Abstract: A measuring device for detecting and measuring a wrapping force of a stretchable plastic material film wrapped around a load includes a first angular element that can be associated and fixed to at least one of an edge and a flat wall of the load, at least one force sensor fixed to the first angular element, a second angular element fixed to, and supported by, the force sensor, and a control unit connected to the force sensor and arranged for receiving therefrom a signal related to a wrapping force exerted by the film on the second angular element by the film that is wrapped around the load and around the measuring device.

Abstract: A method using a capstan device and different bonding methods for minimizing undesirable time-dependent effects that occur in sensing devices that use optical fibers placed in tension.

Abstract: An actuator including a pair of load sensors arranged in the load path through the actuator. The load sensors are antagonistically preloaded and their outputs electrically connected to a processor for calculating a load in the actuator from the difference in loads measured by the respective load sensors.

Abstract: An wheel fastening inspection method includes: directly or indirectly applying vibration to a turbine shaft to be inserted to a bearing housing, the turbine shaft being provided with wheels at both ends protruding from the bearing housing, at least one of the wheels being fastened by a fastening member, and a rotary member being fastened by a fastening force generated by the fastening member to the turbine shaft to be integrally rotated with the wheel; measuring the vibration of the turbine shaft; and determining whether or not a vibration frequency at which a peak of the measured vibration of the turbine shaft is given is included in a setting range previously set.

Abstract: There is provided a pressure sensor which includes: a diaphragm having an inside surface facing to a fluid-tight space, the diaphragm including a diaphragm film that is part of the inside surface and deformable in response to a pressure application, and a diaphragm film support that is part of the inside surface and constitutes a periphery of the diaphragm film; a strain sensor bonded to the inside surface so as to lie partially on the periphery and having plural strain gauges thereon; and a depression formed on the inside surface, when defining an x-direction oriented from center of the inside surface to a position bonded of the strain sensor and a y-direction perpendicular to the x-direction on the inside surface, the depression extending a certain length in the y-direction, the depression being adjacent to or a certain distance apart from an edge of the strain sensor in the y-direction.

Abstract: A physical quantity sensor includes a substrate, a piezoresistive element that is arranged on one face side of the substrate, a wall portion that is arranged to surround the piezoresistive element on the one face side of the substrate in a plan view of the substrate, and a ceiling portion that constitutes a cavity portion with the wall portion, in which the ceiling portion includes a cladding layer that has a pore which passes therethrough in the thickness direction of the cladding layer, and a seal layer that is stacked on the opposite side of the cladding layer from the substrate and closes the pore, the seal layer in which at least a part of the outer periphery of a contact portion where the seal layer is in contact with the cladding layer is on the outside of the cavity portion in a plan view.

Abstract: Method for soldering a connection element to a connection point on an electrically conductive coating that is suitable for soft-soldering on an insulating surface of a base body using a soft-soldering method; as well as sensors manufactured using this method for which a spatial limitation of the wetting of the coating with soft-solder material, during the process of soft-soldering, is effected by providing a groove in the base body which at least partly surrounds the connection point on the outside. At least a part of the area of the external insulating surface of the base body including the connection point is coated with the coating, and soft-solder material is locally applied to the connection point and the connection element is soldered onto the connection point using the applied soft-solder material in a soft-soldering process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a capacitive pressure measuring cell for detecting the pressure of a medium adjacent to the pressure measuring cell, comprising a ceramic elastic measuring membrane, the first side of which at least partially contacts the medium and the second side of which facing away from the medium comprises a measuring electrode, and a ceramic cylindrical basic body disposed opposite to the second side of the measuring membrane and comprising at least one counter electrode which forms a measuring capacitance with the measuring electrode.

Abstract: According to the invention, a pressure receiving space of a pressure sensor is prevented from being charged. In the pressure sensor, a diaphragm is mounted on a base fixed in a cover to form the pressure receiving space in which oil is sealed. A semiconductor pressure detection device is provided in the pressure receiving space, and adjustment lead pins and an earth-terminal lead pin are connected to terminals of the semiconductor pressure detection device by bonding wires. A wiring substrate is provided with the base of the pressure receiving space interposed and faces the base, and a metal foil is provided such that one or more lead pins of the adjustment lead pins and the earth-terminal lead pin are electrically connected in the wiring substrate. Therefore, the charging of the insulative medium sealed in the pressure receiving space is prevented.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for measuring pressure, including a pressure sensor comprising: a deformable membrane on which is placed a resistive bridge able to deliver a bridge voltage representative of a deformation of the deformable membrane caused by a pressure applied to said deformable membrane; a system for limiting the deformation of the deformable membrane, able to limit the bridge voltage in the case of an over-pressure or an under-pressure on the deformable membrane; and an amplifying electronic circuit connected to the resistive bridge, able to deliver an output voltage depending on the bridge voltage; the limiting system and the electronic circuit are conjointly configured so that the output voltage makes it possible to distinguish the case of failure of the pressure sensor and/or of the electronic circuit from the case of an over-pressure or under-pressure on the deformable membrane.

Abstract: A system for testing a pressure sensor of a seat includes a loading device and a processor. The loading device removably applies weight to the seat. The processor receives a measurement of a pre-installation pressure offset of a bladder of the pressure sensor measured before installation of the pressure sensing assembly into the seat. The processor is programmed to receive a weighted measurement from the pressure sensor in the seat when the loading device applies weight to the seat and an empty seat measurement from the pressure sensor in the seat when the loading device does not apply weight to the seat. The processor determines a threshold value by subtracting the empty seat measurement from the weighted measurement. The processor determines a seat pressure offset value by subtracting the pre-installation pressure offset value from the threshold value. The processor compares the seat pressure offset value to a selected range.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a cooling system and method for a reciprocating mandrel in a blowout preventer test system that provides coolant to the mandrel through a majority of its stroke. The system includes an inner coolant tube and an outer coolant tube, with both tubes inserted into a mandrel inner bore. The inner coolant tube is fixed in position on a base and not attached to the mandrel. The outer coolant tube is fixed in position and attached to the mandrel. The outer coolant tube slidably and optionally sealingly engages the inner coolant tube throughout the mandrel stroke. Coolant can flow through the base, upward through an inner volume of the inner coolant tube, and into an inner volume of the outer coolant tube and out of coolant openings in the outer coolant tube to flow on the inner bore surfaces of the mandrel to cool the mandrel.

Abstract: For detected smallest leak in closed containers, which are at least to a part filled with a gas, the container (1) is pressurized by a test gas (g(s)) for an amount of time. The test gas (g(s)) comprises a gas species (s). The amount of the addressed gas species (s) which has penetrated in the container 1 it is sensed (7) as a leak indication.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a stress-strain testing system for a large-diameter steel pipe pile of an offshore wind turbine and a construction method, comprising a steel pipe pile, wherein copper belt type sensor cables are correspondingly welded on both sides of the steel pipe pile along an axis direction; each sensor cable is sequentially covered with an epoxy adhesive, gold foil paper and an angle steel welded on the steel pipe pile centering on the copper belt type sensor cable; a fiber core of each copper belt type sensor cable is transferred into a high-strength armored optical cable by a special fixture and then is led out; and the high-strength armored optical cable is connected with a Brillouin optical fiber demodulator. The present invention is applicable to the field of foundation engineering testing and detection technology.

Abstract: A long-distance fiber optic monitoring system having a sensing unit and an analyzer that is remotely located from the sensing unit is provided. The sensing unit comprises a source of optical energy for injecting optical energy into the fiber optical cable and an optical detector configured to detect an optical return signal from the optical fiber. The detected optical return signal is associated with an acoustic signal impinging on the optical fiber. The analyzer receives a signal from the remote sensing unit via the optical fiber that is representative of the optical return signal, and determines a location of a disturbance based at least on the received signal. The representative signal can be transmitted from the remote sensing unit to the analyzer as an optical signal or via a metallic wired included with the optical fiber.

Abstract: A failure detecting device of a fault detection system includes a detection time calculator, which calculates a stroke time T3 required for a piston to travel between one end and another end of an actuator based on detection signals from a first sensor and a second sensor, a statistical processor that performs a predetermined statistical calculation with respect to the stroke time T3, and a fault response detector, which detects whether or not a fault of the actuator has occurred based on a processing result of the statistical processor.

Abstract: A method for determining a bearing setting of a bearing in a shaft assembly, in which the shaft assembly includes a housing and a shaft rotatable with respect to the housing, with the bearing including a first bearing part coupled to the shaft and a second bearing part coupled to the housing, includes positioning a first portion of a measuring device in direct or indirect contact with the housing and a second portion of the measuring device in direct or indirect contact with the shaft. The method also includes measuring with the measuring device a parameter indicative of an amount of contact between the first bearing part and the second bearing part.

Abstract: A variety of methods and arrangements for detecting failure of the commanded air induction in an internal combustion engine are described. In some embodiments, the intake manifold pressure is monitored. An air induction event generates a fluctuation in the intake manifold pressure, which is recorded. The signal is processed through a diagnostic filter to help determine whether the actual induction matched the commanded induction. In other embodiments, measured crankshaft acceleration is compared with estimated crankshaft acceleration. If the two quantities differ by a threshold amount an induction fault is detected. The two detection methods may also be combined. The describe approaches are particularly well suited for use in engines operating in a skip fire mode with cylinder deactivation and/or a dynamic firing level modulation mode.

Abstract: A pressure sensor including a rod-shaped member, a tubular housing, a variable member and a pressure measuring element. The variable member is entirely disposed within the housing, is connected to the housing and the rod-shaped member, and deforms when the rod-shaped member is displaced relative to the housing along an axial direction. The variable member includes a first portion connected to the rod-shaped member, a second portion connected to the housing, and a bent portion which connects the first portion and the second portion to each other and has a bent shape. A portion of the second portion is a pressure receiving portion which displaces the rod-shaped member in the axial direction when receiving a pressure. The pressure receiving portion of the second portion has a substantially uniform thickness, and the thickness of the pressure receiving portion of the second portion is larger than that of the first portion.

Abstract: A system for diagnosing the degree of deterioration of a catalyst disposed in an exhaust path of an internal combustion engine and oxidizes or adsorbs a target gas in an exhaust gas, includes a temperature sensor measuring a temperature of the exhaust gas at the upstream from a catalyst in an exhaust path and a gas sensor detecting a target gas at the downstream of the exhaust path and outputting an output value in accordance with a concentration of the target gas, wherein a control element is configured to diagnose the degree of deterioration in the catalyst, based on at least the output value in the gas sensor, the temperature of the catalyst identified based on a measurement value in the temperature sensor, and the threshold value at the temperature of the catalyst.

Abstract: A simulation system for a current collecting surface of a C-shaped contact rail includes a double-headed rail and a limiting plate. A current collecting end surface of the double-headed rail has a same current collection area as an actual C-shaped contact rail. The limiting plate matches the inner contour of the C-shaped contact rail. A constructed test line can simulate the current collecting status of the C-shaped contact rail. The limiting plate and the existing double-headed rail are combined, and compared with reproduction of the C-shaped contact rail, the manufacturing cycle is short, the costs are low, and it is applicable to the test line.

Abstract: A measuring device of process automation technology for measuring at least one process variable of a medium. A control unit is provided, which measures the process variable at least with a predeterminable clock rate and provides the result of such measurement as a measured value. Associated with the clock rate is an energy requirement of the measuring device, wherein a display/service unit is provided, which shows the measured value and/or enables servicing of, respectively parameter input to, the measuring device.

Abstract: A time-stamping layer is provided for time-stamping of events detected in an industrial safety system. The technique implemented by the time-stamping layer uses autonomous device counters and simple arithmetic to label detected events (e.g., safety switching events) with accurate time-stamps without the need to synchronize clocks of the individual safety input devices and safety relay on the safety circuit. In some embodiments, the time-stamping technique is implemented in a single-wire safety system architecture that yields reliable safety device monitoring without the need for dual redundant signal channels.

Abstract: A cylinder tip mounting head includes: a shaft member; a first cylindrical rod having a cylindrical space, which is mounted to a lower end of the shaft member, which is configured to move in the up-down direction integrally with the shaft member; a stationary second cylindrical rod, which has a housing space for housing the first cylindrical rod so that the first cylindrical rod is movable in the up-down direction, the stationary second cylindrical rod including a syringe mounting portion; and a discharge rod housed in the cylindrical space in the first cylindrical rod, the discharge rod including a plunger mounting portion. The discharge rod is configured to coordinate with the movement of the shaft member in the up-down direction so that the plunger mounted to the discharge rod reciprocates in the tubular passage in the syringe to suck the object into the tubular passage and discharge the sucked object.

Abstract: A positive pressure displacement fluid sampler, comprising: a sample probe disposed in a sample probe connection; a needle valve in communication with the sample probe; a three-way solenoid valve disposed between the needle valve, a sample collection body and a sample collection tank; an adjustment stem for adjusting the size of the sample to be collected on each draw; and a confirmation switch for sending an electronic or other type signal for confirming that a sample or samples have actually been collected at prescribed times and/or frequencies. The displacement sampler may be spring-loaded and the confirmation switch may comprise a radio transmitter.

Abstract: Apparatus for a cotton sampling system. The system includes a first station that provides a stream of samples to a main conveyor. The main conveyor routes the samples to a testing station that includes a sub-sampler, an automated cotton containment mechanism, an indexer, and an HVI. The conveyors include a shroud that moves samples over and under the conveyor. In this way samples that need to be retested pass to the testing station after failing the first test. The sub-sampler includes a walking beam mechanism to advance the samples into a fiber extraction mechanism. The automated cotton containment mechanism includes a gate valve and a diverter valve. The gate valve has a normal position configured to allow passage of cotton fibers, but blocking clumps. Upon detection of a clump, the diverter valve operates and the gate valve opens so that the clump is diverted to a waste receptacle.

Abstract: The invention relates to the preparation of thin tissue sections for mass spectrometric (MALDI) imaging, and proposes a method wherein a microcrystalline layer of the matrix material is produced on the surface of the thin tissue sections, and soluble analyte molecules are transported orthogonally through the thin tissue section to the matrix layer, without substantial lateral diffusion, by means of a solvent flow with alternating or constant direction, and are then deposited in the matrix layer and, if possible, embedded in the matrix crystals. A solvent flow which alternates in direction can be produced by successive, alternating phases of swelling and drying, brought about by periodic changes to the thin tissue section temperature and/or the partial pressures of the solvents. A continuous solvent flow can be generated by applying the thin tissue section onto a porous support which supplies solvent to the rear surface of the thin tissue section.

Abstract: The apparatus disclosed herein features a substrate arm and gripper, a platform having a top surface located opposite the substrate when the substrate arm is in a specimen processing position and featuring at least one fluid port located on a surface of the platform facing the substrate and at least one vacuum port located on the surface of the platform facing the substrate, and during operation, the apparatus is configured to (a) dispense a first quantity of fluid from the at least one fluid port to fill a separation between the substrate and the platform, (b) dispense an additional quantity of fluid from the at least one fluid port into the separation to displace a portion of the first quantity of fluid, and (c) remove the portion of the first quantity of fluid from the separation through the at least one vacuum port.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of using a pipette with pipette tip columns were developed in which a pipette is operated with the pipette tip columns inserted into the wells of a microplate. In this configuration the pipette is free standing and is essentially perpendicular to the microplate. The pipette is hand-held when transferring between positions, e.g., between operation steps that take place in different rows of wells. The open lower ends of the pipette tip column are approximately centered within the plate well. The columns and plate are designed in such a way that the open lower ends of the pipette tip columns are in contact with liquid in the plate well however, the columns do not seal on the well bottom, preventing flow in and out of the column. The pipette contains the appropriate firmware and software to control flow for all steps of pipette tip column operation. In some embodiments, cells are purified from biological samples.

Abstract: A method for pretreatment of a sample of whole blood in a discrete fluid analyzing instrument comprises automated means for handling and analyzing the sample and means for performing a pretreatment step on the sample or a sub-sample of the sample. The means for pretreatment are used for immobilizing at least one substance or analyte from the sample or sub-sample wherein the substance or analyte is reversibly immobilized. Usually, the apparatus further comprises means for eluting the substance or analyte from the capture means prior to analysis.

Abstract: A method for measuring or identifying a component of interest in a biological system is disclosed herein. The method includes positioning a fiber within the biological system, the fiber being at least partially coated with a polymeric extraction phase for adsorbing the component of interest from the biological system, the extraction phase being positioned within the biological system; adsorbing the component of interest onto the extraction phase; removing the fiber from the biological system; inserting the fiber into a nanospray needle; flowing solvent through the nanospray needle; desorbing the component of interest from the extraction phase into the solvent; and nanospraying the desorbed component of interest into an analytical instrument for measurement or identification.

Abstract: The invention relates to a drilling-resistance measuring device (10) and to a method for material testing in a humid environment or underwater. The drilling-resistance measuring device (10) comprises a housing (1), in which a drive and a drill chuck (3) coupled to the drive are arranged, in which drill chuck a drilling needle (4) is or can be releasably held, wherein the housing (1) has a drilling-needle outlet opening (5?) enclosed by a drilling-needle outlet guide (5), through which drilling-needle outlet opening the drilling needle (4) extends out of the housing (1). The drilling-resistance measuring device (10) comprises at least one water-tight bellows (6), which is arranged in the interior of the housing (1) around the drilling needle (4) between the drill chuck (3) and the drilling-needle outlet guide (5), wherein moisture or water can enter the bellows (6) through the drilling-needle outlet opening (5?).

Abstract: Methods for determining fluid rheology, the methods including determining a first discharged volume or weight of a fluid at a first time, determining at least a second discharged volume or weight of the fluid at a second time, and calculating fluid rheology based on the determined first and at least second discharged fluid volumes or weights at the first and second times.

Abstract: A system is described for evaluating coagulation of particles in a downhole fluid-particle mixture based on dielectric measurements. An example downhole treatment is one in which flocs are used to plug a high-permeability subterranean formation zone as part of a stimulation procedure. An injection tube is positioned within the wellbore to the high-permeability zone. An instrumented section of tubing includes one or more dielectric probes that are positioned and configured to make dielectric measurements of the particle-fluid mixture flowing in the tubing or in the annulus. The downhole dielectric measurements are used to indicate whether or not the particle-fluid mixture has the desired structural properties. An operator on the surface can make adjustments in real-time according to the received dielectric measurements.

Abstract: A system and a method of measuring a particle's size in a select aerosol using the optical diameter of the particle to perform a mobility and/or aerodynamic diameter conversion without any knowledge about the particle's shape and its optical properties in the aerosol being characterized. In one example embodiment of the invention, the method includes generating a set of calibration data and finding the optimal refractive index and shape that best fits the calibration data. In addition, the method includes creating a new calibration curve that provides a mobility-equivalent or aerodynamic-equivalent diameter.

Abstract: A system for measuring soil constituents having coulter comprising an electromagnetic radiation detector, a source of electromagnetic radiation, and a window transparent to electromagnetic radiation, the source emits radiation through said window to the soil, and the detector receives radiation through said window, reflected from the soil. Typically the source is broad band so the detector provides continuous spectra over the range. The source may be quasimonochromatic to provide Raman scattering, which will also provide continuous spectra over the range. These spectra can be subjected to multivariate analysis and compared to spectra of known constituents to identify the presence and concentration of these constituents.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of (and system for) characterizing the permeation of a permeant of interest between a first liquid or semi-solid and a second liquid across an interface (eg through a membrane) by using UV imaging.

Abstract: An inverted microwell (102) provides rapid and efficient microanalysis system (100) and method for screening of biological particles (128), particularly functional analysis of cells on a single cell basis. The use of an inverted open microwell system (102) permits identification of particles, cells, and biomolecules that may be combined to produce a desired functional effect also functional screening of secreted antibody therapeutic activity as well as the potential to recover cells and fluid, and optionally expand cells, such as antibody secreting cells, within the same microwell.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a method of detecting particles which move along a trajectory and which produce or at least influence electromagnetic radiation, an electrical field or a magnetic field, wherein the electromagnetic radiation, the electrical field or the magnetic field is detected, in which a structuring device is used, which either ensures that the particles along the trajectory produce or at least influence electromagnetic radiation, an electrical field or a magnetic field substantially only at non-periodic spatial spacings, or ensures that the electromagnetic radiation, the electrical or the magnetic field is detected substantially only at non-periodic spatial spacings along the trajectory.

Abstract: There is provided a microparticle analysis apparatus including a light detection unit configured to detect forward-scattered light generated from a microparticle that is an analysis target. The light detection unit includes a circuit having a high-pass filter that removes low frequency noise included in light entering the light detection unit and switches to the high-pass filter according to a predetermined frequency of the forward-scattered light.

Abstract: A flow chamber, imaging objective, condenser and imaging light source as part of an optical system includes an oil-immersion objective and high numerical aperture condenser matched to a rectangular flow chamber. The oil-immersion objective and flow chamber include a high index of refraction immersion oil so as to enhance the optical resolution and optical coupling therethrough. The flow chamber is reinforced with stiffening wires that are arranged to extend above a surface of the sidewalls of the flow chamber so as to function as a barrier to leakage of the immersion oil away from the surface of the flow chamber.

Abstract: A corrosion rate measurement system includes a first membrane of a first material configured to be exposed to a corrosive material and deflect in response to corrosion. A second membrane is configured to be exposed to a corrosive material and deflect in response to corrosion. A pressure sensor is operably coupled to at least one of the first and second membranes and configured to measure deflection of at least one of the first and second membranes as a function of a pressure and an amount of corrosion at least one of the first and second membranes.

Abstract: An online colorimetric analyzer that generates an indication of a material in a sample is provided. The analyzer includes a peristaltic pump configured to convey. A photometric cell is operably coupled to the peristaltic pump to receive the sample. An illumination source is disposed to direct illumination through the sample in the photometric cell along an angle of incidence. A photodetector disposed to receive illumination passing through the photometric cell along the angle of incidence and provide a signal indicative of a color of the sample. A controller is coupled to the illumination source, the photodetector and the peristaltic pump. The photometric cell is tilted relative to vertical such that a surface of liquid present when the photometric cell is partially filled substantially reflects the illumination away from the angle of incidence.

Abstract: Conventional optical analysis tools containing an integrated computational element may have an operational profile that is too large for convenient use within confined locales. Optical analysis tools having a miniaturized operational profile can comprise: an electromagnetic radiation source that provides electromagnetic radiation to an optical train; and an optical computing device positioned within the optical train. The optical computing device comprises a planar array detector having at least two optical detection regions. At least one of the at least two optical detection regions has an integrated computational element disposed thereon. The planar array detector and the integrated computational element are in a fixed configuration with respect to one another.

Abstract: Near infrared moisture sensors using stable holmium oxide glass calibration standards that simulate different moistures levels in paper obviates problems associated with glass encased paper samples. Holmium oxide glass has a strong absorption at 1.93 microns which is close to absorption by paper. Standards can have varying thicknesses to simulate different moisture levels. Didymium glass can also be used with holmium oxide glass. The moisture sensor operates at reference and measurement infrared regions of 1.94 microns and 1.8 microns, respectively.

Abstract: A pulse train comprising chirped pulses can be used to excite a sample, such as for spectroscopic analysis. The respective chirped pulses can include a frequency sweep to establish a first frequency-domain comb. A width of frequency-domain comb peaks can be established at least in part by a total duration of the pulse train, and a bandwidth of the first frequency-domain comb can be determined at least in part by a bandwidth of the frequency sweep of the respective chirped pulses. A free-space or enclosed sample interaction region can be used.

Abstract: Fiber optic sensors include sensor regions in which an optical phase is modulated by an analyte to be detected. A long period fiber grating (LPG) is coupled to a coating that is arranged to selectively interact with the analyte. The resulting phase change is detected based on a transmission spectrum associated with the LPG so that analyte is detected and quantified. A plurality of such sensors is distributed along a fiber to form a sensor array that can be situated to detect analyte at a plurality of discrete regions.

Abstract: A waveguide sensor capable of direct, real-time detection and monitoring of analytes in the vicinity of the waveguide surface without requiring the tagging or labeling of the analyte, is described. Analytic and numerical calculations have predicted that by locally detecting either changes in the evanescent field or changes in the light coupled out of the waveguide as a result of the presence of the analyte, high detection sensitivity will be able to be achieved.

Abstract: Among a device and a method for sensing at least partially specular surfaces, the device includes a detection face and an illuminator configured to project a pattern onto the detection face by reflection via the at least partially specular surface.

Abstract: An analyte indicator may include a porous base and may be included in an analyte sensor. The analyte indicator may retain its physical, chemical, and optical properties in the presence of compression. The porous base may not vary in opacity. The analyte indicator may include (i) a polymer unit attached or polymerized onto or out of the porous base and (ii) an analyte sensing element attached to the polymer unit or copolymerized with the polymer unit. The analyte sensing element may include one or more indicator molecule. The analyte sensing element may include one or more indicator polymer chains. The analyte indicator may include (i) an indicator polymer chain attached or polymerized onto or out of the porous base and (ii) indicator molecules attached to the indicator polymer chain.