Abstract: A notebook, laptop computer or tablet computer having an automated external defibrillator (AED) capability, and methods of utilizing the notebook, laptop computer or tablet computer defibrillator to treat victims of sudden cardiac arrest. Kits and methods for converting, adapting or retrofitting a common notebook, laptop computer and tablet computer to enable each to be used as an AED to treat victims of sudden cardiac arrest. A kit including an adjustable case for receiving, encompassing, adapting and converting a common notebook, laptop computer or tablet computer to enable each to be used as an AED. A kit including a slave automated external defibrillator (AED) that is joined to a common notebook, laptop computer or tablet computer to adapt, convert and enable each to be used as an AED.

Abstract: Methods and devices for cardiac therapy. One example provides a subcutaneous anti-tachycardia pacing therapy. Another example provides a subcutaneous low energy cardioversion therapy. Yet another example provides a subcutaneous multiple pulse cardioversion therapy. In various examples, specific steps are taken to ensure synchronization of delivered therapy when provided in response to sensing and analysis of a subcutaneous signal. Some examples use a substernal device instead.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for application of an electrical signal to neural and other target tissue in the living body can include a device connected to at least two electrodes, wherein temperature sensors are incorporated into tip portions of said electrodes and a a high frequency generator operatively associated with said device.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a plasma treatment method comprising: providing a plasma source and a screen comprising a hydrogel and positioning the screen between the plasma source and a surface of a target to be treated with the plasma such that substantially all of the plasma from the plasma source passes through the screen prior to contacting the surface of the target and the screen reduces the concentration of one or more species from the plasma; and/or contacting a surface of a target to be treated with the gel composition comprising a gel forming material and a liquid phase comprising plasma activated liquid.

Abstract: A magnetic catheter has a flexible tube having a lumen communicating with a balloon, the balloon located near a distal end of the tube; and a nonuniform magnetic portion located near, but proximal to, the balloon. The tube is adapted to insertion into bodily orifices like a male urethra, the lumen extending from balloon to proximal end and configured such that injection of fluid into the first lumen can inflate the balloon. The nonuniform magnetic portion has a sequence of magnetically permeable objects, or a sequence of permanent magnets, to provide magnetic field gradients to the prostate, or in alternative embodiment the pancreas. The catheter is used to treat the organ by applying a nonuniform magnetic field to the organ while magnetic nanoparticles are injected into the patient where they concentrate in the nonuniform magnetic field. An AC magnetic field is applied to the magnetic nanoparticles to heat the organ.

Abstract: A radiofrequency cannula can be configured for placement in the epidural space.

Abstract: A phototherapy apparatus with interactive user interface for treating biological tissue of an animal or human target. The user interface comprises intuitive graphic menus which allow the clinicians or practitioners to define the properties of the biological tissue through easily observable physical characteristics such as weight, skin color, and hair color of the patient. The central control unit of the phototherapy apparatus then automatically optimizes the parameters of the light source according to the properties of the biological tissue and generates an appropriate treatment protocol to produce the optimum phototherapy result.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an optically diffusing fiber probe, a method for manufacturing the same, and an application thereof. More specifically, the present invention relates to an optically diffusing fiber probe capable of emitting light in a plurality of directions and a method for manufacturing the same, hybrid optical medical equipment for both diagnosis and treatment of tubular human tissue, a catheter-based laser treatment device, and an electromagnetic energy application device for tubular tissue stricture, comprising the optically diffusing fiber probe.

Abstract: Described are methods, kits, apparatus, and compositions for integumentary system therapy. For example, a method for therapy may include providing a subject in need of therapy for a condition. The condition may be associated with a substrate located in the subject's integumentary system. The method may include contacting a therapeutic agent and the substrate in the subject's integumentary system. The method may include modulating a depth of at least one ionic species in the subject's integumentary system. The at least one ionic species may include one or more of: the therapeutic agent; a bound therapeutic agent:substrate complex; and a reaction product of one or both of the therapeutic agent and the substrate. The method may be effective to at least partly ameliorate the condition in the subject.

Abstract: Photodynamic therapy methods using near infrared light and visible-light-absorbing photosensitizers and methods of generating visible light in an individual. The methods use upconverted incident near infrared light, for example, to excite the photosensitizer or facilitate drug delivery. The methods can be carried out on humans and non-human animals.

Abstract: A system and method for imaging or treating a disease in a human or animal body. The system provides to the human or animal body a pharmaceutical carrier including one or more phosphors which are capable of emitting ultraviolet or visible light into the body and which provide x-ray contrast. The system includes one or more devices which infuse a diseased site with a photo-activatable drug and the pharmaceutical carrier, an initiation energy source comprising an x-ray or high energy source which irradiates the diseased site with at least one of x-rays, gamma rays, or electrons to thereby initiate emission of said ultraviolet or visible light into the body, and a processor programmed to at least one of 1) produce images of the diseased site or 2) control a dose of said x-rays, gamma rays, or electrons to the diseased site for production of said ultraviolet or visible light at the diseased site to activate the photoactivatable drug.

Abstract: A method of regulating uterine contractions comprises suppressing a nocturnal endogenous melatonin level of a pregnant female experiencing uterine contractions at night by exposing the pregnant female during nighttime to a light source emitting blue light. The light source may be a headset. The contractions may be measured while the female is exposed to the blue light.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for skin wrinkle removal. After applying a tube encircling a relatively small skin area along the wrinkled line, a set of laser beams will be activated. The laser beams are mounted around the tube, pointing to its center to create a mutual point of irradiation located just below the skin's wrinkle line. Optical energy from lasers is directed to a point under the skin by radiating through the transparent tube. For ease of use, the encircled skin portion is lifted, preferably by vacuum, enabling laser radiation to penetrate under the skin from outside the lifting tube. The apparatus is suitable for treating skin wrinkles by targeting the sub skin melanin without damaging skin surface. The apparatus may also be used for other aesthetic face treatments, including disorders located around the eye. The used laser radiation is in the wavelength region of 1500 to 1800 nm, which is regarded to be eye safe.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for treating cervical and/or uterine cancers in brachytherapy with an intracavitary brachytherapy applicator. The system comprises a tandem adapted for insertion into a cervix of a patient. An ovoid assembly comprises first and second inflatable ovoids and an ovoid support mechanism. The first and second inflatable ovoids are adapted for insertion within fornices of a patient. First and second retractors are adapted to be coupled to the ovoid assembly. The first retractor is adapted to be positioned to retract the bladder of a patient during treatment. The second retractor is adapted to be positioned to retract the rectum of a patient during treatment. The tandem and the first and second inflatable ovoids are adapted to be coupled to a radioactive source to deliver an implant radiation dose suitable for cancer treatment at a cancerous cervical treatment site in a patient.

Abstract: The presently described method is directed to determining a way of positioning a patient before execution of a medical procedure involving irradiating the patient with ionizing treatment radiation based on comparing medical images of the patient with a pre-acquired medical image. The planning computed tomography is searched for an image of the reference structure in order to determine the position of the patient relative to a patient support device. A retroreflective marker device, having a known and advantageously fixed position relative to the base plate, is detected by a navigation system operatively coupled to a motor of the support device. Based on the detected position of the marker device, the motor of the support device is activated to drive the patient into a desired position relative to beam direction along which the treatment radiation is to be issued towards the patient to execute the medical procedure.

Abstract: Systems and methods directed to real-time treatment margin adaptation based on in-treatment imaging are provided. The system and method may utilize the potential of motion mitigation techniques such as couch tracking, DMLC, beam tracking, and the like to freeze tumor motion within the treatment aperture. A standard internal target volume (ITV) based margin plan and a minimum margin plan is created for the patient. The minimum margin plan assumes frozen intrafractional tumor motion. Depending on tumor location confidence in the motion mitigation technique, MLC leaf positions can be interpolated between the two plans to adjust margins during treatment delivery. If motion mitigation fails, the plan can be disabled resulting in the delivery of the current clinical standard of care. Dynamic aperture tracking may be employed with an electronic portal imaging device as the in-treatment imaging modality.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to a system and method for improving the quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) of advanced radiation treatment techniques using a patient-specific, multi-material, multi-dimensional anthropomorphic human equivalent phantom technology.

Abstract: Embodiments of a dermatological cosmetic treatment and imaging system and method can include use of transducer and a reflective surface to simultaneously produce multiple cosmetic treatment zones in tissue. The system can include a hand wand, a removable transducer module, a control module, a graphical user interface and/or a parabolic reflector. In some embodiments, the cosmetic treatment system may be used in cosmetic procedures, including brow lifts, fat reduction, sweat reduction, and treatment of the décolletage. Skin tightening, lifting and amelioration of wrinkles and stretch marks are provided.

Abstract: Cosmetic products, comprising a container having a tubular body, the wall of which has a transmission for visible light of from 25 to about 100%, and on the top end of which a dispenser head is attached, the dispenser head being bounded below by a movable trailing piston, and a cosmetic preparation in the interior of the container which preparation comprises an outer flowable water-based gel-type phase having a transmission for light of 700 nm wavelength of from 30 to 100% and/or a viscosity of 1000-10,000 mPas at a temperature of 25° C. and a shear rate of approximately 10, and an inner solid particulate phase which comprises substantially spherical particles having an average diameter of from 0.1 to 10 mm, the volume ratio of the inner particulate phase to the outer aqueous gel ranging from about 20%:80% to 74%:26%.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention relates to an auto-blocking rappelling and belaying device with a main housing, a pivotally mounted flap and a cam pivotally coupled to the main housing via an axle. The cam has a first groove and a second groove that are located parallel to one another. In operation one or two stands of rope may be located in the first and second groove and the device enables a user to selectively feed a rope or ropes which are located in one or both of the grooves through the device as in a rappelling or belaying scenario.

Abstract: Disclosed are a respirator and a head-mounted protection apparatus. The respirator includes a respirator body. A breathing passage is formed in the respirator body for airflow when a user breathes. The respirator further includes a filter layer switching device and at least two filter layers of different filtering properties, and the filter layer switching device is installed on the respirator body and is configured to switch filter layers below the breathing passage according to requirements. In use of the respirator, the user can transfer a filter layer of a required performance to a region below the breathing passage using the filter layer switching device based on his requirement for air filtration.

Abstract: A respiratory mask has a filter element that is optimally position relative to the inhale and exhale of a wearer's nose and mouth in relation to the size and shape of the filter allowing a direct pathway of the airflow between the wearer's nose and mouth to the filter. A non-permeable section, incorporated in the filter element, filtering structure, the sealing area or a combination thereof, is used to direct and channel the outer dispersed boundaries of the nasal and oral flow to the filter element. The optimally positioned filter coupled with channeling of the boundary flow through the filter element reduces residency time of exhaled breath in the mask.

Abstract: A mouthheld filter is provided that includes a mouth piece, a valve tube structure and a filter housing. The mouthpiece has a curvilinear mouth shield and bite wings for insertion into a user's mouth and maintenance of a secure position therein. The valve tube structure has a pair of one-way filters to properly direct the air inhaled and exhaled by the user. The filter housing contains either one or both of a particulate filter material within the filter housing and a filter material around a surface of the filter housing. Air inhaled by the user passes through the filter housing and filter material, into the valve tube structure and mouthpiece, and into the user's lungs. Air exhaled by the user passes through the mouth piece, the valve tube structure and out at least one exhaust tube coupled to the valve tube structure and into the environment.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a filter material for respirator masks. The filter material comprises a filter material layer that is pleated so as to form a plurality of folds, said filter material layer comprising a filter layer and a first netting layer. The invention is characterized in that the filter material layer comprises a second netting layer disposed on the filter layer on the side opposite to said first netting layer. The invention additionally relates to a respirator mask comprising such a filter material.

Abstract: A system for assembly of a lifeline of the type that uses an anchor post and retractable drum assembly to horizontally stretch the mentioned as a means to protect workers constructing buildings or other structures from falls; the anchor post is modular and can be coupled to complementary tube(s) with telescopic adjustment means; said modular anchor post being provided with (i) a structural base with a plane region and ribs welded to the side of the post so as to keep said plane slightly removed from said anchor post; a hole drilled in the ground of the building receives the tubular sector, arranged between the end and the plane region; (ii) by at least one safety guide, formed by three arched segments,; (iii) by at least one transport handle in a single piece; and (iv) by at least two brackets for mounting and attaching the retractable lifeline drum assembly, optimizing the ways of holding the lifeline stretched horizontally.

Abstract: A centrifugal brake assembly comprises at least one pawl, at least one biasing member, and a rotor. The at least one pawl includes a base from which a circular portion and a triangular protrusion extend to form a notch. The rotor includes at least one receiving portion having a notched portion to receive the circular portion. One of the at least one pawl and the rotor has a slotted portion, and the at least one biasing member is seated within the slotted portion. Another of the at least one pawl and the rotor has a protrusion at least partially extending within the slotted portion. The notch engages a stop member and the base contacts the rotor when the at least one pawl is in an engaged position to reinforce engagement of the stop member by the at least one pawl.

Abstract: Systems and methods for mitigating the risk of and/or suppressing fires caused by lithium battery-powered personal computing devices used on the flight deck or in crew and passenger compartments onboard an aircraft. A fire detection and suppression pack is attached to a lithium-ion battery-powered portable personal computing device. The fire detection and suppression pack has a weight and volume consistent with and does not impair the use of the portable personal computing device. The fire detection and suppression pack is a full-time fire suppression system that is on hot standby at all times, independent of the computing device's power mode. The fire detection and suppression pack uses gases stored in canisters to provide cool-down, displacement suppressant to control and extinguish any fire source and associated burnable fuel required to sustain the fire event.

Abstract: A fire fighting vehicle includes a chassis, an engine coupled to the chassis, a fluid tank configured to store a fluid, a fluid delivery system, and a controller. The fluid delivery system includes a first pump, a second pump, a low pressure discharge, a first high pressure discharge, and a second high pressure discharge. The first pump is coupled to the fluid tank and configured to pump the fluid therefrom at a first pressure. The second pump is positioned downstream of and coupled to the first pump in a serial arrangement. The controller is configured to selectively vary at least one of a speed, a power output, and a torque output of the engine and thereby provide the fluid to at least one of the first high pressure discharge and the second high pressure discharge at a target discharge pressure.

Abstract: A trampoline assembly (10) comprises a trampoline bed (12); a trampoline frame (14) that supports the trampoline bed (12); and a plurality of spaced apart, resilient members (16) that are attached to and extend substantially between the trampoline bed (12) and the trampoline frame (14) to maintain the trampoline bed (12) in tension. At least one of the resilient members (16) is an adjustable resilient member (216) that can be selectively adjusted while simultaneously connected to both the trampoline frame (14) and the trampoline bed (12) to selectively adjust the tension of the trampoline bed (12). The adjustable resilient member (216) includes a resilient assembly (218); a first connector (220) that is movably connected to the resilient assembly (218); and a second connector (222) that is movably connected to the resilient assembly (218).

Abstract: An exercise device having many advantageous features is described, including the ability to provide users with multiple modes of training by transforming the device into different configurations. Users can exercise their cardiovascular endurance by using the device in its jump rope configuration. Users can also engage in muscular resistance training using the same device configured to one of multiple possible resistance training configurations. Resistance training configurations provide a method of suspending users' bodyweight such that they can train their muscular strength capacity by exerting themselves against the force of gravity. Resistance can be selected from nearly zero resistance to a user's full body weight, with the ability to easily adjust between exercises and between users, and the ability to easily transform the device between configurations to provide for versatility and ease-of-use.

Abstract: Jump rope assembly comprising a rope, a handle at one end of the rope, an axially extending axle mounted in bearings within the handle for rotation about its axis, a gimbal head affixed to the axle at one end of the handle including a ring with a circular opening having an axis perpendicular to the axis of the axle, and a spherical ball of greater diameter than the opening pivotally seated against one side of the ring, with an end portion of the rope passing freely through the opening and being attached to the ball in a manner permitting the ball to pivot freely with respect to the axis of the opening as the gimbal head rotates about the axis of the axle.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure involve an exercise device including a base member, a pair of tower members, and a strap. The base member includes a substantially planar bottom surface, a top surface opposite the bottom surface, and an opening extending through the top and bottom surfaces. The pair of tower members extends upward from opposite ends of the top surface of the base member. The strap releasably secures to each of the pair of tower members at a chosen height and with a chosen amount of slack. The strap includes a handle positioned between a first end and a second end of the strap, wherein the chosen amount of slack of the strap is adjustable by coupling the strap to each of the pair of tower members at different positions on the strap.

Abstract: A waist fitness apparatus includes main body and a resilient cover. The main body has a base pivotally connected with a supporting board through an eccentric unit, and the base is used to distribute the weight of the user, so the main body can be stably disposed on the ground. The present invention is advantageous because the height of the supporting board is higher than the height of the knee height of an average adult, the user does not have to bend the knees when sitting on it to increase the comfortableness. Also, the supporting board can be dragged back to its original position by the cover when it is not in use, so the user does not have to adjust the supporting board.

Abstract: Pairs of magnetic disks and reciprocation piston-cylinders filled with viscous fluid are used to provide friction for a portable exercise harness. The viscous fluid in cylinder-piston push-pull configuration provide resistance to a extension cable for the physical exercise. The exercise apparatus fits in a harness for travel and easy attachment to ordinary household furniture and fixtures.

Abstract: An exercise anchor for seated exercise that includes: a canvas sheet; a strap sewn to one side of the canvas sheet; a grommet opening in the strap; an exercise tube inserted through the opening of the strap. The exercise anchor may further including a handle on the exercise tube, where the handle is adjustable along the length of the exercise tube.

Abstract: The present application includes various embodiments of apparatuses, systems, kits, and methods for physical exercise of a user. Some embodiments, for example, include an apparatus comprising: a strap having a first end, a second end, a length between the first end and the second end, the strap having an elastic portion between and spaced apart from the first end and the second end; a first handle configured to be coupled to the strap on a first side of the elastic portion such that the first handle is spaced apart from the elastic portion; a second handle configured to be coupled to the strap on a second side of the elastic portion such that the second handle is spaced apart from the elastic portion; and one or more suspension members configured to be coupled (i) to the strap at a first point between the elastic portion and the first handle, and at a second point between the elastic portion and the second handle, and (ii) to be coupled to a supporting structure.

Abstract: The present invention is a case that holds weight material and is used to add weight to a bicycle. The case is attached to a bicycle frame at various locations via a plurality of attachment straps. The case can be attached to a bicycle frame top tube, down tube or in front of a seat tube. The weight material is removable and can be loaded directly into the case or into one or more removable weight pouches that are inserted into the case. The weight of the case is adjustable by adding or subtracting weight as needed. Weight pouches are segmented to enable the weight amount to be reduced incrementally and to help keep the contents from moving around.

Abstract: A dumbbell with detachable weights has a handle assembly, multiple weights, a first end cap assembly, and a second end cap assembly. The handle assembly has a main support with a handle, a first end panel, and a second end panel. The weights are mounted between the first and second end panels of the main support, are arranged around the handle, and are radially detachable from the main support. The first and second end cap assemblies are respectively mounted on the first and second end panels and selectively engage with the weights. By turning a driving cap of the first end cap assembly, the first and second end cap assemblies can disengage from the weights. Since the weights can be radially mounted onto or detached from the main support, an adjusting range of training weight of the dumbbell can be increased.

Abstract: In at least one embodiment, a transportable exercise device includes a plurality of pulleys engaged to an elevated horizontal support, a cable is operatively engaged to and extends between the pulleys engaged to the support, the cable having a first end and a second end, a grasping device is releasably engaged to the cable proximate to the first end, and a strap which is constructed and arranged to releasably engage the kettlebell weight, is releasably engaged to the cable proximate to the second end, wherein the manipulation of the grasping device in a downward direction draws the first end of the cable in a downward direction, elevating the kettlebell weight in an upward direction above a ground or floor surface.

Abstract: A yoga and exercise mat with different levels of thickness/padding along its width. The mat helps align user, provides foundation, gives user extra padding, and folds and rolls up in several new, unique ways. The raised edges and central strip of this new mat prevent slipping and provide user with guidance on proper alignment and foot and hand placement and distance.

Abstract: A squat assistance device. The squat assistance device includes a base having a first side and a second side, a padded back support disposed on the first side of the base, a frame connected to the second side of the base, a plurality of wheels rotatably attached to opposing vertical rails of the frame, a neck support connected to an upper portion of the padded back support, the neck support configured to support configured a user's neck, and one or more weight supports disposed on the second side of the base extending perpendicularly therefrom, wherein the one or more weight supports are each configured to support a weight thereon. Users lean against the padded back rest while the plurality of wheels roll along a vertical surface such as a wall, assisting the user with the performance of the squat and reducing the risk of injury.

Abstract: A facial muscle training too has weight portions provided at the ends of left and right arms. A orally held portion, which is held by the lips, is provided between the arms. The arms vibrate in resonance when the orally held portion is vibrated in the vertical direction at a frequency of less than 6.50 hertz. Accordingly, the weight of the weight portions acts as load on the orally held portion and a facial muscle training effect is achieved.

Abstract: An exercise machine is provided for developing the chest muscles while maintaining correct biomechanical posture and joint movement for the user, thereby maximizing efficiency and safety. The exercise machine includes a track on which two platforms independently slide. The platforms are each interconnected to a weight stack unit or other vertical resistance unit that provide resistance to the inward movement of the platforms. Each platform may also be connected to a tension element or resistance band that is configured to provide gradual and progressively increased resistance as the platforms are moved inwardly towards the center or center stop of the track.

Abstract: A rehabilitation exercise facility includes a support, a carrier for supporting a user, an actuator attached to the support and coupled to the carrier with a coupling device, for moving the carrier relative to the support, a control device, and a detecting device is connected to the control device for detecting the movement of the carrier and the user. An exercising machine is supported in front of the support for being operated by the user. The exercising machine includes a displayer for showing the detected or analyzed result from the control device. The support includes a base, two columns extended from the base, a frame attached to the columns for supporting a cantilever beam.

Abstract: A pedaling measurement apparatus includes an acquisition portion that acquires measured data regarding rotation motion of pedaling, a calculation portion that calculates indexes based on the measured data in correlation with information regarding a rotation angle of the rotation motion, and a display processing portion that displays the indexes in a coordinate system which indicates the rotation angle by using a position in a circumferential direction of a circle centering on the origin, and which indicates the magnitude of a value by using a distance from the origin.

Abstract: One or more techniques and/or systems are provided for facilitating a virtual competition environment. One or more users may register for access to the virtual competition environment in order to compete in various types of activities, such as workout activities, dance activities, real-world activities, and/or virtual activities. A user may be provided with activity assignments, user created activities, and/or challenge activities between groups of users through the virtual competition environment (e.g., the virtual competition environment may be accessible through a website, a mobile app, etc.). The user may upload activity results for activity assignments, which may be evaluated and/or ranked against how other users performed such activity assignments. The user may register as a judge in order to evaluate and/or rank activity results (e.g., evaluate videos of users performing an activity). Users and/or judges may be rewarded for participating in activities and/or judging activities.

Abstract: The present invention is a rehabilitation and mobility improvement apparatus (RMIA) and method of use for use in providing increased mobility in persons having reduced strength and mobility due to for instance injury or illness. The apparatus is adapted so as to allow a person who could not readily slide or move their arm or other mobility reduced appendage (MRA) to slide or move their MRA, such as across a flat surface such as a table top or a floor, so as to provide exercise for such MRA, and so as to increase strength and mobility in such MRA.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for arranging dimples on a golf ball surface in which the dimples are arranged in a pattern derived from at least one irregular domain generated from a regular or non-regular polyhedron. The method includes choosing control points of a polyhedron, generating an irregular domain based on those control points, packing the irregular domain with dimples, and tessellating the irregular domain to cover the surface of the golf ball. The control points include the center of a polyhedral face, a vertex of the polyhedron, a midpoint or other point on an edge of the polyhedron and others. The method ensures that the symmetry of the underlying polyhedron is preserved while minimizing or eliminating great circles due to parting lines.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for arranging dimples on a golf ball surface in which the dimples are arranged in a pattern derived from at least one irregular domain generated from a regular or non-regular polyhedron. The method includes choosing control points of a polyhedron, generating an irregular domain based on those control points, packing the irregular domain with dimples, and tessellating the irregular domain to cover the surface of the golf ball. The control points include the center of a polyhedral face, a vertex of the polyhedron, a midpoint or other point on an edge of the polyhedron and others. The method ensures that the symmetry of the underlying polyhedron is preserved while minimizing or eliminating great circles due to parting lines.

Abstract: Multi-layered golf balls containing a dual-core structure are provided. The core structure includes an inner core (center) comprising a foam composition, preferably foamed polyurethane. The outer core layer is preferably formed from a non-foamed composition selected from thermoset compositions and thermoplastic compositions. The core layers have different hardness and specific gravity levels. The specific gravity (density) of the foam inner core is preferably less than the density of the outer core layer.