Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for controlling a loading process of a transport vehicle by a milling device in milling operation, a device for implementing this method and a road milling machine or a device for the removal of soil material with such a device. One aspect of the present invention, according to one embodiment, is a sensor device by means of which the position and partially also the fill level of the transport container of the transport vehicle can be determined.

Abstract: Flood control apparatus are disclosed. In one aspect, a flood control apparatus includes a structural frame. The structural frame has an elongated length in a longitudinal direction. The structural frame includes a plurality of transverse support structures, that are generally aligned in the transverse direction, and that are spaced apart in the longitudinal direction. The structural frame includes one or more longitudinal coupling structures that couple the plurality of transverse support structures together. One or more sheets of material are coupled to the structural frame. When in use, earth may be used to substantially fill an inner region of the apparatus that is enclosed by the one or more sheets of material coupled to the structural frame.

Abstract: A floodwall system comprises a plurality of wall panels detachably attached to a plurality of columns that are anchored to the ground. The plurality of wall panels include a plurality of chambers that receive water through perforations to increase the mass of these wall panels.

Abstract: An improved pile hammer provides a cylinder, such as one with a uniform interior diameter wall and uses a piston ram to cycle up and down therein to contact an anvil on a downstroke. The anvil preferably provides a cavity to both lessen the weight and improve upward force on the ram for the upstroke. An air inlet is preferably located above an air outlet which was not possible with prior art designs. An air reservoir can be located above and external to the wall in the cylinder.

Abstract: A retaining wall system, as well as embodiments of blocks and other devices for use in a retaining wall system. In some embodiments, a retaining wall includes a plurality of face blocks and a plurality of trunk blocks arranged in a plurality of courses of blocks. In some embodiments, a face block can include a face portion and a pair of leg portions, and each of the leg portions can be adapted to be coupled to a trunk block. In some embodiments, various block connecting devices can be used to connect blocks in a single course of blocks and various block alignment devices can be used to align blocks in adjacent courses.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for sealing pipes or underground structures is provided. In one embodiment, the end of a pipe is sealed by the use of a pipe liner and a sealing member. The sealing member may be a hydrophilic material, a hydrophobic material, a compressible material, or a paste. The sealing member is held in place by a mechanical fastener and a liner is installed adjacent the sealing member and against the wall of the pipe or other structure to be sealed. In another embodiment, a manhole is sealed by the use of a sealing member, a mechanical fastener, and a manhole liner.

Abstract: An excavating bucket includes a bottom surface section, a bucket body having a rear surface section and a side surface section, a lip section, a bracket, and teeth. The lip section is fixed to an edge portion of the bucket body at an opposite side to the rear surface section. The bracket has a hole through which a coupling pin for attaching to the arm passes. When the length of a virtual line S1 linking the center of the hole and the front end of the lip section is set as a wrist radius V, a length of the longest line segment perpendicular to the virtual line S1 from the virtual line S1 to the bottom surface section is set as a bucket depth D, and the angle formed between the lip section and the virtual line S1 is set as a lip angle ?, 62°???72° and 0.7?D/V?0.8.

Abstract: An industrial machine that includes a dipper, a user interface, a sensor, a hoist actuator, and a controller. The user interface is operable to generate a first signal related to a requested characteristic of the industrial machine. The sensor is operable to generate a second signal related to an actual characteristic of the industrial machine. The hoist actuator has at least one operating parameter. The controller is configured to receive the first signal related to the actual characteristic, receive the second signal related to the requested characteristic, compare the requested characteristic to the actual characteristic to detect a dipper drop condition, and modify a setting of the at least one operating parameter of the hoist actuator after the dipper drop condition is detected.

Abstract: A plow blade comprising a plurality of serrated blade sections. The plurality of serrated blade sections include a serrated bottom edge. Each of the plurality of serrated blade sections comprise a plurality of serrations. At least one of the plurality of serrations includes a blade wear indicator. A plurality of wear bars can be mounted to a rear side of the serrated blade sections. Each of the plurality of wear bars include a weldment of carbide matrix along a bottom edge.

Abstract: A plow attachment for an excavator, including a distal portion having elongated curved front and rear walls, and an elongated top wall, a pair of oppositely disposed elongated hook-shaped side walls connected to the top, front and rear walls and defining an elongated trough, a soil-deflecting wedge portion extending from between the sidewall portions and positioned opposite the top wall member. The plow attachment includes a proximal portion connected to the distal portion and having a flat skid plate member, a structural member connected to the flat plate member, and a hoe connecting member connected to the structural member.

Abstract: A post-treatment device mounting frame on which an exhaust gas post-treatment device is mounted is constituted by a front mounting leg, a rear mounting leg, and a deck connecting the front and rear mounting legs to each other. A vertical leg part of the front mounting leg is mounted on a front vertical leg part mounting plate of a right front extension beam. A lateral leg part of the front mounting leg is mounted on a front lateral leg part mounting plate of a right front engine support bracket. A vertical leg part of the rear mounting leg is mounted on a rear vertical leg part mounting plate of a right rear extension beam. A lateral leg part of the rear mounting leg is mounted on a rear lateral leg part mounting plate of a right rear engine support bracket. Therefore, the post-treatment device mounting frame is firmly mounted in a state of four-point support on a revolving frame.

Abstract: A traveling control method for performing a smoothing work or the like through an operation of a working device during traveling is provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for connecting appliances/tools to a tool arm, wherein the apparatus includes: an upper fastening portion (10B) adapted to be supported by a tool arm (2) of a machine; a lower fastening portion (16A) arranged to support at least one appliance/tool (5) to be maneuvered by the machine, wherein the lower fastening portion (16A) has one or more recesses (40,41) arranged to receive corresponding fastening pins (30,31) of the appliance/tool (5) for engagement when connecting the appliance/tool to the apparatus; and at least one locking element (50) arranged to be in a locking position for locking the appliance/tool to the apparatus when the fastening pins are in engagement with the recesses (40,41); wherein the apparatus further includes: at least one first sensor (70) arranged to verify that the locking element (50) occupies a correct locking position; and at least one second sensor (80) arranged to verify correct engagement between the fastening pins (30,31) and the r

Abstract: A multipiece wear assembly including an adapter and a wear part. The adapter has a nose portion with a first predetermined configuration. The wear part is assembled onto the adapter nose portion by relative longitudinal movement and defines a blind cavity opening to a rear thereof. The blind cavity of the wear part has a second predetermined configuration. The second predetermined configuration defined by the blind cavity is greater than the first predetermined configuration defined by the adapter nose portion such that a relief is provided between the adapter nose portion and the blind cavity when the adapter and wear part are arranged in operable combination relative to each other. Lock structure is provided on the adapter nose portion for maintaining the wear part and adapter nose portion in operable combination.

Abstract: Sanitary throughflow element (1, 2, 30) which includes a throughflow rate regulator unit (5) having a carrier part (6) extending over the open cross section of a fluid line portion, the carrier part (6) having at least two inter-spaced insert openings (7) in which, respectively, a throughflow rate regulator (8) is arranged. Each throughflow rate regulator (8) has an elastic throttle body (9) which is round on the outer circumferential side in cross section and which delimits a control gap (10) between itself and a circumferential wall defining the insert opening (7). The throttle bodies (9) of the throughflow rate regulator (8) are compressed in the throughflow direction due to pressure of the through-flowing fluid such that this compression causes a circumferential widening of the throttle bodies (9) that constricts the control gap (10) determining a throughflow capacity of the throughflow rate regulator (8).

Abstract: A removable trap for lavatory sinks is provided to enable new technologies to be incorporated into just the water trap portion of the sink trap to maximize the performance of the trap in infection control, while at the same time preserving the trap performance features demanded by major building codes. While a traditional P-trap requires the removal of the entire trap for cleaning or replacement, the removable trap presented in this application allows for easy removal of just the U-bend portion of the trap. The U-bend containing the water is the most vulnerable to attack to cleaning chemicals as well as the most effective locus of innovation in materials and methods employed to reduce infectious bacteria forming biofilms within the lavatory trap.

Abstract: A double filtration sediment control device to improve sediment removal from stormwater. A sheet of filtering geotextile is sewn to form a sleeve and a leading flap. An elongated flat, flexible frame is bent longitudinally to form an arch that is inserted into the geotextile sleeve. After insertion, the frame expands against the sleeve to support the sleeve in an arched orientation with an uphill leg and a downhill leg. The outside of the uphill leg is a first filtering surface, and the inside of the downhill leg is a second filtering surface. The flap is covered with soil to direct water through the device, and the device is anchored with sod staples driven through the flap. The frame provides a height and functional rigidity to the assembly. The second filtering surface may be a finer filter than the first filtering surface.

Abstract: The architectonic spacer building system is a simplified prefabrication assembly using industrialized building system concept. The architectonic spacer building system for skeleton construction includes a spacer (2, 4, 6, 8, 10) having a predetermined shape for use in constructing modular form of building components, including a modular floor joist assembly (18), corner and crisscross junctions assembly (17, 19). The spacer acts as an anchored dowel connector (2, 10), composite key roof connector (22, 24, 26) and/or a bracing (2, 4, 6, 8) of adjoining wall panel (12).

Abstract: A rotary joint includes an outer shell segment having the outer shape of a solid of revolution, the outer shell segment having a plurality of openings arranged in the outer surface; an inner shell segment having the outer shape of the solid of revolution of the outer shell segment, the inner shell segment being aligned concentrically with the outer shell segment and spaced apart from the outer shell segment by a compensation gap; and a plurality of strut holding fixtures, the strut holding fixtures having a hollow interior and a flange portion, wherein each of the strut holding fixtures is arranged in one of the plurality of openings and the flange portion extends within the compensation gap between the inner shell segment and the outer shell segment in each case.

Abstract: Buildings which include rudimentary plumbing can be transported as a set of disassembled modular parts and then assembled on site. The assembled building includes a water reservoir in the roof and a sewage reservoir in the base, so as to enable gravity-based water supply and sewage disposal in the absence of traditional plumbing and sewage infrastructure. Building envelope elements having internal reservoirs, and methods for constructing such building envelope elements are also described.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system which is used to provide a planar structure, such as a wall or a ceiling, comprising a profiled frame (1) which is assembled from a plurality of profiled elements (2, 7), and a flexible or rigid, flat planar element (3) extending at least partially over said profiled frame (1). The planar element (3) is detachably connected to a connecting element (4, 8) by means of a form fit and/or a force closure. The connecting element (4, 8) is detachably connected to the profiled frame (1) by means of a form fit and/or a force closure, so that the planar element (3) is indirectly connected to the profiled frame (1) by means of the connecting element (4, 8), and wherein the connecting element (4, 8) is separate from the profiled frame (1) and the planar element (3).

Abstract: A rebar structure includes a plurality of column longitudinal bars to be connected to a beam. The yield point or the 0.2% proof stress of at least a portion the column longitudinal bars is larger than the yield point or the 0.2% proof stress of a normal reinforcing bar defined by JIS G 3112.

Abstract: In another embodiment, a connector assembly comprises a first side collector, comprising a first panel engagement region comprising a first receiving area that has a size to attach onto an edge of a first panel; and a second side collector, comprising a second panel engagement region comprising a second receiving area that has a size to attach onto an edge of a second panel. The first side collector and second side collector can be configured to directly mate with each other to hold to panels together.

Abstract: The invention provides for a roofing membrane tensioner 10 having a base 102 with a hook 36 for catching the edge 22 of an underlying surface 20, a membrane connector 108, and a means for moving the membrane connector towards the edge by applying force inwardly 24 from the edge. The means for moving the membrane connector towards the edge can be a lever 104 operated substantially in the same plane as the underlying surface. The force can be applied at least 50 cm from the edge. The base can have a flat side and a hook side. The base can also have a mount 110 for connecting the lever. The mount can be the fulcrum 110 for the lever.

Abstract: An adjustable staircase includes an upper stair, a lower stair, a first bar and a second bar. The vertical distance between the upper stair and the lower stair is adjustable. Also, each bar is coupled to each of the upper and lower stairs, and the first bar is configured to function as a guard. As a result, the first bar blocks a pinch point between the first and second bars.

Abstract: Wall structures and methods for producing wall structures are described in this specification. The wall structures include a frame, a sheathing board attached to the frame, a foam layer, a bond break layer, a lath layer, and a stucco layer.

Abstract: Provided is a method of installing a tile mosaic upon a vertical concrete surface. The method includes providing a plurality of tiles, a tile support, and a concrete form. The plurality of tiles are adhered to the tile support to define a mosaic assembly. The tiles are positioned on the tile support corresponding to the mosaic. The mosaic assembly is connected to the concrete form, and concrete is poured within the concrete form such that a portion of the tiles become embedded within the concrete. The tile support is subsequently detached from the concrete form and the concrete form is removed from the hardened concrete. The tile support is additionally removed from the plurality of tiles to reveal the mosaic on vertical surface of the concrete structure.

Abstract: A system for mounting wall panels to a wall, includes wall panels, each including a main wall panel, and at least two bent end sections with a cut-out section and a wall thickness; and a plurality of main fastening extrusions, each including a base section to be secured to the wall, and two parallel, spaced apart flexible and resilient bent end securing walls extending from the base section, each bent end securing wall including a projection facing the other bent end securing wall, the bent end securing walls spaced apart corresponding to the wall thickness of two bent end sections, such that pressing of the bent end sections into the spacing between the bent end securing walls causes biasing away of the bent end securing walls until the projections engage in respective cut-out sections.

Abstract: An array of resilient floor tiles is assembled into a continuous sheet after being laid down. An array of included, sacrificial resistive wires is buried along the edges of the tiles and is controllably heated in order to cause welding of the edges of tiles across the paths of the wires to neighboring tiles. Subsequently the wires may be used to give the array integral tensile strength. The welded array is provided with greater strength for resisting use, expansive and contractile forces caused by environmental heat and cold and also long-term tile contraction owing to loss of plasticizer as may be seen with PVC-based tiles.

Abstract: A self bonding floor tile includes a main body and a self bonding layer connected with the main body. The self bonding layer includes an absorptive element, a first adhesive and a second adhesive. The first adhesive connects the main body with the self bonding layer. The absorptive element includes a plurality of fibers which are implanted into the first adhesive by flocking process with at least a portion of the absorptive element extending into the first adhesive, and at least a portion of the second adhesive penetrates into the other portion of the absorptive element for connecting the self bonding layer with a support body going to be decorated. The present self bonding floor tile can be quickly installed, easily and partly replaced with low installation and replacement cost.

Abstract: A method of texturing a wall or ceiling with non-acoustical joint compound by providing a collapsible bag having an opening at its top and is adapted to contain non-acoustical joint compound for forming a textured coating on the wall or ceiling and providing a spray nozzle having a low pressure input port, a joint compound suction port attached to the opening at the top of the collapsible bag, and an output port for spraying the non-acoustical joint compound. A low pressure stream of air from an air gun attached to the low pressure input port urges a small quantity of the non-acoustical joint compound to be sprayed out of the spray nozzle when the bottom of the collapsible disposable bag is raised above its top to either allow or force the joint compound to flow into the suction port and into the interior of the spray nozzle.

Abstract: A two part device is used in leveling and spacing tiles. The device includes two parts, a rotatable portion called a knob-cam and a fixed portion called hook-base. The hook-base includes ribs for spacing and separating tiles, and a neck portion extending through a slot opening in the knob-cam. In use, the hook-base portion is set down and tiles are laid down and spaced by the ribs of the base portion. The neck portion extends upwardly above the tiles, and is adapted to be broken away upon application of sufficient upward force or sideways force. The knob-cam includes two diametral opposed frontal action cam surfaces that engage portions of the hook when the knob-cam is rotated. The knob-cam is rotated until the tiles are secured between the knob-cam and the hook-base. This clamps the corners or edges of the tiles, making coplanar upper surfaces.

Abstract: A swimming pool cleaning system for removing stains and deposits on the bottom and walls of a swimming pool. The cleaning system includes a cleaning tool having an elongated handle pivotally secured to a tool head, wherein the tool head dispenses a cleaning solution for removing stains and deposits. The tool head may also include an absorbent or sponge-like material thereon and one or more scrapers to help remove deposits. The tool head is in fluid communication with a container in which a cleaning solution can be stored. The container includes a pump thereon for allowing the user to selectively deliver the cleaning solution to the cleaning tool. Thus, the cleaning system allows a user to more easily remove stains and deposits from the walls and bottom of a pool.

Abstract: A utility tower lifting apparatus and method for raising a lattice tower in addition to carried transmission cables without disturbing the tower foundation, disconnecting the cables, or requiring de-energization of the transmission lines.

Abstract: Various collapsible sun shelters are disclosed. In some embodiments, the sun shelter includes a frame structure. The frame structure can have a substantially longitudinal ridge beam, a first multi-axis hinge device, and/or a second multi-axis hinge device. The frame structure can have a plurality of support elements, such as first and second leg members. In some implementations, the frame structure includes a third leg member and a fourth leg member. In various embodiments, a shelter device includes a plurality of flexible shelter members, such as sails. The sun shelter can be configured to move between a collapsed state (e.g., for transport) and an expanded state (e.g., for use as a shelter against sun, wind, precipitation, etc.).

Abstract: A dial wheel device has a controller. The controller has a positioning rod. An adjuster, a dial wheel module, a seat and a restoring element are mounted on the positioning rod. The dial wheel module has multiple dial wheel assemblies. Each dial wheel assembly has an outer ring and an inner ring. In the code-unchanged state, the outer ring and the inner ring are coactive. In the code-changing state, the adjuster is rotated and the guide element forms a lateral displacement to push the inner ring, and the outer ring and the inner ring are non-coactive. The outer ring is turned to reset the code. When the code-changing state is finished, the adjuster is rotated again and the outer ring and the inner ring are coactive again. Therefore, the components of the code-changeable assembly are simplified and the dial wheel device is easy to assemble and operate.

Abstract: An exemplary lockset is configured for installation in a standard door preparation, and includes an exterior assembly, an interior assembly, and a center assembly connecting the exterior and interior assemblies. The exterior assembly includes an exterior escutcheon which houses a credential reader assembly including a multi-tech credential reader. The interior assembly includes an interior escutcheon which houses a control system. The center assembly includes a chassis, an outer surface of which may define a channel. The credential reader assembly is in communication with the control assembly via a wire harness, a portion of which may pass through the channel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to doors for intensive care units and more particularly to an intensive care unit door control system. In particular, the invention relates to a door management system for an intensive care unit comprising at least one control unit configured to receive signals from at least one external device and to control the opening and closing of the automatic intensive care unit doors based on the received signals.

Abstract: A locking cover includes a plate having a front surface with a solid raised panel, and a lock retaining housing. A side wall surrounds the perimeter of the plate. A first aperture runs through the front surface. A cavity is adjacent the first aperture, and the cavity includes a second aperture. A set of pin insertion channels run through the side wall and the cavity, terminating at one end in a wall within the plate. A blocking pin is adapted to be inserted in the set of pin insertion channels and be locked into place over the second aperture. A tubular cylinder lock is adapted to be inserted in the first aperture and into the lock retaining housing. A first fastener is adapted to be inserted through the second aperture to engage a second mating fastener.

Abstract: A lock includes a locking body, a non-locking body, and at least two shackles each independently removable from both the locking and non-locking body.

Abstract: The protector includes a box-like metal housing formed of first and second housing parts connected by a spring-loaded hinge for movement between an open position, in which a seal associated with the vehicle cargo compartment door handle is exposed, and a closed position, in which the seal cannot be accessed. At least one of the housing parts is hollow and configured to accommodate the handle such that when the housing parts are in the closed position the seal is fully enclosed. A padlock may be used to lock the housing parts in the closed position such that the seal cannot be accidentally broken falsely indicating that the cargo compartment door has been opened during transit.

Abstract: A method for securing a portable electronic device having a housing to a substantially immovable object utilizing a locking assembly having a security rod or spike formed with an anchoring end separated axially by a protruding end, a locking device with an internal locking mechanism and a cable permanently attached to the locking device at one end, includes several steps. The steps include securedly fixing the anchoring end of the security rod or spike to the portable electronic device upon or through the housing, attaching an other end of the cable to the substantially immovable object and inserting the protruding end of the security rod into an opening in the locking device to actuate the internal locking mechanism and lock the locking device to the captive security rod. Locking the security rod to the locking device concurrently locks the portable electronic device to which it is anchored to the substantially immovable object.

Abstract: A closure panel latch assembly for a vehicle closure panel, includes a mounting plate, a striker bar, and a bumper. The mounting plate includes a first surface, and a bumper flange. The striker bar extends from the first surface of the mounting plate and is spaced from the bumper flange. The bumper includes a base portion and first and second retention members, the base portion being configured to be disposed on the bumper flange, and the first and second retention members extending from first and second sides of the base portion, respectively, and having first and second distal ends on opposing sides of the striker bar.

Abstract: The apparatus includes: a plate having a slot defining an axis and adapted to be mounted to a face of a door having an aperture disposed adjacent the door edge such that the slot communicates with the aperture and the axis is disposed normally to the edge; an assembly secured to the plate; a bolt slidably mounted in use to the assembly for axial movement between: a first position, wherein one end of the bolt projects beyond the edge and the other end of the bolt is disposed in overlying relation to the slot, relatively proximal to the edge; and a second position, wherein the one end overlies the door and the other end is disposed in overlying relation to the slot relatively distal to the edge; and a handle connected to the bolt and defining a pair of grippable portions that, in use, project outwardly from the door faces.

Abstract: A fenestration operation hardware assembly includes at least one latch mechanism and an operation hardware assembly configured for coupling with a panel slidable within a frame. The latch mechanism includes a latch bolt and a latch biasing element coupled with the latch bolt. An operator of the operation hardware assembly is remote from the latch mechanism and is coupled with the panel. The operator includes an operator interface feature movable between initial and operating positions. In the initial position the latch bolt is in a projecting position, and in the operating position the operator interface feature moves the latch bolt into one or more withdrawn positions. The operation hardware assembly includes a retention assembly for retaining the latch bolt in a withdrawn position.

Abstract: To cause a door from being forced open or broken to gain access, a safety door comprises a central actuator and a plurality of bars radially extending at spaced apart locations from said central actuator sufficient in number and spacing to reinforce substantially the entire door. The central actuator is pivotally mounted within the door and each of the plurality of bars has one of its ends pivotally mounted to the actuator to cause the bars to be retracted or extended by rotation of the actuator. There are at least four bars with at least one bar extending in each of the four sides of the door framework.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a flexible hinge device having a cooperative operating structure, comprising: a first plate and a second plate each having a top surface to which a flexible display screen having flexibility is attached; and a hinge unit configured to interconnects the first plate and the second plate and configured to be operated in a foldable manner so as to be bent or stretched, wherein the hinge unit comprises a plurality of segmental members connected to one another to allow the hinge unit to be bent or stretched, the first plate and the second plate are respectively coupled to the outermost segmental members positioned at both ends of the plurality of segmental members.

Abstract: A vehicle window assembly includes a body structure, a hinge structure, and a covering panel. The covering panel overlies an inboard side of a window opening, and comprises a hanging loop with a hanging section. The hinge structure comprises a hinge base and a hinge cover, and is attached to the upper portion of the body structure. The hinge cover attaches to the hinge base to form a loop support portion between the hinge base and the hinge cover, and to enclose a hanging loop, preventing removal of the hanging loop. The loop support portion enables the hanging loop to be movable between a secured position in which the hanging section is positioned adjacent the inboard end of the hinge base, and an unsecured position in which the hanging section is disposed adjacent the outboard end of the hinge base.

Abstract: A vehicle door hinge structure includes a first bracket, a second bracket, a hinge arm and a compressible check structure. The hinge arm has a first end that s attached to the first bracket for pivoting movement about a first pivot axis. The second bracket is attached to a second end of the hinge arm for pivoting movement about a second pivot axis. The compressible check structure is fixed in position to the first bracket. The compressible check structure is adjacent to and spaced apart from a stop surface of the first bracket. The compressible check structure extends upward away from a surface of the first bracket in an uncompressed state. However, a movement limiting surface of the hinge arm contacts and compresses the compressible check structure during a portion of movement of the hinge arm.

Abstract: A hinge hydraulic infinite check structure includes a paddle having at least one hydraulic aperture is rigidly fixed to a shaft. The pivot shaft is supported for pivoting movement within a case. The case includes a wall portion rigidly fixed to a cylindrically shaped inner surface and extends radially inward to the shaft. Pivoting movement of the pivot shaft forces the hydraulic fluid to move through the aperture from a first side to a second side of the paddle generating movement resistance. With the pivot shaft being stationary relative to the fluid chamber, equilibrium of fluid pressure of the hydraulic fluid at the first side and the second side of the paddle imparts a resistance to pivoting movement of the pivot shaft relative to the fluid chamber.