Abstract: An all-wheel drive vehicle driveline can include an input member, differential, pump, first clutch, valve, and second clutch. The differential can include a case member, differential gearset, first output, and second output. The differential gearset can receive input torque from the case member and output differential torque to the first and second outputs. The pump can pump a fluid to a first conduit. The first clutch can transmit torque between the input and case members when a pressure in the first conduit exceeds a first predetermined pressure. The valve can couple the first conduit to a second conduit. The second clutch can couple the case member to the first output for common rotation when a pressure in the second conduit exceeds a second predetermined pressure. The valve can selectively permit fluid communication from the first conduit to the second conduit.

Abstract: An AWD driveline includes first and second sleeves. The first sleeve is axially translatable between first, second, and third positions; the second sleeve is coupled for translation therewith. When the first sleeve is in the first position, the first sleeve couples an input of a differential to an intermediate member, and the second sleeve is rotatable relative to the first sleeve and couples first and second outputs members. The first output member can be an output of the differential. In the second position, the first sleeve is rotatable relative to the input or the intermediate member, and the second sleeve is rotatable relative to the first sleeve and couples the first and second output members. In the third position, the first sleeve is rotatable relative to the input or the intermediate member, and the second sleeve is rotatable relative to the first sleeve and the first or second output members.

Abstract: A clutched device can include a differential and first and second conduits. The differential can transmit differential power to first and second outputs. Clutch plates can rotate through a clutch cavity and transmit power between the second output and a third output. An outer carrier and an inner carrier can be coupled for rotation with the second and third outputs, respectively. The first conduit can be open to a first peripheral region of the clutch cavity and fluidly couples the first region to a cavity separate from the clutch cavity. The second conduit can be open to a second peripheral region that is circumferentially spaced apart from the first region. The second conduit can fluidly couple the second region to a central region of the clutch cavity. Rotation of the outer carrier in opposite rotational directions slings lubricant to the first and second conduits, respectively.

Abstract: A control device for a vehicle. The vehicle includes a drive power source, a first drive wheel, a second drive wheel, and a drive power distribution device. One of the first drive wheel and the second drive wheel is provided on the left side with respect to the traveling direction of the vehicle, and the other drive wheel is provided on the right side with respect to the traveling direction of the vehicle. The drive power distribution device distributes power from the drive power source to the first drive wheel and the second drive wheel. The control device includes an electronic control unit. The electronic control unit is configured to perform drive power distribution control. The drive power distribution control is control for distributing drive power to the first drive wheel and the second drive wheel by the drive power distribution device. The electronic control unit is configured to make a first variation of a control command value be smaller than a second variation of the control command value.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes multiple display portions each of which displays a content different from one another, a decoration member which decorates one of the multiple display portions, an actuator which moves the decoration member, and a control portion which controls the actuator to move the decoration member to a position at which the decoration member decorates one display portion selected among the multiple display portions.

Abstract: A driving assistance apparatus which is mounted in a vehicle includes an acquisition unit configured to acquire external information, a notification request generation unit configured to generate a notification request based on the external information, a switching unit configured to switch between an on state and an off state of a notification function according to an input from a vehicle occupant, a first information notification unit configured to display a first display for giving notification of the external information in a predetermined display area of a display device based on the notification request when the notification function is in the on state and the notification request is generated, and a second information notification unit configured to display a second display for giving notification of predetermined information different from the external information in the predetermined display area when the notification function is in the off state.

Abstract: A rotary actuator with an operating knob which is rotatable about a rotational axis is included in an operating device of a motor vehicle. The rotary actuator generates an actuating signal during rotation of the operating knob, and the operating knob is translationally deflectable transversely with respect to the rotational axis to alternately operate two control modules using the same operating device. A coupling device couples the operating device to a first control module and to a second control module. The coupling device is configured to output the actuating signal exclusively to the first control module in a first switching position and to output the actuating signal exclusively to the second control module in a second switching position and to switch from the first switching position to the second switching position during translational deflection of the operating knob in a predetermined deflection direction.

Abstract: The drive inverter units that power the traction motors and steering motors of a manned or unmanned vehicle such as a mobile robot or automated guided vehicles (AGVs), industrial trucks or remote controlled vehicles that are equipped with a robot arm or other actuated mechanisms are also used to power the axes of the robot arms or other additional high power actuators (e.g. a lift table). The traction and steering motors can be disconnected from the drive and the motors of a robot arm or actuator can be connected to the drive and vice versa. The prerequisite is that driving and robot arm/actuator motion do not take place at the same time.

Abstract: A method of operating a transport refrigeration system is provided. The method includes controlling, using a controller, a first plurality of components of a refrigeration unit, wherein controlling comprises operating a prime mover and an electric generation device. The method also includes operating, using a controller, the prime mover at a selected high speed. The method further includes monitoring, using a controller, a plurality of operating parameters of the refrigeration unit, wherein at least one of the operating parameters is at least one of a voltage of the electric generation device and a speed of the prime mover. The method yet further includes comparing, using a controller, the voltage of the electric generation device to a selected voltage. The method also includes comparing, using a controller, the speed of the prime mover to a selected speed.

Abstract: An apparatus of preventing over-discharge of a battery for a vehicle includes a voltage sensor for sensing a voltage of the battery, a relay for preventing the over-discharge of the battery, a power state sensor for sensing an ignition on state, and a controller for outputting a warning message when the voltage of the battery becomes a first threshold value in the ignition on state and for turning off the relay after transmitting shut-off commands to the respective electronic control units (ECUs) through a vehicle network when the voltage of the battery becomes a second threshold value.

Abstract: An exemplary electrified vehicle assembly includes a coolant circuit and a controller configured to selectively direct energy into at least one component of the coolant circuit to provide a negative wheel torque.

Abstract: A track-bound vehicle converter comprises a block-wave generator (20) configured to be connected to a direct voltage source (21) and connected to a series resonance link (34), or to an inductive link, for providing the input of a direct converter (41) with semi sinusoidal current pulses. The direct converter has at least one phase leg (42-44) having on one hand one switch (45-47) connected to the link (34) and able to block voltages in both directions thereacross and conduct current in both directions therethrough and on the other a capacitor (48-50) connected in series therewith. The voltage across the capacitor (48-50) of the direct converter is used to provide a converter output with an alternating voltage.

Abstract: In an electric vehicle having a primary battery powered source of energy with a primary electric motor driven and connected to one or more ground engagement wheels of the electric vehicle, has a device utilizing a sprocket and chain for collecting energy from the inner rim edge of the rear wheel of the electric vehicle. This sprocket mechanism device collects this energy then transfers that energy to a plurality of alternators on mounted framework such as in the trunk compartment by way of a chain. The alternators with their sitting pilot voltages, then transfer it by electrically conductive cables to the battery.

Abstract: A vehicle including a high-voltage electric battery assembly including first and second battery cell modules and DC/DC electric power converter assembly is described. The DC/DC electric power converter assembly selectively converts electric power from the first battery cell module and the second battery cell module. A second end of the DC/DC electric power converter is electrically connected to a low-voltage system. The low-voltage system includes a first subsystem configured to provide a critical vehicle operation. A controller includes algorithmic code executable to monitor the high-voltage battery assembly, including, upon detecting a fault in the first battery cell module of the high-voltage battery assembly, controlling the DC/DC electric power converter assembly to electrically convert electric power from the second battery cell module to low-voltage electric power that is transferred to the first subsystem.

Abstract: Methods of controlling a contactor in a high voltage electrical circuit of a vehicle include delaying a contactor opening if a valid open command is not received, inhibiting closing of a contactor if a low voltage circuit voltage is not sufficient to close the contactor, and determining a fault in the opening of a contactor based on voltages sensed on the contacts of the contactor.

Abstract: Forms of the present disclosure include an input end, and an output end connected to the input end to improve a power factor through the input end. The output end includes non-electrolytic capacitors formed at both sides of an electrolytic capacitor for output, and first inductors formed between the respective non-electrolytic capacitors and the electrolytic capacitor. Therefore, forms of the present disclosure may reduce a ripple current (current stress) at a PFC output end through a CL circuit formed at a left side with respect to the electrolytic capacitor, and reduce an input ripple current (input current stress) of a DC-DC converter through an LC circuit formed at a right side.

Abstract: A low voltage DC-DC converter of an eco-friendly vehicle is provided. The converter includes an output current limit map applier that is configured to output an output current limit value using an output current limit map. A power controller is configured to amplify the output limit value output from the output current limit map applier to a predefined gain. Furthermore, an output limiter is configured to output the output limit value output from the power controller, and filter and output the output limit value after a predefined time lapses.

Abstract: A vehicle has a charging device for charging an energy store at a charging station. The charging device has a vehicle-side coupling element for coupling to a charging-station-side coupling element. A control unit is provided is arranged in the region of the vehicle-side coupling element for maneuvering the vehicle.

Abstract: An electric line arrangement, in particular a charging cable for a motor vehicle, having at least one electrically conductive lead which can be placed in electrical contact at its ends in order to transmit electrical energy, an insulation layer which surrounds the lead circumferentially, and a coolant duct in which a cooling fluid for cooling the lead is conducted, wherein the insulation layer is spaced apart from the lead, and the coolant duct is formed between the insulation layer and the lead in such a way that the cooling fluid flows directly around the lead.

Abstract: A method of positioning an electric vehicle, such as a battery electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, or similar vehicle relative to a charging point includes receiving at the vehicle a global positioning system (GPS) signal, receiving at the vehicle a global positioning system correction signal, correcting the global positioning system signal using the global positioning system correction signal, and positioning the vehicle relative to the charging point using the corrected global positioning system signal such that the vehicle can be charged by the charging point.

Abstract: The present disclosure is related to a battery management system which includes a location information obtainer configured to obtain location information of a battery, and an estimation model changer configured to change an estimation model to estimate an internal state of the battery according to a change in the location information.

Abstract: A method estimates a duration of a battery performance rehabilitation phase. The method includes activating the battery performance rehabilitation phase when a power available in a battery is below a required minimum power level. The method also includes supplying a model of operation of the battery including, in a plane (BSOC, T) where BSOC denotes a state of charge of the battery and where T denotes a battery temperature, an isopower curve representing operating points of the battery enabling the battery to substantially deliver the required minimum power level, the curve separating operating points making it possible to deliver a power level above the required minimum power level from operating points enabling the battery to deliver only a power level below the required minimum power level. The method also includes estimating the duration of the battery performance rehabilitation phase from the model of operation supplied.

Abstract: A battery system includes a battery, a monitoring circuit, a wireless communication device and a remote wireless communication unit. The monitoring circuit includes a processing unit and non-volatile memory that stores a unique identification of the battery. The wireless communication device is disposed on the battery and is in data communication with sensor circuits. The wireless communication device transmits real time operational parameter data sensed by the sensor circuits. The remote wireless communication unit is in wireless data communication with the wireless communication device and receives the operational parameter data therefrom.

Abstract: A method for controlling an output of a battery includes measuring a state of charge (SOC) or a resistance of the battery of a vehicle, comparing a deterioration level of the battery with a set deterioration level, and controlling a temperature of the battery, an average output of the battery, and a load mode of the battery when the deterioration level of the battery is larger than the set deterioration level.

Abstract: A battery pack and an electric vehicle including the battery pack, the battery pack including a battery, the battery including at least one battery cell that is rechargeable and dischargeable, wherein the battery supplies power to a load; a controller configured to control an amount of power to be used by the load; and a battery manager configured to measure a remaining capacity of the battery and to provide information about the measured remaining capacity to the controller.

Abstract: A power reserve apparatus is disclosed. In one embodiment, the power reserve apparatus comprises a first module including a first set of battery cells and a first inter-cell balance adjustment unit configured to use passive balancing to reduce voltage variance among the first set of battery cells. The power reserve apparatus also comprises a second module including a second set of battery cells and a second inter-cell balance adjustment unit configured to use passive balancing to reduce voltage variance among the second set of battery cells. The power reserve apparatus further comprises an inter-module balance adjustment unit configured to use active balancing to reduce voltage variance among the first and second modules.

Abstract: A cell-contacting system for a motor-vehicle battery module, in particular for an electric or hybrid vehicle includes an, in particular, substantially plate-shaped support structure and multiple separate contact elements, each of which is used to contact two adjacent battery cells of the motor-vehicle battery module. The contact elements are arranged next to one another in a first row, each element being fixed at one side to the support structure.

Abstract: A power converting apparatus for vehicles according to an embodiment controls a plurality of AC motors for vehicle traveling set on a motor setting table. The power converting apparatus includes a plurality of inverter circuits and a plurality of controllers. The plurality of inverter circuits supply three-phase AC power to the AC motors. The plurality of controllers generate control signals for ON/OFF-controlling a plurality of switching elements of the inverter circuits and perform PWM control on the inverter circuits associated with the plurality of controllers among the plurality of inverter circuits. The plurality of controllers perform the PWM control on the associated inverter circuits according to control signals generated using carrier waves having phases different from one another. A phase difference between the carrier waves is based on the number of the plurality of AC motors set on the motor setting table.

Abstract: An armrest control device includes a driving mode determiner that determines a switching state of a driving mode of a vehicle capable of switching between an automatic driving mode and a manual driving mode, and an armrest controller that moves a supporter, which supports an arm of a driver of an armrest, so that the supporter approaches a steering wheel, when the driving mode determiner determines that a switching from the automatic driving mode to the manual driving mode has started.

Abstract: There is provided a seat slide device capable of stably holding a position of an upper rail as well as a position of a seat. An upper rail (3) has an inclined section (30d) obliquely formed so as to approach an inner surface of a lower rail (2) as going rearward. A displacement member (32) has an abutting section (33) disposed so as to abut on the inner surface of the lower rail (2) and an inclined section (30d). The abutting section (33) abuts on the inclined section (30d) by rearward urging to the displacement member (32) by a tension coil spring (36a). The inclined section (30d) converts urging force received from a tension coil spring (36a) through the abutting section (33) into force in such a direction as to abut on the inner surface of the lower rail (2) to apply the force to the abutting section (33), and the abutting section (33) is made to abut on the inner surface of the lower rail (2) at a time of locking and at a time of unlocking of a lock member (5).

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a seat recliner for a vehicle. The seat recliner includes: a lower plate; a rotary flange that has a ring shape, is fitted around the lower plate to relatively rotate to the lower plate, and has inner teeth around the inner side of the rotary flange; locking gears that are disposed on the top of the lower plate, have outer teeth at an end, and engage with inner teeth of the rotary flange when moving forward; locking guides that are disposed between the locking gears and guide the locking gears moving forward and backward; and an upper plate that covers the locking gears and the locking guides, rotates relative to the rotary flange. In particular, a bottom of the locking guides is fixed to the top of the lower plate, and a bottom of the upper plate is fixed to the top of the locking guides.

Abstract: A seat apparatus includes a vehicle seat including a cushion member having a bottom portion with a plurality of recessed portions, a plurality of air cells configured to expand by injection of compressed air, and a fluid supply mechanism configured to supply the fluid to the air cells. In the seat apparatus, at least one of the recessed portions is provided at a portion of the bottom portion of the cushion member positioned at a seating portion of the vehicle seat, the hip of a passenger being placed on the seating portion. Each air cell is expandable in a corresponding one of the recessed portions. The fluid supply mechanism is configured to expand at least one air cell by supplying the compressed air thereto and to change the at least one air cell to be expanded by switching a fluid supply destination.

Abstract: Armrest apparatuses for motor vehicles are provided. In one example, an armrest apparatus comprises an armrest main base. A translating docking station arrangement for holding a nomadic device is operatively coupled to the armrest main base to move relative to the armrest main base between a retracted position and a deployed position. The translating docking station arrangement in the retracted position substantially covers the armrest main base. The translating docking station arrangement in the deployed position is shifted laterally relative to the retracted position.

Abstract: A headrest moving device, wherein a lever member, which is connected to the seat or the headrest in a pivoted state, presses the pawl, thereby releasing the engagement between the pawl and the ratchet. A consumer can release the locking at any position by operating a lever member externally protruded from the headrest after the consumer has moved the headrest. The method of releasing the locking can be easily recognized by the consumer, therefore the consumer can effectively and easily utilize the headrest moving device.

Abstract: A temperature adjustment control device includes a heat diffusion layer, a heat flux sensor, and a temperature changing body provided in this order from a surface making contact with a human body. The heat flux sensor is disposed on the temperature changing body and outputs a sensor signal corresponding to a heat flux. The heat diffusion layer is disposed opposite to the temperature changing body through the heat flux sensor. The heat flux sensor outputs the sensor signal corresponding to the heat flux passing through the heat flux sensor in a direction in which the heat diffusion layer, the heat flux sensor, and the temperature changing body are arranged. A control portion controls a start and a stop of the power supply to the temperature changing body based on the sensor signal outputted from the heat flux sensor.

Abstract: A deployable seat cover for a vehicular seat having a back rest and a seat cushion includes an outer envelope for accommodating a folded or rolled seat protector sheet therein. The seat protector is secured to the outer envelope, and the outer envelope includes a lower opening though which the seat protector sheet can be deployed. At least one attachment arrangement is secured to an upper portion of the outer envelope for securing the seat cover to the vehicular seat. The deployable seat cover further includes at least one elongate pull member including a fixed end secured to the outer envelope, and a free end extending outside of the outer envelope. The pull member substantially encircles at least an upper portion of the folded or rolled seat protector sheet when accommodated within the outer envelope. The seat protector sheet is deployed from the outer envelope when a pulling force is applied to the free end of the pull member forcing the seat protector sheet out of the lower opening of the outer envelope.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a vehicle floor. The vehicle floor includes a rigid floor structure and a floor covering for the floor structure. The floor covering includes carpeting with a corrugated section where the carpeting has a nominal surface contour corresponding to the shape of the floor structure, and is repeatedly doubled over itself in a corrugation direction to define a series of adjacent ridges and valleys along the corrugation direction.

Abstract: A cup holder for a vehicle includes an inner cup having a cylindrical shape opened at an upper face thereof to receive a beverage container through the opened upper face and being made of a thermal conductive material; an outer holder surrounding the inner cup while an inner space is defined between the inner cup and the outer holder in a state in which an inner peripheral surface thereof is spaced apart from an outer peripheral surface of the inner cup by a certain distance; a heating element provided in the inner space while one surface of the heating element comes into surface contact with an outside of a bottom of the inner cup; and an elastic body provided beneath the heating element in the inner space, and pressing the heating element upward such that the heating element is pressed against the bottom of the inner cup.

Abstract: In a vehicle having a body movable relative to another vehicle member and a control system for automatically selecting an operational mode of the body, the body may be moved by a hoist system having at least a first mode in which the body is moved under power, and a second mode in which the body moves under its own weight. An inertia measurement unit may be used to determine body position and a control system may automatically engage the second mode if the body position is at a first predetermined body position and the first mode is already engaged.

Abstract: Aluminum belt-discharge bodies configured for installation on frames of straight truck or trailer chassis used in construction materials hauling. The use of aluminum provides substantial weight savings, which allows for an increase in the payload that can be hauled by the truck to the paving machine. The belt bodies also feature a wider unloading belt as compared to conventional steel live-bottom trucks, which increases efficiency, reduces unloading time and generates faster cycle times. The wider bottom lowers the center of gravity of the vehicle, resulting in more stability and safety. Furthermore, a wider body with sloped side walls reduces and/or eliminates the effects of transportation segregation of the asphalt or aggregate being hauled. Belt-discharge bodies according to the invention effectively remix the material being hauled as it is unloaded.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for delivering proppant to a well site has a trailer with a bed thereon and at least one track of rollers extending in parallel relationship to the longitudinal axis of the trailer. The track of rollers extend substantially for an entire length of the bed of the trailer. At least one proppant container is translatably positioned on the track of rollers. The proppant container is movable along the array of rollers from one end of the bed to an opposite end of the bed. A bin can be removably positioned below the bed of the trailer in a position rearward of the front end of the trailer and forward of a rear end of the trailer so as to allow the proppant container to discharge into the bin. A conveyor is cooperative with the bin so as to move proppant from the bin to a location at the well site.

Abstract: A retaining apparatus includes a base member having a backing portion engaging a first side of a fixed plate and a cleat engaging a second side of the fixed plate. A neck portion connects the backing portion to the cleat and slidingly engages a keyway hole in the fixed plate. The retaining apparatus also includes a locking member coupled to the base member by a hinge. The locking member defines a disengaged position spaced from the fixed plate and is pivotable to an engaged position to secure the apparatus to the fixed plate.

Abstract: A cargo restraint system having a load bearing perimeter rail and a tie-down ring assembly. The load bearing perimeter rail further comprised of a plurality of protruding bosses with a hole within each boss. Further, a tie-down ring assembly comprised of a tie-down ring and a pin wherein the tie-down ring is inserted through the hole in the plurality of protruding bosses of the load bearing perimeter rail. Further still a method providing a cargo restraint assembly wherein the cargo restraint assembly comprises a load bearing bracket and a tie-down ring assembly, and further wherein the tie down ring assembly is capable of being altered to adapt different size brackets, tie-down rings, pins, mechanical fasteners, and adhesives for different load scenarios.

Abstract: A support chock is provided and includes a chock front, a chock rear, a chock top, a chock bottom and a plurality of chock sides, wherein the chock top, chock bottom and plurality of chock sides define a chock cavity, a chock front opening and a chock rear opening, wherein the chock cavity communicates the chock front opening with the chock rear opening.

Abstract: An illumination apparatus for a vehicle includes a projector configured to project an image of visible light; an obstacle detection apparatus configured to detect an obstacle; and a processing apparatus configured to predict a travel area of the vehicle after a predetermined time or a predetermined distance of travel, project a first image with the projector in the predicted travel area upon no obstacle in the predicted travel area being detected by the obstacle detection apparatus, and project a second image, which is different from the first image, with the projector in the predicted travel area upon the obstacle in the predicted travel area being detected by the obstacle detection apparatus.

Abstract: A vehicle exterior environment recognition apparatus includes a computer and an illumination mechanism. The computer serves as a preceding vehicle extractor that extracts a tail lamp of a preceding vehicle, a preceding vehicle recognizer that recognizes the preceding vehicle on a basis of the extracted tail lamp, and a light-distribution controller that determines a light distribution of a headlamp. The illumination mechanism switches between a low beam and a high beam on a basis of instruction issued by the light-distribution controller. The preceding vehicle extractor acquires instruction information related to the instruction on the determination issued by the light-distribution controller and result information related to a result of beam application performed by the illumination mechanism, and extracts, by a threshold corresponding to the low beam, the tail lamp for a region in which either one of the instruction information and the result information indicates application of the low beam.

Abstract: A vehicle lamp system includes a first lamp unit configured to irradiate light having a first correlated color temperature, a second lamp unit configured to irradiate light having a second correlated color temperature lower than the first correlated color temperature of the first lamp unit and configured to form a combined light distribution pattern, together with the light irradiated from the first lamp unit, the combined light distribution pattern being formed by overlapping the light from the first lamp unit and the light from the second lamp unit, and a controller configured to change light flux of at least one of the first lamp unit and the second lamp unit in accordance with a vehicle speed.

Abstract: A vehicle exterior environment recognition apparatus includes a computer and an illumination mechanism. The computer serves as a vehicle extractor that extracts a tail lamp of a preceding vehicle, a preceding vehicle recognizer that recognizes the preceding vehicle on a basis of the extracted tail lamp, and a light-distribution controller that determines light distribution of a headlamp. The illumination mechanism switches between a low beam and a high beam on a basis of instruction issued by the light-distribution controller. The vehicle extractor determines, on a basis of an angle of view and a depth distance of a block in the image, and a cut-off line angle of the high beam, whether the block is irradiated with the high beam, and changes, on a basis of a result of the determination as to whether the block is irradiated, thresholds that determine whether the tail lamp is the tail lamp.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for controlling headlight systems of vehicles. In accordance with one embodiment, a vehicle comprises a headlight system, a processor, and a sensor unit. The processor is configured to at least facilitate transmitting one or more light images with an identifiable characteristic from the vehicle via the headlight system. The sensor unit is configured to receive one or more light images. The processor is further configured to at least facilitate determining whether one or more received light images have the identifiable characteristic, and taking an action based at least on part on whether the one or more received light images have the identifiable characteristic.

Abstract: A lamp for a vehicle that radiates a beam pattern to a vehicle front side is provided. The lamp for a vehicle includes at least one light source and a lens configured to radiate a low beam to a front side of the vehicle through refraction of light emitted from the at least one light source. The lens includes a light incident portion that light emitted from the light source is incident and a light exit portion from that refracts and exits the light. The light exit portion includes a plurality of facets formed to have independent curvatures to refract the light from the light source and to form a beam pattern of the low beam. The portions of the plurality of facets are inclined with respect to a virtual vertical line having at least portions of boundary lines formed between the inclined facets and the neighboring facets.