Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for selectively filtering 1,2-diolein and 1,3-dioleine ions from an olive oil sample. An ion source is instructed to ionize a mixture of an olive oil sample and a pre-ionization modifier. The pre-ionization modifier includes silver (Ag). A differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) device is instructed to separate ions received from the ion source and affected by a post-ionization modifier based on ion mobility. The second post-ionization modifier is butanol, for example. The DMS device is instructed to selectively filter separated 1,2-diolein precursor ions by selecting a first compensation voltage (CoV) for the DMS device. The first CoV is specific to separate 1,2-diolein precursor ions from 1,3-diolein precursor ions. The DMS device is instructed to selectively filter separated 1,3-diolein precursor ions by selecting a second CoV for the DMS device. The second CoV is specific to separate 1,3-diolein precursor ions from 1,2-diolein precursor ions.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining the integrity of a tube is provided. The apparatus includes: a body having an extension mechanism and configured to be inserted into the tube; and a flexible eddy current sensor including a flexible housing coupled to the body via the extension mechanism, and one or more coils disposed in the flexible housing. The flexible housing is selectively extendable via the extension mechanism between a first position and a second position. The one or more coils are farther away from the body when the flexible housing is in the second position than when the flexible housing is in the first position. The one or more coils electrically couple with an interior surface of the tube when the flexible housing is in the second position, and the flexible eddy current sensor is operative to selectively induce electrical currents within the tube via the one or more coils.

Abstract: A system and method for non-destructive analysis of a structure. A probe acquires a transient time based reference signal and at least one test signal. The reference signal and test signals are transformed to the frequency domain. The frequency domain test signal can be normalized using the frequency domain reference signal. Parameters of interest are evaluated at each test location by iteratively determining estimated parameter values, generating an estimated frequency domain test signal using the estimated parameter values and determining the convergence between the estimated frequency domain test signal and the normalized frequency domain test signal. The parameters values are determined as the estimated parameter values resulting in a maximized convergence between the estimated signal and the normalized test signal. The parameter values can be used to visualize and model various features of the structure.

Abstract: An ultrasonic detection assembly for detecting a characteristic in a test object having a cylindrical peripheral surface. The ultrasonic detection assembly includes a phased array probe positioned in proximity to the cylindrical peripheral surface of the test object. The phased array probe includes a plurality of adjacent transducer elements. Each transducer is operatively configured to emit a respective beam into the test object so as to provide a pattern of constructive interference. The ultrasonic detection assembly is structurally configured to provide for cylindrical contact between the phased array probe and the cylindrical peripheral surface of the test object.

Abstract: A magnetostrictive transducer assembly for generating a longitudinal elastic guided wave of a selected frequency and mode and for guiding the wave into an open end of a heat exchanger tube for testing the tube. The transducer assembly comprises a current-carrying coil of wire, a magnetostrictive material wrapped around the coil of wire, a mechanism for pressing the magnetostrictive material against an inner surface of the tube, and one or more biasing magnets placed in the vicinity of the current-carrying coil of wire and the magnetostrictive material.

Abstract: Various embodiments of ultrasonic testing systems are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, an ultrasonic testing system includes a plurality of ultrasonic arrays. The individual ultrasonic arrays include a transducer support extending along a length of the corresponding ultrasonic array, and a plurality of ultrasonic transducers. The individual ultrasonic transducers are mounted to the corresponding transducer supports, and are operable to generate ultrasonic sound waves. The system also includes an adjustable mount supporting the plurality of ultrasonic arrays and operable to adjust a position of the plurality of ultrasonic arrays along two non-parallel axes.

Abstract: Systems and methods for evaluating an anisotropic composite material are provided. In one example implementation, a system includes a guided wave source configured to provide one or more guided waves to the anisotropic composite material. The system includes at least one sensor configured to measure a property of the one or more guided waves in the anisotropic composite material. The system includes one or more processors configured to receive output signals from the at least one sensor. The one or more processors are configured to construct a phased array of a plurality of output signals associated with different locations on the anisotropic composite material. The one or more processors are configured to generate a directional output beam associated with phased array based at least in part on a direction dependent guided wave parameter.

Abstract: System, methods, and devices for inspecting generator rotor slot wedges in-situ are provided. The system includes a controller operably connected to a remote-control carriage for transmitting control signals and receiving data. The carriage includes a drive module for moving the carriage into an inspection area, e.g., through an air gap between the rotor and stator, and an inspection module operable to inspect a rotor wedge surface. The inspection module includes a jack assembly and a transducer assembly. The jack assembly is operably connected to the transducer assembly, and configured to elevate the transducer assembly to the rotor wedge surface for inspection.

Abstract: A device and method for performing ultrasound scanning of a substantially cylindrical object, the device comprising a cuff adapted to fit around a circumference of the object, a carrier mounted slidably on the cuff and adapted to traverse the circumference of the object, an ultrasound probe mounted on the carrier and positioned to scan the circumference of the object as the carrier traverses the circumference of the object, a carrier motor mounted on the cuff or the carrier and used to drive the movement of the carrier about the circumference of the object, and one or more data connections providing control information for the carrier motor and the ultrasound probe and receiving scanning data from the ultrasound probe.

Abstract: Methods and devices are disclosed for testing an acoustic probe having transducing elements for converting between acoustic and electrical signals. An electrical signal is generated at a frequency with a testing device capable of generating electrical signals over a range of frequencies. The electrical signal is transmitted to at least some of the transducing elements to measure a complex impedance and thereby evaluate a performance of the transducing elements.

Abstract: A method for the nondestructive testing of a test object by ultrasound is provided, the method including generating a pulsed ultrasonic field in the test object by means of an array of individually drivable ultrasonic transmitting transducers acoustically coupled to the test object. The ultrasonic transmitting transducers are each driven with a specific analog transient excitation signal, wherein each analog transient excitation signal is generated based on an ultrasonic transmitting transducer-specific stored digital transient excitation function. The method further includes receiving resulting echo signals from the test object by means of an array of individually drivable ultrasonic receiving transducers, with each ultrasonic receiving transducer providing an analog time-resolved echo signal, temporarily storing the time-resolved, transducer-specific, digitized echo signals in the form of an echo signal set, and applying a plurality of different reception processing rules to the echo signal set.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a real-time automatic analysis device for an organic contaminant in water, the device having: an analysis apparatus comprising a solid phase micro-extraction device and a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis device that have been traditionally used; a heating block; a sample bottle; a discharge unit; and a control unit. While using an analysis apparatus, being traditionally used, as it is, the real-time automatic analysis device for an organic contaminant in water accurately and quickly identifies a point of generation of a high-concentration organic contaminant by supplying a sample consecutively and in real time, takes follow-up measures, and easily performs a sensory analysis as well as a chemical analysis.

Abstract: Provided is a method for detecting impurities in ammonium hydroxide. The method for detecting impurities in ammonium hydroxide includes preparing a potassium permanganate solution, preparing ammonium hydroxide, and adding the potassium permanganate solution several times to the ammonium hydroxide so as to detect impurities in the ammonium hydroxide. Potassium permanganate contained in the potassium permanganate solution is added for each time in the range of 0.0001 mol to 0.01 mol per 1 g of ammonia contained in the ammonium hydroxide.

Abstract: A sample pre-compression valve for liquid chromatography applications is described. The valve enables a sample pre-compression while the solvent pump continues to conduct solvent to the chromatography column. Furthermore, the sample pre-compression valve includes an INJECT position, a LOAD position and a PUMP PURGE position, in which all connecting grooves of the valve are flushed with liquid. A use of the sample pre-compression valve is described as part of a sampler for liquid chromatography applications.

Abstract: In a method for processing successive fluidic sample portions provided by a sample source, sample reception volumes are filled successively temporarily with at least a respective one of the sample sections, and the sample sections are emptied successively out of the sample reception volumes in such a way, that, while emptying, it is avoided to bring two respective ones of the sample sections, which have not left the sample source directly adjacent to one another, in contact with one another.

Abstract: The invention discloses a flow control block for a stack of chromatography column modules, as well as a stack of chromatography modules comprising at least one flow control block. The flow control block is in a first position or configuration capable of connecting two chromatography column modules, or a chromatography column module and an endpiece, in parallel and in a second position or configuration it is capable of connecting two chromatography column modules, or a chromatography column module and an endpiece, in series.

Abstract: A peak extraction method for extracting a true peak from a measured waveform, including acquiring a second derivative waveform; extracting a provisional peak on the basis of a maximum value and/or a minimum value of the second derivative waveform; determining the peak width of the provisional peak on the basis of a model peak function; computing, on the basis of the model peak function, a theoretical value for the height of the provisional peak using two points corresponding to the two ends of the peak width; computing, based on the second derivative waveform, an index value for a variation in the noise on the measured waveform; and computing an S/N ratio, which is a ratio of the peak height theoretical value and the index value, and extracting the provisional peak that is equal to or greater than a preset value as the true peak.

Abstract: In a measuring method for measuring an atmospheric concentration of a compound, such as a volatile organic compound (VOC), an adsorptive element is provided within a target atmosphere for a period of time to allow adsorption of a compound of interest for measurement, and then removed from the target atmosphere, and placed within a closed measuring space. The adsorptive element is heated within the measuring space to cause de-adsorption of the compound into the closed measuring space, and a concentration of the de-adsorbed compound is measured. A concentration of the compound in the target atmosphere is determined based on the concentration of the compound within the closed measuring space. The adsorptive element may be formed of an adsorptive material such as carbon fibers, cellulose or other adsorptive materials, and a binder. The adsorptive element may be optimized for adsorption of a specific compound.

Abstract: We disclose herein an electronic device comprising: a state machine for receiving an output signal from a sensor; a comparator operatively coupled with the state machine; and a first processor operatively coupled with the comparator. The state machine is configured to receive the output signal from the at least one sensor to obtain sensor measurement data and configured to pass the obtained sensor measurement data to the comparator. The comparator is configured to process the obtained sensor measurement data into first processed sensor data, and configured to compare the first processed sensor data with a first predetermined threshold limit. The comparator is configured to inform the first processor about the obtained sensor measurement data if the first processed sensor data exceed the first predetermined threshold limit.

Abstract: In some examples, a method is described. The method may include obtaining an electrical signal as an input signal. The method may also include generating a reference signal based on the input signal. Moreover, the method may include generating a device-under-test signal based on the input signal and based on a device-under-test capacitance between a first contact point and a second contact point. The first contact point may be electrically coupled to a first contact mechanism configured to contact a first contact area of the device-under-test. The second contact point may be configured to be electrically coupled to a second contact mechanism configured to contact a second contact area of the device-under-test. The method may also include generating a comparison signal based on a comparison between the reference signal and the device-under-test signal. Additionally, the method may include emitting an output signal that is based on the comparison signal.

Abstract: This identification apparatus is for identifying the degree of degradation of oil and includes a sensor that detects a substance arising from oil contained in an oil tank and a controller that determines the degree of degradation of the oil based on information related to the substance detected by the sensor and the distance from the oil tank containing the oil to the sensor.

Abstract: This identification apparatus is for identifying the degree of degradation of oil and includes a sensor that detects a substance arising from oil contained in an oil tank and a controller that determines the degree of degradation of the oil based on information related to a substance detected initially by the sensor when the oil is contained in the oil tank in an initial state and on information related to the substance detected subsequently.

Abstract: Methods for detecting biomarkers of inflammation, infection, and/or bacterial activity in dairy production, which indicate issues with the milk itself or issues related to the health of the cow. The methods generally comprise contacting a milk sample with a nanoplatform assembly to create an assay solution, and detecting spectral changes in the assay solution that are triggered by enzymatic activity (when present) in the sample. The nanoplatform assembly comprises a first particle, a second particle, and a linkage therebetween, wherein the linkage comprises a protease consensus sequence (the sequence of amino acids cleaved by the protease), or an ester linkage (cleaved by a protease or lipase). A plurality of second particles can also be linked to the first particle. Test strips are also described, which undergo a visual color change in the presence of the target enzyme in the milk sample.

Abstract: A chemosensing hydrogel is provided that undergoes a colorimetric reaction in response to the detection of a biogenic amine vapor, such as a biogenic amine vapor that is a by-product resulting from food spoilage. In an embodiment, an apparatus for detection of biogenic amines, is provided that includes a hydrogel having a bimetallic iron(II)-iron(III) complex disposed within the hydrogel, wherein the hydrogel is configured to change from a first color to a second color in response to exposure to a biogenic amine.

Abstract: Disclosed is a device for measuring at least one physical, chemical or biological parameter of a fluid, flowing in a pipe belonging to a fluid-distribution network, the device being installed in a cut on the pipe at the fluid delivery point, the pipe thus including a first section and a second section, the device including at least one sensor provided with a measurement end. The device also includes: a body including an opening forming a flow line, and at least one insertion recess capable of receiving the measurement end of the at least one sensor, the insertion recess opening into the flow line; an attachment unit arranged to connect a first end of the flow line with an end of the first section and a second end of the flow line with an end of the second section, to allow the fluid to flow through the flow line.

Abstract: A mount or submersible or semisubmersible housing for supporting a submersible analyzer or device and method for analyzing fluid. The mount includes an elongated submersible housing that supports the analyzer or device. The housing is ruggedized and has a geometric body with an internal cavity and with upper and lower ends. The upper end is configured to mount to a fixed structure. In some embodiments a slot extends between the upper and lower ends of the housing along a longitudinal axis thereof. In some such embodiments the slot is sized to receive a portion of a sliding extension that supports a sensor of the analyzer or device, thereby facilitating the installation and removal of the analyzer or device with respect to the elongated submersible housing. An attachment may be used to fixedly mount the elongated submersible housing to the fixed structure.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are described for the measurement of sap content variation using one or more metallic probes inserted through the external surface into the underlying sap-carrying layers of the plant, connected to a Device using a Micro-controller and an algorithm to create and report an electrical signal, and, and in another embodiment measuring and relating sap content to soil water tension using such Device, that reads such multiple sensor types, and in another embodiment configuring the Device to transport such sensor and relative information via wide area or wireless methods.

Abstract: A sensing device includes a concave side adapted to conform to a curvature of an outer side of a standard concrete test cylinder, a temperature sensor, and a humidity sensor. In one embodiment, the sensing device includes a capillary needle disposed on the concave side. The capillary needle comprises a humidity sensor. The sensing device is attached to the side of a concrete test cylinder, temperature and humidity measurements are obtained by the sensing device, and a prediction of maturity and strength of the concrete is generated based on the temperature and humidity measurements.

Abstract: Electrochemical biosensor devices and methods of using such devices are provided for detecting low concentration of an analyte in a biological fluid sample. One exemplary embodiment of an electrochemical biosensor device includes a plurality of electrodes made of a buffer layer laid on a substrate layer, an electrode layer laid on the buffer layer, and a perforated insulator layer laid on the electrode layer, such that a plurality of nanowells are formed on the electrode layer and the dimensions of the nanowells are defined by the sizes of the perforations, walls of the nanowells are defined by the insulator layer, and the bottom floors of the nanowells are defined by an upper surface of the electrode layer. In some instances, the nanowells of the biosensors have a pitch ratio of 1:1. In other instances, the biosensors can detect analytes that are present in fM concentration range.

Abstract: A medical device to test bodily fluid, the device comprising a light emitting source, the light emitting source arranged to emit light inside the medical device; a test strip port, the test strip port comprising a test strip port receptacle to receive a test strip; and the light emitting source and the test strip port arranged such that, when the light emitting source emits light, at least a portion of the light emitted from the light emitting source is redirected inside the medical device to provide redirected light inside the medical device, and at least a portion of the redirected light lights the test strip port from inside the medical device in a manner than the redirected light is visible outside the test strip port.

Abstract: A detection device for detecting a marker in a liquid, preferably a fuel, comprising: a reaction chamber 5, provided with a de-dopable conductive polymer 6 building a path between two conductive pads 10 connected to a resistivity measurement device, wherein the de-dopable conductive polymer 6 is able to be de-doped by a chemical reaction with the marker, changing its resistivity.

Abstract: A sequence of polymer units in a polymer (3), eg. DNA, is estimated from at least one series of measurements related to the polymer, eg. ion current as a function of translocation through a nanopore (1), FIG. 6 wherein the value of each measurement is dependent on a k-mer being a group of k polymer units (4). A probabilistic model, especially a hidden Markov model (HMM), is provided, comprising, for a set of possible k-mers: transition weightings representing the chances of transitions from origin k-mers to destination k-mers; and emission weightings in respect of each k-mer that represent the chances of observing given values of measurements for that k-mer. The series of measurements is analysed using an analytical technique, eg. Viterbi decoding, that refers to the model and estimates at least one estimated sequence of polymer units in the polymer based on the likelihood predicted by the model of the series of measurements being produced by sequences of polymer units.

Abstract: A biochemical detection apparatus includes an electronic computing device and an optical device. The optical device includes a main body. The main body includes an accommodating space provided in the main body, and an insertion slot, an optical lens and an opening that are in communication with the accommodating space. The optical lens and the opening are disposed on a same plane of the main body, and the optical lens is located above an image capturing unit of the electronic computing device. The optical device may be installed at a handheld electronic computing device commonly carried by an individual, and is capable of immediately performing detection for an environmental parameter or a biological parameter by a biochemical sheet. The optical device having a simple structure is small in volume, convenient and low in cost, and may replace expensive precision detection apparatuses.

Abstract: A method for detecting sickle-cell disease in an individual. A blood sample from an individual is brought into contact with an agent for inducing the sickling of red blood cells suitable for placing the red blood cells in a hypoxic condition. The blood sample is filtered through a porous membrane of which the pore size is determined to retain the sickled red blood cells, and allow the non-sickled red blood cells to pass through. The possible presence of a residue on the membrane is detected, during and/or after the filtering step. The presence indicating that the individual is suffering from sickle-cell disease.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of identifying an antigen from a pathogen or a disease antigen comprising the use of an adenoviral vector array comprising two or more different adenoviral vectors, wherein each adenoviral vector comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a different antigen of a pathogen. The adenoviral vectors are administered to antigen presenting cells (APCs) in vitro or to an animal in vivo. The immunogenicity of the antigen is measured by screening for an immune response from effector T lymphocytes in vitro and by screening for the absence of pathogen-induced disease onset in vivo.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for prognosis and monitoring of a cancer, preferably bladder cancer, by measuring the proportion of CD8+ T Lymphocytes expressing ILT-2 and the plasma level of soluble HLA-G. The invention also relates to anti HLA-G antibodies for use for treating a cancer in which tumor cells express HLA-G, preferably bladder cancer.

Abstract: Epigenetic compound screening platform, including methods and cell lines. In an exemplary screening method, ADK-null, ADK-L, and ADK-S cell lines may be selected. The ADK-null cell line may express no ADK protein. The ADK-L cell line may express only the long (L), nuclear isoform of a mammalian ADK protein from an exogenous construct. The ADK-S cell line may express only the short (S), cytoplasmic isoform of a mammalian ADK protein from an exogenous construct. Each of the cell lines may be exposed to the same test compound. A level of DNA or histone methylation, or DNA or histone methyltransferase activity for each of the exposed cell lines may be measured. The level for each exposed cell line may be compared to a corresponding level measured without exposure to the test compound, to determine whether the test compound affects DNA or histone methylation, or DNA or histone methyltransferase activity, in any of the cell lines.

Abstract: A computer system is provided for determining the relative effectiveness of anti-cancer drugs. The interface has selectable options, including an option to manage drug testing parameters, and enables user selection of desired drug testing parameters in relation to a virtual well plate associated with a physical well plate of a spectrophotometer. The computer system causes the spectrophotometer to start a drug test, wherein the physical well plate includes at least one test well containing viable cancer cells; and at least one drug candidate in a predetermined concentration; and at least one control well containing the viable cancer cells alone. The system records the optical density of the well at a predetermined wavelength at selected time intervals for a selected duration of time, and stores the optical density and time measurements in the database.

Abstract: Provided herein is a three-dimensional scaffold composition comprising randomly oriented fibers, wherein the fibers comprise a polyethylene glycol-polylactic acid block copolymer (PEG-PLA) and a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). Also provided are methods for using the three-dimensional scaffolds described herein.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods for identifying and treating cancers that are resistant to PARP inhibition. Methods for sensitizing cancers to a PARP inhibitor therapy are also provided. In some aspects. PARP inhibitor cancers are treated with a PARP inhibitor therapy in combination with a c-Met inhibitor therapy.

Abstract: The present invention provides, among other things, improved substrate clearance assays for lysosomal enzyme that are particularly useful for measuring potency of lysosomal enzymes or other therapeutics for treatment of lysosomal storage diseases. In particular, the present invention combines a physiologically relevant substrate cell assay and an efficient scintillation based detection method.

Abstract: Newly identified mammalian taste-cell-specific G protein-coupled receptors which function as hetero-oligomeric complexes in the sweet taste transduction pathway, and the genes and cDNA encoding said receptors are described. Specifically, T1R G protein-coupled receptors active in sweet taste signaling as hetero-oligomeric complexes, and the genes and cDNA encoding the same, are described, along with methods for isolating such genes and for isolating and expressing such receptors. Methods for identifying putative taste modulating compounds using such hetero-oligomeric complexes also described, as is a novel surface expression facilitating peptide useful for targeting integral plasma membrane proteins to the surface of a cell.

Abstract: A method and device for quality controlling a blood-based product. In order to control the quality of a blood-based product which comprises an erythrocyte concentrate, a thrombocyte concentrate, a granulocyte concentrate, a leukocyte concentrate, whole blood and/or blood plasma, a Raman spectrum is recorded. By means of evaluating the Raman spectrum, it is determined whether the blood-based product can be used for a transfusion.

Abstract: A method for a mobile computing device with a camera and a screen to measure a test strip in a test strip module includes, in a calibration phase before a sample is introduced to a reaction area on the test strip, detecting with the camera an ambient light effect when the test strip module is mounted on the face of the mobile computing device. In a measurement phase after the sample is introduced to the reaction area on the test strip, the method also includes illuminating the test strip with a light provided by a light source area on the screen, detecting with the camera one or more colors of the reaction area, correcting the detected one or more colors for the ambient light effect, correlating the corrected one or more colors to an analyte property, and displaying a value of the analyte property on the screen.

Abstract: A single device to collect, transfer, and measure salivary nitric oxide analyte and metabolite, nitrite, a biomarker for nitric oxide, as well as, a method to assess the effects of diet and exercise on changing an individual's nitric oxide status and health.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to processing SPR signals, in particular signals obtained by illuminating a conductive surface with light at two wavelengths. Embodiments—involve processing a first and second signal indicative of an intensity of light, received from a conductive layer at which SPR has occurred, as a function of angle of incidence, reflection or diffraction at the layer (depending on whether the incident light beam is received by a detector recording it in reflection or transmission from the conductive layer). The first and second signals each have two dips corresponding to a respective wavelength of the light at a respective angle at which surface plasmon resonance occurs for the respective wavelength and a peak between the two dips. The processing includes deriving a first and second value of a quantity indicative of signal magnitudes in the region of the peak.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an aptamer sensor including a substrate having metal nanoparticles formed thereon, an aptamer attached to surfaces of the metal nanoparticles to form a structure by selectively reacting with a target material to be detected, and an intercalating agent inserted between the aptamer and the target material in reaction of the aptamer with the target material to increase shift of an absorption spectrum due to local surface plasmon resonance sensor through aggregation toward the metal nanoparticles

Abstract: A device for performing a multiplex lateral flow immunoassay is provided in which a liquid sample, such as a biological sample, is simultaneously tested for the presence of multiple analytes of interest. Methods that employ the device in the simultaneous detection of multiple analytes of interest within a liquid test sample are also provided.

Abstract: A resin-metal composite 100 includes resin particles 10 and metal particles 20. The metal particles 20 are dispersed or immobilized on the resin particles 10, and portions of the metal particles 20 are three-dimensionally distributed in a surface section 60 of the resin particles 10. The metal particles 20 include encased metal particles 30 completely encased in the resin particles 10, partially exposed metal particles 40 having a portion embedded in a resin particle 10 and a portion exposed from the resin particle 10, and surface-adsorbed metal particles 50 absorbed on the surface of a resin particle 10.

Abstract: A nanocomposite for detection and treatment of a target of interest including tumor cells or pathogens includes at least one nanostructure, each nanostructure having a core and a shell surrounding the core; a reporter assembled on the shell of each nanostructure; and a layer of a treating agent and a targeting agent conjugated to the reporter. In use, the nanocomposite targets to the target of interest according to the targeting agent and releases the treating agent and the nanostructure therein for therapeutic treatment of the target of interest, and the target of interest transmits at least one signature responsive to the reporter for detection of the target of interest.