Abstract: A liquid crystal composition includes at least one first compound represented by Formula I: wherein each of L1 to L8 are independently a hydrogen or a fluorine; is a cyclohexyl group, a phenyl group, tetrahydropyran, 1,3-dioxane, a fluorocyclohexyl group, a fluorophenyl group, fluorotetrahydropyran, or fluoro-1,3-dioxane; n is 0 to 2, and when n=2, each is independently a cyclohexyl group, a phenyl group, tetrahydropyran, 1,3-dioxane, a fluorocyclohexyl group, a fluorophenyl group, fluorotetrahydropyran, or fluoro-1,3-dioxane; each of R1 and R2 is independently a C1˜2 alkyl group; and R? is hydrogen, a C1˜5 alkyl group, a C2˜5 alkenyl group, or a C1˜5 alkoxy group.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a liquid crystal composition. The liquid crystal composition includes the following components in their respective mass percentages: 8%-50% of a polymerizable liquid crystal monomer; 1%-30% of a chiral reagent; 0.1%-5% of a photoinitiator; and 30%-70% of an organic solvent, wherein the liquid crystal composition after being cured exhibits visual angle dependent optical effect. In this way, the liquid crystal composition of the present disclosure includes no pigment particles or liquid crystal microcapsules, can be UV cured into film, and is applicable to being printed onto various substrates through gravure or flexo printing, so that it has a promising application prospect.

Abstract: A compound represented by formula (1), a liquid crystal composition, a liquid crystal display device are described. In formula (1), for example, the ring A1 and the ring A4 are phenylene or cyclohexylene; Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4 are a single bond or alkylene having 1 to 6 carbons; L1 is a single bond; s and t are 0; and P1, P2, P3 and P4 are a polymerizable group.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention are directed to apparatus and methods for converting carbon dioxide and/or methane into higher alkanes and hydrogen gas in a single reaction chamber using a catalyst and microwave radiation.

Abstract: Feeds containing triglycerides are processed to produce a diesel fuel product and propylene. The diesel product and propylene are generated by deoxygenating the triglyceride-containing feed using processing conditions that enhance preservation of olefins that are present in the triglycerides. The triglyceride-containing feed is processed in the presence of a catalyst containing a Group VI metal and a Group VIII non-noble metal and in the presence of CO.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process of preparing a catalyst from zeolite and peptized alumina. The invention comprises adding a yttrium compound to the zeolite, either prior to, during, or after its combination with the peptized alumina. The yttrium compound can be added to the zeolite via exchange of yttrium onto the zeolite prior to addition of peptized alumina, or the yttrium can be added as a soluble salt during the combination of the zeolite and peptized alumina. In either embodiment, the zeolite catalyst is then formed from the zeolite, yttrium and peptized alumina, optionally containing other inorganic oxide. This invention is suitable for preparing fluid cracking catalysts.

Abstract: Compositions of biodegradable surfactants useful for optimizing the separation of impurities typical of hydrocarbons, and designed to intervene and stabilize the molecular structure of crude oil, with no significant alterations of the crude's intrinsic composition are disclosed. The biodegradable surfactants compositions coexist with a non-ionic surfactant and an organic mix in emulsion form with the purpose of isolating crude from the pipeline, reduce friction to improve crude flow and to enter the crude macromolecule to modify the hydrocarbon chain to reduce its density and thus its viscosity; including compositions of biodegradable surfactants that comprise sodium hydroxide 1N, potassium chloride, sulphonic acid, dodecanoic acid, nonylphenol, terpene-1 and water, preferably hard water.

Abstract: A method for treating an emulsion of a hydrocarbon is disclosed. The method includes providing an emulsion of a crude hydrocarbon, and adding an additive to the emulsion to obtain a treated hydrocarbon.

Abstract: A quenching medium is delivered directly to selected regions or locations within a catalyst bed in a hydroprocessing reactor vessel in order to control the reactivity of a hydroprocess occurring in the selected regions or locations separately from other regions or locations. Temperature sensors for providing temperature indications and conduits for delivering the quench medium are distributed throughout the catalyst bed. One or more conduits can be selected for delivery of the quenching medium to selected regions or locations so that separate control of the level of reactivity in each of various regions or locations throughout the bed can be achieved.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided for hydrotreating hydrocarbons. A method includes heating a start-up oil in a stripper liquid fraction heat exchanger during a start-up period, and heating a reactor with the start-up oil. The start-up oil is discharged from the reactor when the start-up period ends, and a standard operating period begins after the start-up period. A reactor effluent is produced by introducing a hydrocarbon stream into the reactor during the standard operating period, where hydrogen sulfide is produced from an organic sulfur compound in the hydrocarbon stream. Steam is produced in the stripper liquid fraction heat exchanger during the standard operating period.

Abstract: A process for the hydroprocessing of a gas oil (GO) hydrocarbon feed to provide high yield of a diesel fraction. The process comprises a liquid-full hydrotreating reaction zone followed by a liquid-full hydrocracking reaction zone. A refining zone may be integrated with the hydrocracking reaction zone. Ammonia and other gases formed during the hydrotreatment are removed in a separation step prior to hydrocracking.

Abstract: A method of converting carbon containing compounds such as coal, methane or other hydrocarbons into a liquid hydrocarbon fuel utilizes a high pressure, high temperature reactor which operates upon a blend of a carbon compound including CO2 and a carbon source, a catalyst, and steam. Microwave power is directed into the reactor. The catalyst, preferably magnetite, will act as a heating media for the microwave power and the temperature of the reactor will rise to a level to efficiently convert the carbon and steam into hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

Abstract: A process for converting organic MSW into liquid fuels or chemical products in almost quantitative yield via catalytic one-pot hydrolytic depolymerization of organic MSW. The organic MSW comprises all organic materials that exists in municipal solid waste, such as paper and paperboard, food scraps, yard trimmings, rubber, leather, textiles, wood, plastics, etc. The process is the first one over the world for resourcing municipal solid waste.

Abstract: A process for making high density fuels, pure terpene dimers, and byproducts from mixed terpene feedstocks and the resulting high density fuel products. The fuels produced by the process includes, dimerizing at least one terpene feedstock by mixing at least one terpene with at least one heterogeneous acidic catalyst and at least one solvent used to control the reaction temperature for a desired time and temperature to produce a crude terpene dimer (C20H32 mixture) in about 65% to about 95% chemical yield, hydrogenating the crude terpene dimer (C20H32 mixture) with at least one hydrogenation catalyst under a hydrogen atmosphere and removing the hydrogenating catalyst(s) to produce about 65% by weight to about 95% by weight of hydrogenated terpene dimer mixture, and utilizing a separation method against the hydrogenated terpene dimer mixture to produce byproducts, where the process generates a hydrocarbon mixture with a viscosity of between about 20 and 50 cSt at 40° C.

Abstract: Liquid bio-fuels and processes for their production are provided. The liquid bio-fuels can have improved stability, less corrosiveness, and/or an improved heating value.

Abstract: Catalyst compositions suitable for use in the exhaust gas recycle stream of an internal combustion engine are provided. Such catalyst compositions typically provide significant amounts of methane in addition to syngas. A reformer incorporating such a catalyst for use in an exhaust gas recycle portion of an internal combustion engine powertrain is described. A powertrain incorporating such a reformer, a method of increasing the octane rating of an exhaust gas recycle stream, and a method of operating an internal combustion engine using methane-assisted combustion are also described.

Abstract: A coal deactivation treatment device for deactivating of coal by means of a treatment gas that is a mixture of air and nitrogen gas is provided with, among other things: a treatment column inside of which coal flows from the top to the bottom; treatment gas feed means, and the like, for feeding treatment gas to the inside of the treatment column; humidifying heaters for heating and humidifying the treatment gas such that the treatment gas fed to the inside of the treatment column can maintain a relative humidity of 35% or greater, even at 95° C.; a temperature sensor and a control device for adjusting the temperature inside the treatment column such that the inside of the treatment column is maintained at a relative humidity of 35% or greater and a temperature of 95° C. or lower.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a lubricant which has excellent lubrication performance and is able to exhibit excellent lubrication performance even when under extreme pressure conditions. The present invention relates to a complex polyester composition containing polyester obtained by condensing polyhydric alcohol having at least two hydroxyl groups, a dicarboxylic acid having 44 carbon atoms, and monohydric alcohol. Further, the present invention relates to a lubricant composition containing the complex polyester composition, and a lubricant and a production method for a complex polyester composition.

Abstract: The invention provides a composition containing an oil of lubricating viscosity and an N-substituted malimide. The invention further relates to the use of the lubricating composition in an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A method for improving deposit control, while maintaining or improving demulsibility performance, in an engine lubricated with a lubricating oil by using as the lubricating oil a formulated oil that has a particular phenate/carboxylate detergent mixture present in a particular amount in the formulated oil. A lubricating engine oil having a composition including a lubricating oil base stock as a major component; and a phenate/carboxylate detergent mixture as a minor component. The lubricating oils of this disclosure are useful in marine crankcase systems, in particular, marine system oil applications for two-stroke marine diesel engines.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a transmission lubricant comprising at least 30% by weight of polyalkyl (meth)acrylate. The present invention further describes polyalkyl (meth)acrylates for use in lubricants and also processes for preparing them and their use. The present lubricants can be used particularly in wind turbine transmissions.

Abstract: A sulfurized alkaline earth metal (e.g., calcium) dodecylphenate is prepared by reacting (i) dodecylphenol with (ii) calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide in an amount of about 0.3 to about 0.7 moles per mole of dodecylphenol charged and (iii) an alkylene glycol in an amount of about 0.13 to about 0.6 moles per mole of dodecylphenol charged; and reacting the product of the first step with sulfur in an amount of about 1.6 to about 3 moles per mole of dodecylphenol charged; and thereafter optionally reacting the product with additional calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide and with carbon dioxide so as to form an overbased phenate. The product thus prepared has reduced levels of monomeric dodecylphenol.

Abstract: A lubricating oil composition for refrigerating machines contains a base oil and an additive in a form of a naphthalimide compound. A refrigerant used in a refrigerating machine in which the composition is used is unsaturated hydrofluorocarbon (unsaturated HFC) having a GWP of 1000 or less. When the present lubricating oil composition for refrigerating machines is used in refrigerating equipment such as an open-type automobile air-conditioner, an electric automobile air-conditioner, a gas heat pump, other air-conditioning equipment, a refrigerating machine, a vending machine, a showcase, a water-heating system and a refrigerating/heating system, it is possible to detect the leakage of a refrigerant with a long-lasting stability. Therefore, when an unsaturated freon refrigerant with a poor stability is used in the above-listed equipment, the present lubricating oil composition for refrigerating machines is significantly advantageous.

Abstract: A friction control composition having high and positive factional properties for sliding steel surfaces includes a water insoluble hydrocarbon that enables a reduced water content, a rheological additive, a freezing point depressant, a friction modifier, and a lubricant.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of producing an estolide, including a) converting biomass-derived oil into a fatty acid mixture, b) separating the fatty acid mixture into a C16 saturated fatty acid and a C18 unsaturated fatty acid, c) converting the C16 saturated fatty acid into a C15 or C16 linear internal olefin, d) subjecting the C15 or C16 linear internal olefin to an estolide reaction using a linking agent, thus obtaining an estolide A, e) subjecting the C18 unsaturated fatty acid to partial hydrogenating to increase the amount of oleic acid, and f) subjecting the oleic acid to an estolide reaction using a linking agent and then esterification, thus obtaining an estolide B.

Abstract: A detergent composition with a superior drying performance is provided comprising a surfactant according to the formula: wherein n=0-5 and m=10-50; or formula 2: R1O(AlkO)xM(OAlk)yOR2 wherein R1 and R2 are independently saturated or unsaturated, and possibly hydroxylated, alkyl radicals with 4 to 22 carbon atoms. wherein Alk is an alkyl radical with 2-4 carbon atoms; wherein x and y are independently an integer between 1 and 70; wherein M is an alkyl radical selected from the group CH2, CHR3, CR3R4, CH2CHR3, CHR3CHR4; and wherein R3 and R4 are independently saturated or unsaturated alkyl radicals with 1 to 18 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A method of treating a fabric, where the method includes a washing step and a rinsing step. A multi-component fabric treatment system, wherein the system includes a first component comprising a detergent composition, and where the system further includes a second component comprising a softener composition.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to detergent compositions and, more specifically, to detergent compositions containing salts of polyetheramines and polymeric acid, particularly salts of polyetheramines and polycarboxylic acid, which are suitable for removal of stains from soiled materials.

Abstract: A method for modifying the properties of a suspension of solid or liquid particles in an aqueous medium, includes the step of adding to the suspension or to the aqueous medium a polymer prepared by inverse emulsion polymerization of monomers Ab, comprising a betaine group, and of nonionic monomers Ba included in an aqueous phase dispersed in the form of droplets in a hydrophobic external phase, wherein the molar ratio of the monomers Ab to the monomers Ba is from about 4/96 to about 40/60, the polymer exhibits an intrinsic viscosity of greater than 600 mL/g, the reduced specific viscosity being measured by dissolving the polymer in a 20% by weight aqueous NaCl solution.

Abstract: The embodiments herein disclose a composition for a non-medicated liquid cleaning solution for personal care and hygiene and a method of synthesizing the same. The composition comprises cyclomethicone, DC5225C®, ethyl lactate, sesame oil, Vitamin E, organic castile soap, sweet orange oil or fragrances. For synthesizing the composition, the ingredients are procured. The castile soap is treated to remove water content. All the ingredients except cyclomethicone are mixed to obtain clear solution mixture. The clear solution mixture is added to cyclomethicone. The clear solution mixture and cyclomethicone are mixed to obtain a homogeneous mixture. The composition is sprayed or applied on tissue paper/toilet paper. The composition makes the tissue paper into a moist wipe used for cleaning the body parts like private body parts, groin, face, genital area, groin and rear end.

Abstract: The cleaning agent for a diesel engine includes a mixed solution obtained by blending a solvent that exhibits solubility and has an ignition point of 238° C. or more, and lubricating oil such as mineral oil in a predetermined ratio. The solvent and the grease are selected such that the cleaning agent has a higher ignition temperature characteristic than the ignition characteristic of light oil, and an evaporation characteristic that takes eight minutes or more to vaporize 2.5 cc of the cleaning agent in a heated state at 120° C.

Abstract: Described are embodiments for expanding cells in a bioreactor. In one embodiment, methods are provided that distribute cells throughout the bioreactor and attach cells to specific portions of a bioreactor to improve the expansion of the cells in the bioreactor. Embodiments may be implemented on a cell expansion system configured to load, distribute, attach and expand cells.

Abstract: An apparatus that provides synchronized chronic electrical stimulation and chronic stretch to a cell culture or tissue. The apparatus includes a programmable controller which synchronizes stretch and electrical stimulation applied to a deformable culture container, such as a silicone rubber culture dish. The apparatus is used to treat cells and retard de-differentiation or promote differentiation and maturation in some applications.

Abstract: A culture container includes a first transparent member being capable of keeping a predetermined temperature; a second transparent member facing to the first transparent member; a housing member to which the first transparent member and the second transparent member are adhered forming a culture space being capable of housing a well plate together with the first transparent member and the second transparent member; and a sealing member for sealing a liquid injected into the culture space between the first transparent member and the housing member.

Abstract: A reactor system is provided for improved fermentation of a gaseous substrate through the introduction of a secondary loop to a forced-circulation loop reactor. The reactor comprises a primary loop through which fermentation broth comprising a gaseous substrate is circulated through a riser segment and a downcomer section by a loop pump. Downstream of the loop pump a portion of fermentation broth is withdrawn from the downcomer section and is directed to the top of the reactor via a secondary loop. Further provided is a method for improving the mass transfer of a gaseous substrate to a fermentation broth in a fermentation vessel comprising a secondary loop. Further provided is a method for reducing foam in the headspace of a fermentation vessel comprising a secondary loop.

Abstract: Provided is a method of culturing green algae which promotes the growth of the green algae which is in a state of being a green swarm cell by irradiating the green algae that accumulate astaxanthin with an artificial light. The green algae are grown in a liquid medium while maintaining a state in which the color of a culture solution of the green algae is green or brown by intermittently radiating a blue illumination light while continuously radiating a red illumination light.

Abstract: In some aspects, this invention provides a method of making a bone marrow-derived tissue-specific stem cell proliferation, expansion, isolation and rejuvenation extracellular matrix. In other aspects, this invention provides a method of making a tissue-specific fibroblast-derived stem cell differentiation extracellular matrix. Also provided are methods of using such a cell-derived preservation or differentiation matrices to induce tissue-specific differentiation of pluripotent cells, repair damaged tissue, and treat a subject having a physiologic deficiency using the same.

Abstract: This present invention provides novel methods for deriving embryonic stem cells and embryo-derived cells from an embryo without requiring destruction of the embryo. The invention further provides cells and cell lines derived without embryo destruction, and the use of the cells for therapeutic and research purposes. It also relates to novel methods of establishing and storing an autologous stem cell line prior to implantation of an embryo, e.g., in conjunction with reproductive therapies such as IVF.

Abstract: The present invention relates to pluripotent stem cells, particularly to pluripotent embryonic-like stem cells. The invention further relates to methods of purifying pluripotent embryonic-like stem cells and to compositions, cultures and clones thereof. The present invention also relates to a method of transplanting the pluripotent stem cells of the present invention in a mammalian host, such as human, comprising introducing the stem cells, into the host. The invention further relates to methods of in vivo administration of a protein or gene of interest comprising transfecting a pluripotent stem cell with a construct comprising DNA which encodes a protein of interest and then introducing the stem cell into the host where the protein or gene of interest is expressed. The present also relates to methods of producing mesodermal, endodermal or ectodermal lineage-committed cells by culturing or transplantation of the pluripotent stem cells of the present invention.

Abstract: In certain embodiments methods are provided for inducing and/or restoring and/or maintaining a non-senescent phenotype, or aspects thereof (e.g., proliferative capacity and/or pluripotency) in a mammalian cell. The methods typically involve reducing the level or activity of SINE/Alu retrotransposon transcripts in the cell in an amount sufficient to induce or restore proliferative capacity and/or pluripotency to said mammalian cell.

Abstract: Human non-embryonic adult totipotent and pluripotent stem cells are isolated in a simplified serum-free and feeder cell-free process. Most remarkably, certain stem cells, and especially BLSCs, are extremely small, fail to exclude trypan blue, but are nevertheless able to proliferate from even high dilutions. Therefore, so obtained stem cells can be used to prepare true monoclonal stem cell populations, which are useful in numerous uses, including therapeutic, prophylactic, diagnostic, and research uses.

Abstract: The present invention describes methods involving the use of muscle derived cells (MDCs), preferably obtained from skeletal muscle, to support the innervation and repair of damaged tissues and organs, particularly associated with nerve damage or neuropathy. The invention relates to MDCs for use in methods for promoting or enhancing innervation of nerve cells, particularly in the peripheral nervous system, and their ability to contribute to the development of neuronal tissue when MDCs are introduced at or near a tissue or organ site in need of repair due to injury, damage, disease, or dysfunction. Such methods are useful for the treatment of central and peripheral nervous system disorders and to alleviate, abate, or eliminate the symptoms of neurologic or neurodegenerative diseases in animals, particularly mammals, including humans. The methods are also useful for treating both nerve and muscle tissue following injury, damage, or dysfunction to these tissue types.

Abstract: A purpose of the present invention is to provide a small chemical compound which especially promotes induction of the differentiation of ES cells into insulin-producing cells. Another purpose of the present invention is to provide: a method for inducing the differentiation of ES cells into insulin-producing cells using the compound; and an agent for promoting induction of the differentiation into insulin-producing cells. Another purpose of the present invention is to provide the thus-induced insulin-producing cells. Provided are: an agent for promoting induction of the differentiation of stem cells derived from a mammal into insulin-producing cells, which contains a compound that is selected from the group consisting of dopamine metabolism inhibitors, serotonin metabolism inhibitors, acetylchotine, acetylcholine degrading enzyme inhibitors and acetylcholine receptor activators; and a method for inducing differentiation using the agent for promoting induction of differentiation.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the invention provide methods of treating diabetes and other glucose regulation disorders. In one embodiment, the method comprises removing L-cells from a donor, obtaining stem cells from a patient, and culturing the L-cells in the presence of the stem cells under conditions such that the stem cells differentiate into stem cell-derived L-cells (SCDLC). An amount of the SCDLC is introduced into the patient sufficient to cause a lowering of the patient's blood glucose level after ingestion of food. In another embodiment, the method comprises removing K-cells from a donor, obtaining stem cells from a patient, and culturing the K-cells in the presence of the stem cells under conditions such that the stem cells differentiate into stem cell-derived K-cells (SCDKC). An amount of the SCDKC is introduced into the patient sufficient to cause a lowering of the patient's blood glucose level after ingestion of food.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a multilayered cell sheet characterized in fabricating a vascular bed that constructs a vascular network extending to the surface from a channel for perfusing a medium, the channel being embedded in a gel; and layering a cell sheet onto the vascular bed to construct a vascular network in the cell sheet. This manufacturing method makes it possible to construct a vascular network in the cell sheet and to fabricate a thick multilayered cell sheet in a simple manner by layering cell sheets. Such a thick multilayered cell sheet is useful as an in-vivo tissue substitute in regenerative medicine involving a variety of tissues.

Abstract: Apparatuses, systems, and methods for generating concentration gradients of soluble molecules are disclosed herein. Devices and methods for generating in vitro blood vessels are also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods for mimicking a tumor microenvironment in vitro are provided. The methods comprise indirectly applying a shear stress upon at least one tumor cell type plated on a surface within a cell culture container. Methods for mimicking tumor metastasis and methods for testing drugs or compounds in such systems are also provided.

Abstract: Various aspects and embodiments of the invention are directed to high-throughput phage-engineering methods and recombinant bacteriophages with tunable host ranges for controlling phage specificity.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a host organism containing recombinant nucleic acids coding for the vitamin K reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) and recombinant nucleic acids coding for a vitamin K dependent (VKD) protein, wherein both the recombinant VKORC1 and the recombinant VKD protein are expressed in said host organism. Further, the present invention relates to a cell culture system comprising cells which contain said recombinant nucleic acids and to methods for improving the productivity of recombinant VKD protein expression in a host organism being cultured in suitable systems.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a new class of cytokinin biosynthetic enzymes, cytokinin synthases, which have two domains: an isopentenyl transfer (IPT)-like domain and a cytokinin nucleotide phosphoribohydrolase (PRH)-like domain. The invention provides compositions and methods for the recombinant production of cytokinin synthase, host cells and transformants that include the cytokinin synthases, as well as compositions and formulations that include the disclosed cytokinin synthase.