Abstract: Optical apparatus includes first and second diffractive optical elements (DOEs) arranged in series to diffract an input beam of radiation. The first DOE is configured to apply to the input beam a pattern with a specified divergence angle, while the second DOE is configured to split the input beam into a matrix of output beams with a specified fan-out angle. The divergence and fan-out angles are chosen so as to project the radiation onto a region in space in multiple adjacent instances of the pattern.

Abstract: Imagery from two or more users' different smartphones is streamed to a cloud processor, enabling creation of 3D model information about a scene being imaged. From this model, arbitrary views and streams can be synthesized. In one arrangement, a user of such a system is at a sports arena, and her view of the sporting event is blocked when another spectator rises to his feet in front of her. Nonetheless, the imagery presented on her headworn display continues uninterrupted—the blocked imagery from that viewpoint being seamlessly re-created based on imagery contributed by other system users in the arena. A great variety of other features and arrangements are also detailed.

Abstract: A full depth display for use in three dimensional (3D) imaging has an array of optical emitters on a first plane, an aperture array having a plurality of apertures on a second plane separated from the first plane, and an optional set of corrective lenses which direct the image to a slightly divergent path about the z axis. The optical emitters are organized in left/right pairs. The aperture array contains periodic structures which direct optical energy from the array of apertures to an observer's left and right eyes to create the effect of a full depth image.

Abstract: Disclosed embodiments relate to a stereoscopic projection system and methods. An exemplary disclosed projection system includes an optical component disposed between the lenses of a lens arrangement. An exemplary lens arrangement includes a first power group, a second power group, and an aperture stop. In an embodiment, the optical component is disposed between the first power group and the aperture stop. In an exemplary embodiment, the optical component is proximate to the aperture stop. By disposing the optical component closer to or proximate to the aperture stop in the lens arrangement, various benefits may be realized, including improved contrast uniformity.

Abstract: Systems and methods for navigating a 3D stereoscopic scene displayed via a 3D stereoscopic display system using user head tracking. A reference POV including a reference user head position and a reference user head orientation may be established. The user head POV may be tracked, including monitoring user head positional displacements and user head angular rotations relative to the reference POV. In response to the tracking, a camera POV used to render the 3D stereoscopic scene may be adjusted based on a non-linear mapping between changes in the camera POV and the user head positional displacements and user head angular rotations relative to the reference POV. The non-linear mapping may include a mapping of user head positional displacements relative to the reference POV to translational movements in the camera POV and a mapping of user head angular rotations relative to the reference POV to rotations in the camera POV.

Abstract: A display apparatus for providing a multi view mode along with glasses is provided. The display apparatus includes a communicator which communicates with the glasses, a display which displays multiple contents respectively, a screen telephony performer which performs screen telephony with another display apparatus, and a controller. The controller controls the communicator to transmit a user's voice received from the another display apparatus to the glasses, when the screen telephony with another display apparatus is performed, and which controls the display to display screen telephony images received from the another display apparatus and one content from among the multiple contents in a multi view mode.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for deblocking of reconstructed video are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method divides a block boundary into two sub-boundaries and separates lines or column across the sub-boundaries into two groups. The deblocking filter decision for each group is determined based on the lines or columns in the respective group. In another embodiment, the method divides block edges of blocks in the LCUs into two edge groups, where the first edge group corresponds to horizontal block edges between two LCUs and the second edge group corresponds to remaining block edges not included in the first edge group. The number of lines processed by a vertical filter in the first edge group is less than the number of lines processed by a vertical filter in the second edge group. Accordingly, a system embodying the present invention has reduced storage requirement.

Abstract: A length indicator (23) associated with an encoded representation (20) of a slice (3) is parsed. The length indicator (23) is indicative of a length of an extension field (24) present in a slice header (21) of the encoded representation (20). A decoder (40) can then determine to ignore, during decoding of the encoded representation (20), any value of the extension field (24) in the slice header (21) where these values are identified based on the length indicator (23). As a consequence, extension fields (23) can be added to slice headers (21) and still enable legacy decoders (40) to correctly decode the encoded representations (20).

Abstract: The present invention relates to an intra prediction mode mapping method and a device using the method. The intra prediction mode includes: decoding flag information providing information regarding whether an intra prediction mode of a plurality of candidate intra prediction modes for the current block is the same as the intra prediction mode for the current block, and decoding a syntax component including information regarding the intra prediction mode for the current block in order to induce the intra prediction mode for the current block if the intra prediction mode from among the plurality of candidate intra prediction modes for the current block is not the same as the intra prediction mode for the current block. Thus, it is possible to increase the efficiency with which are images are decoded.

Abstract: Roughly described, pictures are divided into multiple spatial sections to be encoded by multiple section encoders. To address discontinuities of compression decisions across section boundaries, the multiple section encoders encode overlapping regions in a picture.

Abstract: Compression transforming video into a compressed representation (which typically can be delivered at a capped pixel rate compatible with conventional video systems), including by generating spatially blended pixels and temporally blended pixels (e.g., temporally and spatially blended pixels) of the video, and determining a subset of the blended pixels for inclusion in the compressed representation including by assessing quality of reconstructed video determined from candidate sets of the blended pixels. Trade-offs may be made between temporal resolution and spatial resolution of regions of reconstructed video determined by the compressed representation to optimize perceived video quality while reducing the data rate. The compressed data may be packed into frames. A reconstruction method generates video from a compressed representation using metadata indicative of at least one reconstruction parameter for spatial regions of the reconstructed video.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed relating to region of interest (ROI) video coding using tiles and tile groups. An encoded video sequence including a plurality of tiles may be received. The plurality of tiles may be divided into one or more tile groups. Signaling indicating parameters of the one or more tile groups may be received. A tile group of the one or more tiles groups may be decoded and a picture relating to the decoded tile group may be displayed. The decoded tile group may overlap the ROI. The ROI may correspond to the displayed picture and the displayed picture may be a portion of the encoded video sequence. The tile groups that do not overlap the ROI may not be decoded.

Abstract: Video decoding innovations for multithreading implementations and graphics processor unit (“GPU”) implementations are described. For example, for multithreaded decoding, a decoder uses innovations in the areas of layered data structures, picture extent discovery, a picture command queue, and/or task scheduling for multithreading. Or, for a GPU implementation, a decoder uses innovations in the areas of inverse transforms, inverse quantization, fractional interpolation, intra prediction using waves, loop filtering using waves, memory usage and/or performance-adaptive loop filtering. Innovations are also described in the areas of error handling and recovery, determination of neighbor availability for operations such as context modeling and intra prediction, CABAC decoding, computation of collocated information for direct mode macroblocks in B slices, reduction of memory consumption, implementation of trick play modes, and picture dropping for quality adjustment.

Abstract: A system, medium, and method compressing and/or restoring images. Such a data compression method may include selecting a mode from among a plurality of modes for compressing current data, according to predetermined criteria, and calculating a difference between the current data and reference data, according to the selected mode, and compressing the current data, or truncating a part of the current data and compressing the current data. Accordingly, it is possible to significantly lower the complexity of an image encoder/decoder system and exactly meet a picture-based CBR required by LCD DCC devices/systems.

Abstract: A method for decoding an image according to the present invention comprises the steps of: receiving and decoding MPM index information for indicating an MPM candidate which is to be used as an intra prediction mode of a current block; generating an MPM candidate list containing a plurality of MPM candidates for the current block; determining the MPM candidate indicated by the decoded MPM index information as the intra prediction mode of the current block, among the plurality of the MPM candidates which constitute the MPM candidate list; and generating a prediction block corresponding to the current block by performing intra prediction for the current block based on the determined intra prediction mode.

Abstract: To improve an image recognition rate by quickly changing a parameter in a proper manner without being affected by a transmission delay of an image encoding stream in an image receiving device that recognizes a decoded image obtained by decoding the received image encoding stream. The image receiving device includes a data receiving unit, a parameter changing unit, a decoding unit, and an image recognition unit. The data receiving unit receives an image encoding stream including image encoding data and the parameter. The parameter changing unit changes the parameter received by the data receiving unit, that is, the parameter specified for encoding performed by a sender, to a value suitable for image recognition performed in the subsequent stage. The decoding unit generates the image decoding data by decoding the received image encoding data according to the changed parameter. The image recognition unit performs image recognition on the image decoding data.

Abstract: Provided are a method and apparatus for encoding a video by using block merging and a method and apparatus for decoding a video by using block merging. The method of encoding includes: determining an encoding mode indicating a current data unit for encoding of a picture and an encoding method including prediction encoding performed for the current data unit; determining an occurrence of merging with at least one neighboring data unit based on at least one of the encoding mode and a prediction mode; and determining prediction mode information, merging related information, and prediction related information, and determining encoding information of the data unit including the prediction mode information, the merging related information, and the prediction related information.

Abstract: A video decoding method includes decoding a bitstream including generating a quantized frequency transform block from the bitstream, reconstructing a residual block by inversely quantizing and inversely transforming the quantized frequency transform block, generating a prediction block by predicting a current block to be reconstructed, reconstructing the current block by adding the generated prediction block to the reconstructed residual block and performing a deblocking filtering with respect to a boundary between subblocks within a frame including the reconstructed current block, by allowing numbers of filtered pixels in a first block of the subblocks and a second block of the subblocks that engage in the filtering to be different depending on one or more predetermined criterion.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method and an apparatus for encoding and decoding video. A video decoding method comprises reconstructing a residual value by entropy-decoding received bitstream and dequantizing and inverse-transforming residual value information, generating a final prediction unit by performing inter prediction on a prediction unit which is partitioned from a coding unit into at least two prediction units by asymmetric motion partitioning (AMP), the two partitioned prediction units comprising a first partitioned prediction unit and a second partitioned prediction unit, and reconstructing a picture by adding the final prediction unit to the residual values.

Abstract: A method for decoding high efficiency video coding, comprising determining whether a coding unit is within an intra slice or an inter slice, determining whether intra block copy has been enabled, reviewing syntax for said coding unit for an intra block copy flag when the coding unit is within an intra slice and intra block copy has been enabled, and omitting reviewing the syntax for the intra block copy flag when the coding unit is within an inter slice.

Abstract: An encoder for encoding a video stream or an image is described herein. The encoder receives an input video stream and outputs an encoded video stream that can be decoded at a decoder to recover, at least approximately, an instance of the input video stream. The encoder encodes a video stream by first identifying scene boundaries and encoding frames between scene boundaries using a set of parameters. For at least two different scene sequences, different sets of parameters are used, providing adaptive, scene-based encoding.

Abstract: A system and method for multi-bitrate and multi-spatial resolution media encoding are disclosed. In an embodiment for encoding a sequence of pictures at a given spatial resolution to an encoding format at a plurality of output bitrates, the sequence of pictures and a picture type for each of the pictures are received. Further, best combinations of encoding parameters for each coding tree block (CTB) in each of the pictures are identified from a determined set of combinations of encoding parameters supported by the encoding format for the associated picture type. Furthermore, the sequence of pictures are encoded using the best of the identified combinations of encoding parameters for each CTB in each of the pictures to create media bit streams at the plurality of output bitrates.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for inducing a merge candidate block and a device using same. An image decoding method involves decoding motion estimation region (MER) related information; determining whether or not a predicted target block and a spatial merge candidate block are included in the same MER; and determining the spatial merge candidate block to be an unavailable merge candidate block when the predicted target block and the spatial merge candidate block are included in the same MER. Accordingly, by parallely performing the method for inducing a merge candidate, parallel processing is enabled and the computation amount and implementation complexity are reduced.

Abstract: Approaches to re-encoding image sets using frequency-domain differences, along with corresponding approaches to reversing the re-encoding of the image sets. For example, a re-encoding tool computes frequency-domain differences between (a) quantized coefficients for a block from encoded data in a first format and (b) quantized coefficients for a prediction of the block. The re-encoding tool entropy codes the frequency-domain differences, producing encoded data in a second format for the compressed images. Such re-encoding can significantly reduce storage cost for previously compressed images, compared to the storage cost for the previously compressed images in the first format, without hurting image quality. Subsequently, the previously compressed images in the first format can be recovered from the encoded data in the second format. Or, the encoded data in the second format can be decoded to reconstruct the images.

Abstract: In some examples, a video encoder includes multiple sequence parameter set (SPS) IDs in an SEI message, such that multiple active SPSs can be indicated to a video decoder. In some examples, a video decoder activates a video parameter set (VPS) and/or one or more SPSs through referencing an SEI message, e.g., based on the inclusion of the VPS ID and one or more SPS IDs in the SEI message. The SEI message may be, as examples, an active parameter sets SEI message or a buffering period SEI message.

Abstract: An image coding method includes: writing, into a sequence parameter set, buffer description defining information for defining a plurality of buffer descriptions; selecting one of the buffer descriptions for each processing unit that is a picture or a slice, and writing buffer description selecting information for specifying the selected buffer description, into a first header of the processing unit which is included in the coded bitstream; and coding the processing unit using the selected buffer description, and the buffer description defining information includes long-term information for identifying, among a plurality of reference pictures indicated in the buffer descriptions, a reference picture to be assigned as a long-term reference picture.

Abstract: A picture coding apparatus includes a motion vector estimation unit and a motion compensation unit. The motion vector estimation unit selects one method for deriving a motion vector of a block to be motion-compensated, depending on a motion vector of a block located in a corner of a decoded macroblock from among a group of blocks that compose the decoded macroblock corresponding to the current macroblock to be coded and determines the motion vector derived by the selected method for derivation to be a candidate of the motion vector of the current macroblock to be coded. The motion compensation unit generates a predictive image of the block to be motion-compensated based on the estimated motion vector.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an inter-layer prediction method and an apparatus using same. The inter-layer prediction method comprises: a step of inducing inter-layer motion information from a reference layer; and a step of performing a prediction on the current block in the current layer using the inter-layer motion information. The inter-layer motion information may include an inter-layer motion vector induced from the reference layer.

Abstract: A video coder generates a list of merging candidates for coding a video block of the 3D video. A maximum number of merging candidates in the list of merging candidates may be equal to 6. As part of generating the list of merging candidates, the video coder determines whether a number of merging candidates in the list of merging candidates is less than 5. If so, the video coder derives one or more combined bi-predictive merging candidates. The video coder includes the one or more combined bi-predictive merging candidates in the list of merging candidates.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for performing motion estimation in a digital video system is disclosed. Specifically, the present invention discloses a system that quickly calculates estimated motion vectors in a very efficient manner. In one embodiment, a first multiplicand is determined by multiplying a first display time difference between a first video picture and a second video picture by a power of two scale value. This step scales up a numerator for a ratio. Next, the system determines a scaled ratio by dividing that scaled numerator by a second first display time difference between said second video picture and a third video picture. The scaled ratio is then stored calculating motion vector estimations. By storing the scaled ratio, all the estimated motion vectors can be calculated quickly with good precision since the scaled ratio saves significant bits and reducing the scale is performed by simple shifts.

Abstract: In an example, a method of transforming video data in video coding includes applying a first stage of a two-dimensional transform to a block of video data values to generate a block of first stage results, and applying a second stage of the two-dimensional transform to the block of first stage results without reordering the first stage results to generate a block of second stage results.

Abstract: Methods and modules for spatial decorrelation and recorrelation are described. A block of data values can be spatially decorrelated in two dimensions efficiently by processing rows of the data values in a particular order such that if the results of spatially decorrelating a first row will be used for column-wise spatial decorrelation of a second row then the data values of the first row are processed in an earlier iteration to that in which the data values of the second row are processed. This allows for highly parallelised processing of the block of data values. Spatial recorrelation can be performed as an inverse process to the spatial decorrelation.

Abstract: Provided is an image encoding apparatus that generates a prediction block according to an intra prediction mode, generates a residual block, transforms the residual block to generate a transform block, quantizes the transform block to generate a quantized transform block, scans the quantized transform block to generate one-dimensional (1D) quantized coefficients, and entropy-codes the 1D quantized coefficients. When a size of the transform block is 8×8, the quantized transform block is divided into a plurality of sub-blocks, the plurality of sub-blocks and coefficients of each sub-block are scanned using a same scan pattern determined according to the intra prediction mode. A scan pattern for scanning flags indicating non-zero coefficients of each sub-block is the same as the scan pattern for scanning non-zero coefficients of each sub-block.

Abstract: An video decoding apparatus including a parser which obtains bit strings corresponding to current transformation coefficient level information by arithmetic decoding a bitstream based on a context model; a parameter determiner which determines a current binarization parameter by updating or maintaining a previous binarization parameter based on a comparison of a threshold and a size of a previous transformation coefficient; a syntax element restorer which obtains the current transformation coefficient level information by performing de-binarization of the bit strings using the determined current binarization parameter and generates a size of a current transformation coefficient using the current transformation coefficient level information, wherein the current binarization parameter has a value equal to or smaller than a predetermined value.

Abstract: Deriving illumination compensation parameters and detection of illumination dominant transitions types for video coding and processing applications is described. Illumination changes such as fade-ins, fade-outs, cross-fades, and flashes are detected. Detection of these illumination changes is then used for weighted prediction to provide for improved illumination compensation.

Abstract: A method of decoding a video through symbol decoding includes parsing symbols of image blocks from a received bitstream; classifying a current symbol into a prefix bit string and a suffix bit string based on a threshold value determined according to a size of a current block; performing arithmetic decoding of the prefix bit string and the suffix bit string by using respective arithmetic decoding methods determined for each of the prefix bit string and the suffix bit string; performing inverse binarization of the prefix bit string and the suffix bit string by using respective binarization methods determined for each of the prefix bit string and the suffix bit string; and restoring the image blocks by performing an inverse transformation operation and a prediction operation on the current block by using the current symbol restored through the arithmetic decoding and the inverse binarization.

Abstract: Electronic program guide (EPG) systems and methods are operable to incorporate image information into an EPG generated at a media device. An exemplary embodiment receives an image associated with a program, processes the received image into a rich media EPG image, receives program presentation schedule information that specifies a presentation schedule of a plurality of programs, wherein the program is one of the plurality of programs scheduled for presentation, associates an identifier with the rich media EPG image and the program, and generates a rich media EPG schedule based upon the received program presentation schedule information and the identifier.

Abstract: A solution for composing a multi-angle video from videos captured from different angles is disclosed. A request to compose a multi-angle video is received from a target user, requesting composing a multi-angle video using a video captured by the target user and videos captured by other users nearby the target user. A plurality of videos captured by nearby users are identified based on metadata associated with the captured videos, e.g., geolocation and timestamps of the videos, and presented to the target user. A video sequence including two or more videos from the plurality of videos captured by nearby users is received and the multi-angle video is composed based on the received video sequence.

Abstract: A portable device includes solid-state memory, an Ethernet and/or wireless network connection, and an HDMI. The portable device receives content guide data from a first server and displays a content guide on a display. In response to a user's selection of a content item, the portable device requests the content item over the Internet from a second server. The portable device receives the content item, stores the content item in solid-state memory, generates display signals that represent the content item, and sends the display signals to a display. The second server may match the content item with relevant advertisements based on keywords associated with the content item and the advertisements. The second server may send selected advertisement URLs to the portable device. Using the URLs, the portable device may obtain the advertisements over the Internet and cause the display to display the advertisements in conjunction with the content item.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for transreceiving signals and a method for transreceiving signals. One embodiment of the present invention provides a method for transmitting signals comprising the steps of: encoding video data; generating signaling information including video configuration metadata information, which can output the encoded video data as a plurality of video sampling formats; and multiplexing the encoded video data and the signaling information and then transmitting the multiplexed video data and the signaling information.

Abstract: An interactive television program guide system is provided. An interactive television program guide provides users with an opportunity to select programs for recording on a remote media server. Programs may also be recorded on a local media server. The program guide provides users with VCR-like control over programs that are played back from the media servers and over real-time cached copies of the programs. The program guide also provides users with an opportunity to designate gift recipients for whom programs may be recorded.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a physical layer signalling in a digital broadcast network. In particular, for a digital broadcast network supporting a configuration with a plurality of physical layer pipes, a type indicator is signalled on physical layer for a pipe, the type indicator indicates the format of the input stream which may specify a transport stream, a generic stream or an IP stream. In addition, per physical layer pipe application of header and/or content compression to the user packet headers of the input stream is signalled. Another physical layer parameters are advantageously provided or extended in order to increase the flexibility and efficiency of the layer 1 signalling.

Abstract: Multiple video picture frames are combined into a spatial multiplex video picture frame that may be fully decoded and displayed. The video display of the spatial multiplex video picture frame is a composite combination of all of the video picture frames that have been combined, and may have an appearance such as a mosaic. Multiplexing the video picture frames involves removing picture headers, creating a picture header for the spatial multiplex video picture frame, and altering the headers of individual components of each video picture frame. The new header for the spatial multiplex video picture frame indicates a slice format frame, and headers of the individual components are altered to provide a slice format based picture position for each video picture frame. The headers of the individual components are altered to become slice based, such as in accordance with the ITU-T H.263 video standard, prior to establishing the slice based picture position if the frames are not already of the slice format.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for providing one or more services such as video on-demand, switched digital video, or Internet services using shared bandwidth. Exemplary embodiments include methods and apparatus for providing video on-demand and switched digital video to a set of customer premise equipment devices using a first dedicated portion of the bandwidth to provide video on-demand services, a second dedicated portion of the bandwidth to provide switched digital video services, and a third portion of the bandwidth to provide both switched digital video and video on-demand services wherein the size of the bandwidth made available to provide video on-demand within the third shared portion of bandwidth varies as a function of requests for video on-demand and switched digital video services and the priorities of the new requests versus the existing operating services. Bandwidth management occurring in accordance with bandwidth sharing policies, priorities and rules generated by a bandwidth sharing mechanism.

Abstract: A server for network media program restart receives a request from a client device to restart a media program that is configured as being enabled for network media program restart subject to a set of one or more restrictions. Responsive to determining that a currently airing restriction is configured that allows the media program to be played by the client device only when that media program is currently airing in a locale of the client device and will become unavailable for viewing after a predefined amount of time has elapsed after the currently airing media program ends, the server transmits the media program to the client device for playback only responsive to a determination that at the time of the request the media program is currently airing in the locale of the client device and only when the predefined amount of time has not elapsed.

Abstract: Embodiments are disclosed for a system for detecting and recovering from missing samples in an audio/video stream. In some embodiments, a system comprises a processor and a storage device storing instructions executable by the processor to determine that a first sample, of a plurality of samples in an audio/video data stream, was not received by a listener device in an audio video bridging system and allocate a first entry in a time slotted buffer for the first sample, wherein the first entry corresponds to a timestamp associated with the first sample. The instructions are further executable to fill the first entry in the time slotted buffer with a second sample immediately preceding the first sample in the audio/video data stream.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatus for delivering content are provided. A request for desired content may be received by a content management server from a customer device associated with a customer. The content management server may include one or more computers. Additionally, the content management server may determine whether the customer device is in communication with one or more additional devices associated with the customer. Based at least in part upon the communication determination, the content management server may determine whether the customer device is located within a subscription area for the customer. Based at least in part upon the determination of whether the customer device is located within the subscription area, the content management server may determine access rights to the desired content.

Abstract: A method and system to confirm co-location of multiple devices within a geographic area, while filtering spurious alarms, is provided. An example method comprises processing first GPS data obtained from a first GPS sensor and second GPS data obtained from a second GPS sensor. A sensing data evaluator compares a sensing error from the first GPS data and a sensing error from the second GPS data. Based on the result of the comparing, the sensing data evaluator determines whether the sensing errors are to be ignored. An approach where an alarm that otherwise would be generated is disabled or canceled may be termed as filtering spurious alarms.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for transmitting and receiving a broadcast signal. The method for receiving a broadcast signal comprises: generating a broadcast stream including at least one program; generating first program table information that represents the broadcast stream; receiving non-real time (NRT) service schedule information; generating second program table information that represents the NRT service, in accordance with the received NRT service schedule information; configuring a stream including the broadcast stream, the 1st program table information and the second program table information; and transmitting the stream.

Abstract: A rebroadcasting system for retransmitting a television broadcast, which was received from a satellite, in a segment broadcasting, such as one-segment broadcasting and three-segment broadcasting, comprises: charging a solar battery during the daytime; recording broadcasts during the retransmission halt time; retransmitting television broadcasts, which are received from the satellite, in real time by use of central (one or three) segments and the charged power during any time when the output of the solar battery is low, for example, during the night, before sunset, after sunrise, or a rainy day; reproducing the recorded broadcasts; and retransmitting the reproduced recorded programs by use of any remaining segments, for example, segments adjacent to the central segments.