurality of open fluid channels including a first channel, a second channel downstream of the first channel and a third channel downstream of the second channel; and wherein each fluid channel defines a centerline that extends from the bottom of the open passage to the molding surface and a channel longitudinal centerline, and the method includes maintaining a common distance between the longitudinal centerlines and the molding surface and between the centerlines of adjacent channels.

Abstract: A method for operating a molding machine includes specifying a simulating domain corresponding to a genuine domain in a mold disposed on the molding machine. The method proceeds to perform a virtual molding by using a setting packing pressure profile to generate a simulated state waveform, generating a designed state waveform including an isobaric phase and an isochoric phase while taking into consideration the simulated state waveform, and obtaining an updated packing pressure profile for applying a molding pressure to a portion of the genuine domain while taking into consideration a difference between the simulated state waveform and the designed state waveform. Subsequently, the method proceeds to set the molding machine while taking into consideration the updated packing pressure profile to perform an actual molding by applying an actual molding pressure to the at least a portion of the genuine domain to prepare the molding product.

Abstract: Provided are a mirror-surface member configured to reflect an insert held by an insert moving means and an insertion position compensation means. An amount of misalignment between the insert and the insert moving means is calculated based on a photographed image of the insert reflected on the mirror-surface member, and an insertion position for the insert to be inserted into a mold is compensated based on the amount of misalignment.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a polymer coated mat is disclosed to form a moisture barrier. The method includes moving a substrate mat along a processing path and heating the substrate mat to a predetermined temperature. A curtain of molten polymer is extruded through a slot die onto a surface of the heated substrate mat as the mat moves along the processing path to create a composite mat comprising a thin polymer film coating on at least one side of the substrate mat. The composite mat is then cooled in a controlled manner to cure and solidify the polymer film. The resulting composite mat may be used as a construction wrap, or it may be incorporated into other products such as an underlayment. A novel asphalt shingle may be fabricated using the composite mat in lieu of a traditional asphalt saturated mat or other substrate.

Abstract: Provided is a thickness variation adjustment-type air ring capable of accurately and optimally controlling the volume of cooling air at all positions in the circumferential direction, and stably manufacturing a synthetic resin film having an exceptionally low thickness variation. A thickness variation adjustment-type air ring is provided on a die of an inflation film manufacturing apparatus which locally controls the volume of cooling air discharged from a cooling air passage in a circumferential direction to adjust the thickness variation of a synthetic resin film when blowing the cooling air around a molten synthetic resin tube extruded in a longitudinal direction to cool and solidify the molten synthetic resin tube to form the synthetic resin film, the thickness variation adjustment-type air ring.

Abstract: Systems and methods for uniformly expanding and heat setting medical devices. One method can include expanding a medical device by advancing the medical device over a preheated expander, the medical device being uniformly expanded as the medical device is advanced over the preheated expander; and heat setting the expanded medical device while the medical device is positioned over the expander, the preheated expander being maintained at a predetermined heat-setting temperature. The preheated expander can be positioned within a thermal chamber that maintains the preheated expander at the predetermined heat-setting temperature. The medical device can be physically separated from the preheated expander when the medical device is positioned over the expander and can be comprised of a shape-memory material. The preheated expander can remain heated during the expansion and heat setting of a plurality of medical devices.

Abstract: The present invention provides an imprint apparatus which forms a pattern in an imprint material supplied onto a substrate using a mold, the apparatus comprising a supply unit including a plurality of orifices each of which discharges the imprint material toward the substrate and configured to supply the imprint material onto the substrate by discharge of the imprint material from each orifice, and a control unit configured to control the discharge of the imprint material from each orifice in accordance with distribution information indicating a distribution, on the substrate, of the imprint material that should be supplied onto the substrate, wherein the control unit updates, based on information on a discharge amount of the imprint material discharged from each orifice, the distribution information such that a thickness of the imprint material formed using the mold falls within an allowable range.

Abstract: A laser processing device is provided, including: a laser beam irradiating apparatus irradiating a laser beam to a marked object; an angle adjusting apparatus connected with the laser beam irradiating apparatus to adjust an irradiation angle of the laser beam; a photographing apparatus photographing an area where the laser beam is irradiated; and a guide beam reflective mirror positioned on a movement path of the laser beam, in which the laser beam is a processing laser beam or a guide beam which marks the marked object.

Abstract: A composite molded article in which another material is integrated on a face having grooves in a grooved resin molded article having grooves in which end parts of a fibrous inorganic filler protrude and are exposed from lateral faces of the grooves on a surface side in at least the insides of the grooves. Exposure of the end parts of the fibrous inorganic filler and formation of the grooves may be accomplished by laser irradiation, and the depth of the grooves may be at least 200 ?m. Another molded article comprising the other material is arranged surrounding the fibrous inorganic filler in the insides of the grooves.

Abstract: The invention relates to a vibration welding system (10) for vibration welding two parts (50, 60) together, in particular two plastic parts (50, 60). The system (10) comprises a machine frame, a lower tooling (12) to which at least a lower part (50) is nestable, as well as an upper tooling (13) which is arranged to be brought into contact with an upper surface (65) of an upper part (60) and to vibrate with respect to the machine frame in a vibration direction (X) in order to at least partially weld a lower surface (61) of the upper part (60) to an upper surface (51) of the lower part (50). The lower tooling (12) is pivotably arranged with respect to the machine frame about a pivot axis (P). The invention further relates to a vibration welding method for vibration welding two parts (50, 60) together and to a method of upgrading an existing vibration welding system to a vibration welding system (10) according to the invention.

Abstract: A method and a connecting element for joining two components, at least one of which is made of a fiber-reinforced composite, are proposed.

Abstract: Installation fittings for use with induction weldable pipe connectors for assembling multi-layer pipe fluid distribution systems. Induction welding pipe connectors including a major central pipe connector section and a minor lateral pipe connector section pair having reduced thickness relative to the major central pipe connector section. Induction welding pipe connectors with 5 integral solder flow barrier for assembling fluid distribution systems. Electromagnetic induction coil reverse action pliers for use with induction weldable pipe connectors for assembling fluid distribution systems.

Abstract: A resin molded product is configured by bonding a first resin member and a second resin member by radiation of a laser light. The first resin member has a laser light permeability to be permeable to the laser light, and the second resin member has a laser light absorbing property to absorb the laser light. The resin molded product includes a protrusion portion and a recess portion. The protrusion portion is provided in the second resin member, the protrusion portion bonded to the first resin member by melting of the protrusion portion via the radiation of the laser light. The recess portion is provided in the first or second resin member so as to be located on both sides of the protrusion portion, the recess portion accommodating at least a part of the protrusion portion melted by the radiation of the laser light.

Abstract: A two-component reactive dispensing system that is pliable is comprised of an outer sausage tubular member having therein an inner sausage tubular member in which the inner tubular member is bonded to the inner surface of the outer sausage tubular member longitudinally along a portion of the outer surface of the inner tubular sausage member. The compartments formed by the inner and outer tubular sausage members are filled with materials that are reactive with each other and the ends are sealed by gathering the ends and sealed using, for example wire wrap around clips.

Abstract: The objective of the present invention is to provide a vehicle door trim bonding device capable of quickly bonding sub-trims. In order to achieve the objective, the present invention provides a vehicle door trim bonding device for coupling a first sub-trim in which a projection is formed and which is made of a thermoplastic resin material, and a second sub-trim in which a receiving hole for receiving the projection of the first sub-trim is formed and which is made of a thermoplastic resin material, the device comprising: a heat supply unit for melting a part of the protrusion with radiation heat; and a molding part for compression-molding the molten protrusion.

Abstract: A system comprising a pipe and at least one fitting, wherein the pipe is made essentially of a thermoplastic, fiber-reinforced composite material, and the fitting is made essentially of titanium or a titanium alloy, and the pipe and the fitting are connected in a fluid-tight manner

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing thermosetting components from two or more semifinished composite-material products with textile fibre reinforcement and matrix material, wherein the semifinished composite-material products are fully consolidated, with the exception of local regions, and are brought into contact at the partially consolidated (gelled) regions (201, 211, 221, 241) such that the matrix material of the partially consolidated regions (201, 211, 221, 241) bonds and the regions joined together in this way are subsequently fully consolidated. Furthermore, a device which is suitable for producing the semifinished composite-material products is disclosed.

Abstract: A method of sealing a panel joint includes steps of: attaching a forming material made of resin and reinforced fiber to a joint as a bonded end of a plurality of panels such that the joint is surrounded with the forming material; coupling a cover back to surround the forming material, and sealing a coupled end of the cover back using a sealing tape; mutually compressing the reinforced fiber and the resin of the forming material, while the reinforced fiber is impregnated with the resin, using compressive force of the cover back generated by introducing air into a nozzle connected to the cover back; and hardening the resin and removing the cover back and the sealing tape.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method of preparing a polygon mesh for printing by a process of additive manufacturing includes the steps of receiving a model of an object to be printed in the form of a polygon mesh, converting the polygon mesh into a signed distance field which comprises voxels identified as interior or exterior to the object, the conversion including a process for resolving degeneracies in the model so that the signed distance field defines an outer surface that is an orientable manifold, and thus may exist in reality and an output step which converts the signed distance field to a format that facilitates additive manufacturing of the object.

Abstract: A three-dimensional printing apparatus includes a projector to project a first image onto a tank and a controller to control the projector. The controller includes an acquirer, an inclination calculator, a vertical and horizontal correction value calculator, a memory, and a corrector. The acquirer projectively transforms the first image, thus acquiring a second image obtained by correction of the first image. The second image includes a projection sub-image. The inclination calculator calculates horizontal and vertical inclinations of the projection sub-image in the second image. The vertical and horizontal correction value calculator calculates a first correction value based on the horizontal inclination, and calculates a second correction value based on the vertical inclination. The memory stores a third correction value. The corrector corrects the brightness distribution of the second image using a fourth correction value calculated based on the first to third correction values.

Abstract: An additive manufacturing resin system including an additive manufacturing print head; a continuous carbon fiber or short carbon fibers operatively connected to the additive manufacturing print head; and a tailored resin operatively connected to the print head, wherein the tailored resin has a resin mass and wherein the tailored resin includes an epoxy component, a filler component, a catalyst component, and a chain extender component; wherein the epoxy component is 70-95% of the resin mass, wherein the filler component is 1-20% of the resin mass, wherein the catalyst component is 0.1-10% of the resin mass, and wherein the chain extender component is 0-50% of the resin mass.

Abstract: An additive manufacturing system for producing a carbon fiber epoxy product includes an additive manufacturing print head; a continuous carbon fiber operatively connected to the additive manufacturing print head; a tapered nozzle in the additive manufacturing print head that receives the continuous carbon fiber, the tapered nozzle producing an extruded material that forms the carbon fiber epoxy product; and a tailored resin feed operatively connected to the print head, wherein the continuous carbon fiber is dispersed in the epoxy resin.

Abstract: Additive manufacturing of a fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) product using an additive manufacturing print head; a reservoir in the additive manufacturing print head; short carbon fibers in the reservoir, wherein the short carbon fibers are randomly aligned in the reservoir; an acrylate, methacrylate, epoxy, cyanate ester or isocyanate resin in the reservoir, wherein the short carbon fibers are dispersed in the acrylate, methacrylate, epoxy, cyanate ester or isocyanate resin; a tapered nozzle in the additive manufacturing print head operatively connected to the reservoir, the tapered nozzle produces an extruded material that forms the fibre-reinforced polymer product; baffles in the tapered nozzle that receive the acrylate, methacrylate, epoxy, cyanate ester or isocyanate resin with the short carbon fibers dispersed in the acrylate, methacrylate, epoxy, cyanate ester or isocyanate resin; and a system for driving the acrylate, methacrylate, epoxy, cyanate ester or isocyanate resin with the short carbon fibers di

Abstract: An apparatus and method for assembling 3D printing outputs. The apparatus for assembling 3D printing outputs includes a mesh structuring unit for performing mesh structuring on a segmented surface generated by partitioning a virtual 3D modeled object, a printing unit for selecting the kind and shape of a coupler to be inserted into the segmented surface of the object, modeling a hole in the segmented surface using variables corresponding to the size of the coupler, and printing the partitioned objects, and an assembly unit for inserting the coupler into the hole and assembling the partitioned objects using the coupler.

Abstract: A method of producing a three-dimensional shaped article includes a step of forming particle layers by arranging particles containing a material for forming a shaped article and particles containing a material having higher solubility in fluid than the material for forming the shaped article, a step of forming a stack by melting and stacking the particle layers, and a step of removing the material having higher solubility in the fluid than the material for forming the shaped article from the stack by dissolving the material having higher solubility in the fluid than the material for forming the shaped article in the fluid.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and apparatus for selectively sintering particulate material, the method comprising: providing a layer (6) of particulate material; providing an amount of a radiation absorbent material over a selected surface portion of the layer (6) of particulate material; providing an amount of a material that comprises a plurality of elongate elements (16) over at least part of the selected surface portion of the layer (6) of particulate material; and providing radiation (8) across the selected surface portion of the layer (6) of particulate material so as to sinter a portion of the material of the layer (6) including causing the plurality of elongate elements (16) to become embedded in the sintered portion of material.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and apparatus for selectively sintering particulate material, the method comprising: providing a layer (6) of particulate material; providing an amount of a radiation absorbent material over a selected surface portion of the layer (6) of particulate material; providing an amount of a material that comprises a plurality of electrically conductive elements (20) over at least part of the selected surface portion of the layer (6) of particulate material; and providing radiation (8) across the selected surface portion of the layer of particulate material so as to sinter a portion of the material of the layer (6) including causing the plurality of electrically conductive elements (20) to become embedded in the sintered portion of material.

Abstract: An additive manufacturing (AM) system including a platform including a mold die mounted on the platform, the mold die having a surface shape corresponding to a mold cavity used for thermoforming a thermoplastic sheet, and an AM assembly configured to perform an AM method on the thermoplastic sheet having been thermoformed with the mold die. A method for performing AM on a thermoplastic sheet comprises the steps of thermoforming a thermoplastic sheet using a mold die, and performing an AM method on the thermoformed thermoplastic sheet in the mold die as a substrate.

Abstract: A sensing device of a three dimensional object being printed is provided. The sensing device includes a roller, a ring shape equipment, a sensor, and a processor. The roller is utilized to perform planarization of the 3D printing object. The ring shape equipment has the same axial as the roller and rotates with the roller. The sensor is utilized to detect rotational speed of the ring shape equipment. The processor determines whether the roller is in contact with the 3D printing object according to the rotational speed of the ring shape equipment. Thereby, contact between the roller and the 3D printing object may be determined without disposed sensor on the roller.