Abstract: A sheet transport device includes a transport path along which a sheet is transported in one direction; a sheet butting portion provided at one side of the transport path; a sheet rotating section; and a sheet butting section. When a short sheet is transported along the transport path, the sheet rotating section rotates the short sheet such that a leading end is directed to the other side of the transport path, and when a long sheet is transported, the sheet rotating section rotates the long sheet such that an angle of inclination with respect to the one direction is reduced. The sheet butting section moves the short sheet rotated by the sheet rotating section toward the one side to make the side edge of the short sheet butt against the sheet butting portion, while allowing the long sheet to pass therethrough without moving the long sheet toward the one side.

Abstract: A sheet conveying apparatus including: a locking member having an abutment surface abutting a sheet to correct skew feed of the sheet; a holding member configured to hold the locking member to rotate from a waiting position when the locking member is pushed by the sheet; a roller pair configured to nip the sheet abutting the abutment surface; a first urging portion configured to urge the holding member to the waiting position; a movable support portion configured to support the locking member in a manner that the locking member is located a retracted position where the locking member contacts a surface of the sheet and allows the sheet to pass; and a second urging portion configured to urge the locking member to a position where the abutment surface abuts a succeeding sheet.

Abstract: A vinyl roll storage and dispensing apparatus that is operable to receive and store a plurality of vinyl rolls wherein at least two of the vinyl rolls are oriented in axial alignment and vertically stacked. The vinyl roll storage and dispensing apparatus further includes a base platform having a first support member and a second support member being planar in manner wherein the second support member is superposed the first support member and rotatably mounted thereto. A central post member is mounted to the second support member and extends upwards therefrom. A plurality of channels are formed within the central post member. At least two vinyl roll engagement members are present and are operable to receive and retain a vinyl rolls therein. The vinyl roll engagement members are configured to stack at least two vinyl rolls in a vertical orientation.

Abstract: A turf cutter device, an infill extractor/collector device, and a turf wind-up device are used to facilitate the cost-effective removal of an infilled synthetic turf and the subsequent installation of a new turf at the same site, with minimal subsurface disruption. An infill extractor/collector device mounted on a motorized vehicle moves a relatively narrow strip of filled artificial turf from the surface, in front of the vehicle, and directs the strip to an infill removal station. The infill removal station inverts the strip and redirects the strip back toward the front of the vehicle, after agitating the strip to extract the infill. After redirecting the strip toward the front of the vehicle, the vehicle drives over the unfilled strip. Meanwhile, the extractor/collector device moves the extracted infill rearwardly to a bag located in a trailer.

Abstract: A medium processing device includes a drum; plural inner tapes; plural outer tapes; differing regions formed on a starting end portion that is an end at a drum side of at least one of the plural inner tapes or the plural outer tapes, and on a terminal end portion that is an inner reel side or an outer reel side of all of the inner tapes or all of the outer tapes; plural detecting unites that detect the physical property at a tape position of one of the inner tape or the outer tape that has a differing region formed on the starting end portion or the terminal end portion, the tape position being located between the drum and the inner and the outer reels; and a control unit that controls a rotation of the drum based upon the detection results of the plural detecting units.

Abstract: A sheet housing device includes a supporting member, a driving pulley, a driven pulley, a timing belt, a driving part, a stacking tray and rotating members. The driving pulley and the driven pulley are rotatably provided at one end and another end in a longitudinal direction of the supporting member, respectively. The timing belt is windingly stretched between the pulleys. The driving part drives and rotates the driving pulley. The stacking tray is fixed to the timing belt and attached to the supporting member to move between both ends of the supporting member according to rotation of the timing belt. The rotating members are provided at another end side more than a rotational center of the driving pulley and at both outsides more than the timing belt and are rotatably attached by having a rotating shaft parallel to a rotating shaft of the driving pulley.

Abstract: A medium discharge device includes a discharge roller pair that is provided with a discharge driving roller and a discharge driven roller which drivably rotates in contact with the discharge driving roller, and a medium receiving tray which receives the medium that is fed and discharged by the discharge roller pair, in which the medium receiving tray includes a guide member which guides such that a tip end of the medium which is discharged from the discharge roller pair enters the medium mounting surface at a predetermined angle, and the guide member is provided to be elastically displaceable in an advancing and retreating direction with respect to the medium mounting surface of the medium receiving tray and is displaced in a direction coming close to the medium mounting surface according to raising of a pressing load due to the medium that is discharged to the medium receiving tray.

Abstract: A first motor causes a first conveying roller pair to rotate, and a second motor causes a second conveying roller pair and an aligning rotational member to rotate. A control portion temporarily stops the first motor each time a sheet member reaches a position at which the sheet member is subjected to punching. Each time the sheet member reaches the position at which the sheet member is subjected to punching, the control portion continuously operates the second motor if the sheet member unreaches a position at which the sheet member is nipped by the second conveying roller pair, and otherwise temporarily stops the second motor.

Abstract: A method for producing a sealing tape roll of flexible, compressed foam with at least one barrier layer extending in a radial direction thereof, the at least one barrier layer arranged axially between two layers of foam, comprises assembling and bonding of at least one first foam strip, which is provided on at least one of its side surfaces with a film strip, an adhesive tape strip, or an adhesive liquid medium, to at least one second foam strip in such a way that a foam-barrier layer web is obtained, in which at least one barrier layer originating from the film strip, the adhesive tape strip, or the adhesive liquid medium is arranged between adjacent foam strips. The foam-barrier layer web is then wound up into a sealing tape roll.

Abstract: A folding processing device includes a pressing section that includes a first opposing member and a second opposing member, the first opposing member opposing a folded portion of a folded sheet, the second opposing member opposing the first opposing member with the folded portion interposed therebetween, the pressing section pressing the folded portion by nipping the folded portion by using the first opposing member and the second opposing member; and a guiding section that is disposed upstream from the pressing section in a sheet transport direction, the guiding section nipping the sheet whose folded portion has passed through the guiding section and guiding the sheet to the pressing section.

Abstract: An embodiment of the inventive method of transfer lamination involves metallizing a first side of a film and then bonding the metallized first side to a substrate. Then a coating is applied to a second side of the film after it has been bonded to the substrate. The bonded film and substrate are then placed in an oven. The film is then stripped from the substrate leaving metal from the film deposited on the substrate. The application of the coating is performed as an inline part of the transfer lamination process thereby providing an ease of manufacture presently unknown.

Abstract: A method is provided for operating a work station of a spinning or winding machine, wherein the work station includes a spinning device for producing a thread or a cop for delivering a thread, and a winding device for producing a bobbin on a tub. The winding device includes a swivel-mounted bobbin holder with a bobbin plate for receiving the tube and for catching the thread, a powered winding roller for rotating the tube or a bobbin, and a thread traversing device. A first suction nozzle is directed towards a circumference of a bobbin on the bobbin holder, and a second suction nozzle is arranged on the bobbin plate turned away from the bobbin and spaced from and directed counter to the first suction nozzle. To attaching a thread to an empty tube placed on the bobbin holder, the thread is arranged in the first and second suction nozzles so that the thread is tensed by negative pressure at least in the second suction nozzle.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for winding a metal strip (1) into a reel with a winding mandrel (2), to which the metal strip (1) is routed through a pair consisting of a first and a second driver roller (5, 6), at least one of which is driven. The method is characterized in that a difference between the strip speed (VB) of the metal strip (1) and the speed) (v5, v6) of the driver rollers is adjusted on the basis of measuring, from measurable process variables, the strip speed and the speed (v5, v6) of at least one of the driver rollers (5, 6).

Abstract: A system and method for providing a protective extra low voltage power supply in an elevator system (2) is disclosed. The power supply system (10) may include a switch mode power supply (12) configured to provide an output voltage, a first voltage monitor (18) and a second voltage monitor (20). Each of the first voltage monitor (18) and the second voltage monitor (20) may be configured to receive the output voltage and determine an over-voltage condition at the switch mode power supply (12).

Abstract: An elevator installation includes an elevator cage, which is movable in an elevator shaft, with a cage door suspension for a cage door, wherein the cage door suspension is movably arranged at the elevator cage by means of at least one movable mount. During operation of the elevator installation, a self-centering aligning movement of the cage door suspension from a skewed setting of the elevator cage, in correspondence with a skew setting axis, to an approximately vertical and centered setting of the cage door suspension in correspondence with a vertical, can be performed.

Abstract: A conductor lift attachment for a mobile boom or crane vehicle allowing temporarily support of power transmission conductors, e.g., for installation, repair, or maintenance operations. The conductor lift is hingedly attached to a boom tip so that the conductor lift is readily movable between deployed and stowed positions. The conductor lift comprises hinged arms that are selectively movable between opposed, parallel, and intermediate positions.

Abstract: A lifting hook bias angle monitoring apparatus, a vertical hoisting monitoring apparatus, and a mobile crane. One method is that a lifting hook assembly serially connects connecting plates (b3) provided with hinge connection shafts (b2, b4) at two ends to a movable pulley component (b1) which bears a pulling force and a lifting hook component (b7) which bears a pulling force, and is also provided with a biaxial inclinometer (b9) on a platform surface (b8) of the connecting plates (b3) which is perpendicular to a lifting force line of action of the lifting pulley component, so as to detect a real-time lifting hook bias angle, and accordingly be developed into a mobile crane having a vertical hoisting monitoring function.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for retrofitting a pedestal crane, the method comprising removing an existing motor generator controller for a motor in the pedestal crane; and replacing the motor generator controller with a digital controller.

Abstract: The distance between a pair of fall prevention members can be adjusted by causing the pair of fall prevention members to be linearly moved in mutually opposite directions along the spaced-apart direction along which the pair of fall prevention members are spaced apart from each other. A distance adjustment actuator portion is configured to be able to adjust the distance between the pair of fall prevention members to any of a distance for retraction greater than a width of a larger transported object in the spaced-apart direction; a distance for the larger transported object which is less than the distance for retraction and which corresponds to the width of the larger transported object in the spaced-apart direction; and a distance for the smaller transported object which is less than the distance for the larger transported object and which corresponds to a width of the smaller transported object in the spaced-apart direction.

Abstract: A crane assembly includes a main body, a boom, a hoist, a sheave, a hook assembly including a hook, a cable, and a projection. The boom extends from the main body and includes a tubular main section and a tubular extension section telescopically nested within the tubular main section. The boom has a first end pivotally coupled to the main body. The hoist is coupled to at least one of the first end of the boom and the main body. The sheave is disposed at an opposing second end of the boom opposite to the main body. The cable extends from the hoist, along the length of the boom, over the sheave, and downward to the hook assembly. The projection extends outward from the boom and toward the main body.

Abstract: The invention describes a winch (1) for nautical use or for devices for lifting and lowering on a rope, comprising a fixed stator body (2) and a rotor body (3) fixedly connected to the stator body. The rotor body is able to rotate around a longitudinal axis(a-1) to wind a rope on its outer surface. The winch is provided with a self-tailing device (6) in turn comprising two half-pulleys (61, 62), a lower half-pulley (61) and an upper half-pulley (62), mounted opposite one another and coaxial to the rotor body. The two half-pulleys, at the upper portion of the outer surface of the rotor body, define a circumferential throat (63) intended to at least partially house a winding of the rope. One half-pulley is fixed with respect to the rotor body and the other half-pulley is moveable parallel to the longitudinal axis to vary the dimensions of the circumferential throat.

Abstract: A gripping mechanism extends from a clamping mechanism. The clamping mechanism includes a fixed handle, a pivotally connected movable handle, a releasable locking mechanism, and the upper section of two opposing L-shaped arms. The lower section of each arm extends from the clamping mechanism to connect to a pair of lugs to form the gripping mechanism. Each lug includes an elongated member and a gripping surface for gripping a valve box cover lid. The gripping mechanism is manipulated to pivot the arms and move the gripping surfaces into place to grip the valve box cover lid. Once the gripping surfaces grip the lid, the arms are locked into a fixed position relative to one another to facilitate the separation of the cover, the lifting of the cover, and the transportation of the cover from the valve box.

Abstract: A telescopic handling device includes at least two elements (1, 2) mounted so as to slide relative to one another with interposition of sliding shoes (3, 4). The device includes thinner holding elements (5, 6) for the sliding shoes so as to limit the separation between two sliding elements to the thickness of the interposed sliding shoes (3, 4).

Abstract: Embodiments in the present description are provided for a lever adapter device for use in lifting a vehicle or other heavy objects. The lever adapter device includes stabilizing feet and one or more support legs. Each one of the stabilizing feet is attached to an end of each support leg. The lever adapter device further includes a hinge disposed at an end of each support leg. Each support leg is extendable and retractable towards or away from the other support leg. The lever adapter device further includes a jack attachment piece and one or more hinges, which are also connected to the one or more support legs. The jack attachment piece is configured to be removably connected to a jack, such as a HI-LIFT jack, or to other lifting devices to assist in lifting the vehicle or the other heavy objects.

Abstract: A lifter is provided with operating levers, which, against driving forces of actuators that switch the ratchet pawls to unengaged orientations, switch the ratchet pawls to engaged orientations of being engaged with ratchet gears, is provided with a link mechanism, which, when a workpiece support base is being lowered by collapsing motions of a pair of right and left crosslink mechanisms supporting the workpiece support base and a difference arises in movement amounts of movable support shafts at lower end sides of the respective crosslink mechanisms, converts the movement amount difference to an operating force of the operating lever at the larger movement amount side, and is such that by the operating lever at one side being driven by the link mechanism, the operating lever switches the ratchet pawl at the larger movement amount side to the engaged orientation.

Abstract: A beverage dispensing apparatus including a storage tank. At least one ice body is formed proximate the top portion of the storage tank. The ice body is formed in an icemaker configured to produce an ice body through direct contact with an evaporator coil and does not use cold air, or formed directly on a portion of the top portion of the storage tank using evaporator coils extending around a perimeter of the storage tank. The water is then configured to be carbonated and then dispensed to a user upon a user command.

Abstract: A flexible pouch and valve assembly is provided for aseptically storing a substance, dispensing multiple portions of the stored substance therefrom, and maintaining substance remaining in the pouch in an aseptic condition sealed with respect to ambient atmosphere. The flexible pouch and valve assembly are receivable within a relatively rigid housing, and are adapted to cooperate with a pump for pumping discrete portions of substance from the pouch and through the one-way valve to dispense the substance therefrom. The assembly comprises a flexible pouch defining therein a variable-volume storage chamber sealed with respect to the ambient atmosphere for aseptically storing therein multiple portions of the substance. A one-way valve of the assembly includes a valve body defining an axially-extending valve seat and at least one flow aperture extending through the valve body and/or the valve seat.

Abstract: A plastic keg includes a liner including a neck portion and a body portion. A lid having an opening is disposed at least partially over the liner. A retainer is secured to the neck portion of the liner and aligned with the opening in the lid, the retainer including external threads. A locking ring having internal threads is secured to the external threads of the retainer. The internal threads of the locking ring and the external threads of the retainer include a ratcheting mechanism permitting attachment of the locking ring to the retainer and inhibiting removal of the locking ring from the retainer, the locking ring contacting the lid. A beer keg valve assembly includes a port having a head portion having a convex upper surface and at least one leg extending downwardly from a lower surface. The leg includes a stop surface projecting radially outward further than the head portion. A piston defines an opening.

Abstract: A dispenser for delivering a liquid from a supply bottle. The dispenser has a base with a base foot. A tubular support is attached to the base foot. The tubular support extends vertically from the base foot. A rim is attached to the tubular support. The rim extends horizontally from the tubular support at a location above the base foot. The rim is vertically aligned with the base foot. A removable bottle collar engages with the rim. The removable bottle collar is adapted to engage and support the supply bottle inverted and positioned within the rim. The removable bottle collar has a center aperture where a mouth of the supply bottle extends there through.

Abstract: A wine dispenser is disclosed that protects unpoured wine from oxidation due to exposure to air within the dispenser. The dispenser includes a dispenser body having a weighted piston disposed within, the weighted piston being configured to move toward the dispensing end of the dispenser body when the dispenser is tilted downward, causing wine to be dispensed via a dispensing assembly. The dispensing assembly includes a lid having a wine flow channel that provides a path for wine to flow out of the dispenser body, and a unidirectional flow valve that is biased in a closed air-tight state to prevent air from entering the dispenser body via the wine flow channel, unless the unidirectional flow valve is forced into an open state, thereby allowing wine to flow out from the dispenser body via the wine flow channel, and then out of the dispenser via a pouring neck.

Abstract: The invention relates to a dispensing device for flowable products, the dispensing device comprising: at least a first and second plugs adapted to allow or prevent the flow of product; a first guide block comprising a guide hole adapted to guide the first plug, and a channel in communication with the guide hole, that allows the passage of maintenance fluid; a second guide block isolated from the first guide block, the second guide block comprising a guide hole able to guide the second plug, and a channel for passage of maintenance fluid, and a coupling adapted to connect in a fluidtight manner the channel of the first guide block to the channel of the second guide block, in order to allow the passage of maintenance fluid.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a method of forming a MEMS transducer includes forming a transducer frame in a layer of monocrystalline silicon, where forming the transducer frame includes forming a support portion adjacent a cavity and forming a first set of comb-fingers extending from the support portion. The method of forming a MEMS transducer further includes forming a spring support from an anchor to the support portion and forming a second set of comb-fingers in the layer of monocrystalline silicon. The second set of comb-fingers is interdigitated with the first set of comb-fingers.

Abstract: A microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) package with high gettering efficiency is provided. A MEMS device is arranged over a logic chip, within a cavity that is hermetically sealed. A sensing electrode is arranged within the cavity, between the MEMS device and the logic chip. The sensing electrode is electrically coupled to the logic chip and is a conductive getter material configured to remove gas molecules from the cavity. A method for manufacturing the MEMS package is also provided.

Abstract: Embodiments provide a MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical System) pressure sensor comprising a semiconductor substrate, wherein the semiconductor substrate comprises a stress decoupling structure adapted to stress decouple a first portion of the semiconductor substrate from a second portion of the semiconductor substrate, wherein the first portion of the semiconductor substrate comprises a first buried empty space, wherein the second portion of the semiconductor substrate comprises a second buried empty space, and wherein the semiconductor substrate comprises a pressure channel fluidically connecting the first buried empty space and the second buried empty space.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a microfluidic die that includes ejection circuitry and one time programmable memory with a minimal number of contact pads to external devices. The die includes a relatively large number of nozzles and a relatively small number of contact pads. The die includes decoding circuitry that utilizes the small number of contact pads to control the drive and ejection of the nozzles and the reading/writing of the memory with the same contact pads.

Abstract: Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) structures, methods of manufacture and design structures are disclosed. The method includes forming a Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) beam structure by venting both tungsten material and silicon material above and below the MEMS beam to form an upper cavity above the MEMS beam and a lower cavity structure below the MEMS beam.

Abstract: An integrated circuit device includes a dielectric layer disposed over a semiconductor substrate, the dielectric layer having a sacrificial cavity formed therein, a membrane layer formed onto the dielectric layer, and a capping structure formed on the membrane layer such that a second cavity is formed, the second cavity being connected to the sacrificial cavity through a via formed into the membrane layer.

Abstract: Etching islands are formed on a first face of a substrate and a second face of the substrate non-parallel to the first face. The first face and the second face of the substrate are concurrently exposed to a solution that reacts with the etching islands to concurrently form porous regions extending into the first face and the second face.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a MEMS device is disclosed. Moreover a MEMS device and a module including a MEMS device are disclosed. An embodiment includes a method for manufacturing MEMS devices includes forming a MEMS stack on a first main surface of a substrate, forming a polymer layer on a second main surface of the substrate and forming a first opening in the polymer layer and the substrate such that the first opening abuts the MEMS stack.

Abstract: A semiconductor element and method are provided such that the method includes providing a processed substrate arrangement including a processed semiconductor substrate and a metallization layer structure on a main surface of the processed semiconductor substrate. The method further includes release etching for generating a kerf in the metallization layer structure at a separation region in the processed semiconductor substrate, the separation region defining a border between a die region of the processed substrate arrangement and at least a second region of the processed substrate arrangement.

Abstract: A hydrogen storage material includes Mg(NH2)2, LiH, and MgH2. A manufacturing method of a hydrogen storage material includes steps of manufacturing a mixture by mixing Mg(NH2)2, LiH, and MgH2, and pulverizing the mixture.

Abstract: A method for producing A hydrogen gas from formic acid, characterized in that at least one heterogeneous catalyst is used to transform the formic acid into hydrogen gas. The at least one heterogeneous catalyst contains heterogenized ruthenium. According to a first aspect of the invention, the at least one heterogeneous catalyst contains at least one hydrophilic phosphine ligand which is m-TPPTS (meta-trisulfonated triphenylphosphine). The at least one heterogeneous catalyst is preferably obtained by mixing an aqueous solution of RuCl3 with hydrophilic phosphine, firstly activated by carrying out a homogeneous reaction with formic acid and by adding at least one solid structure.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing synthesis gas, in which carbon and hydrogen are obtained from hydrocarbon by thermal decomposition. At least a portion of the carbon obtained by the thermal decomposition is reacted, and at least a portion of the hydrogen obtained is reacted with carbon dioxide by a reverse water-gas shift reaction to give carbon monoxide and water. Carbon obtained by the thermal hydrocarbon decomposition is used as fuel in a power plant operation wherein the carbon is combusted to produce electrical power, and carbon dioxide formed in the combustion of the carbon is used in the reverse water-gas shift reaction.

Abstract: A method and system for producing a synthesis gas in an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system is disclosed that carries out an air heated pre-reforming process, a primary reforming process, a secondary reforming process.

Abstract: The present invention relates to high efficient tubular catalytic steam reforming reactor configured from about 0.2 inch to about 2 inch inside diameter high temperature metal alloy tube or pipe and loaded with a plurality of rolled catalyst inserts comprising metallic monoliths. The catalyst insert substrate is formed from a single metal foil without a central supporting structure in the form of a spiral monolith. The single metal foil is treated to have 3-dimensional surface features that provide mechanical support and establish open gas channels between each of the rolled layers. This unique geometry accelerates gas mixing and heat transfer and provides a high catalytic active surface area. The small diameter, high aspect ratio tubular catalytic steam reforming reactors loaded with rolled catalyst inserts can be arranged in a multi-pass non-vertical parallel configuration thermally coupled with a heat source to carry out steam reforming of hydrocarbon-containing feeds.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for purifying raw-material gases by fractionation. In particular, the present invention relates to a process for cleansing chlorine gas of bromine.

Abstract: A method of producing nitride nanoparticles comprises reacting at least one organometallic compound, for example an alkyl metal, with at least one source of nitrogen. The reaction may involve one or more liquid phase organometallic compounds, or may involve one or more liquid phase organometallic compounds dissolved in a solvent or solvent mixture. The reaction constituents may be heated to a desired reaction temperature (for example in the range 40° C. to 300° C.).

Abstract: Conjugated polymers composed of bi-pyridine units linked to 9,9-dialkyl fluorenyl-2,7-diyl units via imine linkages along the polymer backbone are provided. Also provided are semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes coated with the conjugated polymers and methods of sorting and separating s-SWCNTs from a sample comprising a mixture of s-SWCNTs and metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes using the conjugated polymers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a preparation method of graphene oxide based on anthracite. The method consists of the following steps. a. Preparation of ultra-clean anthracite powder; b. Pretreatment of ultra-clean anthracite powder; c. Preparation of anthracite oxide dispersion; d. Preparation of graphene oxide colloid solution; e. Preparation of graphene oxide. The invention also relates to a preparation method of graphene using graphene oxide obtained by method mentioned before. The method consists of the following steps. f. Preparation of graphene oxide-dispersant solution; g. Reduction of graphene oxide; h. Obtaining graphene by suction filtration and drying process. Based on the preparation of anthracite, the invention could reduce production costs effectively comparing to traditional preparation methods of graphene and graphene oxide, and make the reaction more fast and complete, facilitating the achievement of large scale industrial production.

Abstract: Technologies are generally described for method and systems effective to at least partially alter a defect in a layer including graphene. In some examples, the methods may include receiving the layer on a substrate where the layer includes at least some graphene and at least some defect areas in the graphene. The defect areas may reveal exposed areas of the substrate. The methods may also include reacting the substrate under sufficient reaction conditions to produce at least one cationic area in at least one of the exposed areas. The methods may further include adhering graphene oxide to the at least one cationic area to produce a graphene oxide layer. The methods may further include reducing the graphene oxide layer to produce at least one altered defect area in the layer.