Abstract: A charged particle beam system is disclosed, comprising: a charged particle beam generator for generating a beam of charged particles; a charged particle optical column arranged in a vacuum chamber, wherein the charged particle optical column is arranged for projecting the beam of charged particles onto a target, and wherein the charged particle optical column comprises a charged particle optical element for influencing the beam of charged particles; a source for providing a cleaning agent; a conduit connected to the source and arranged for introducing the cleaning agent towards the charged particle optical element; wherein the charged particle optical element comprises: a charged particle transmitting aperture for transmitting and/or influencing the beam of charged particles, and at least one vent hole for providing a flow path between a first side and a second side of the charged particle optical element, wherein the vent hole has a cross section which is larger than a cross section of the charged par

Abstract: A hydraulic flushing system includes a hydraulic downhole control line that runs from a hydraulic source to a surface controlled sub-surface safety valve of an underwater hydrocarbon extraction facility, where the hydraulic downhole control line includes a directional control valve. The hydraulic flushing system further includes a purge line coupled to the hydraulic downhole control line downstream of the directional control valve to a service line. The purge line includes a fluid isolation valve therein to enable purging of a hydraulic fluid. The hydraulic flushing system further includes a service line coupled to the purge line via the fluid isolation valve to store the purged hydraulic fluid.

Abstract: A method for vitrification of arsenic and antimony, comprising substituting oxygen to sulfur on thiosalts, incorporating resulting sodium arsenate and sodium antimonate into a sodium silicate glass-forming mixture and vitrifying the sodium silicate glass-forming mixture into a resulting glass sequestering the arsenic and antimony.

Abstract: A method for producing an internally and/or externally toothed pot-shaped sheet metal part having teeth extending toward the pot center axis, wherein an un-toothed pot-shaped sheet metal part is inserted into a die and then, by means of a relative movement between the sheet metal part and associated profile rollers, a profile is rolled onto the pot-shaped sheet metal part by the profile rollers applied to the sheet metal part and thus alternating internal and external gear teeth are applied to the sheet metal part, wherein the profile rollers form the sheet metal part oriented radially from the inside toward the outside, in that the profile rollers roll along the inner circumference of the sheet metal part.

Abstract: A coil-forming laying head system including a laying pathway structure defining an elongated hollow pathway adapted to transport elongated materials therein, the laying pathway structure having a flexibility of at least about 50 mm at 23° C.

Abstract: A method of producing a polygonal closed cross-section structural component includes press-forming a metal sheet into a gutter-shaped pre-processed part with a curved form along its longitudinal direction having plural ridge lines corresponding to corner portions of the polygonal closed cross-section in a cross-sectional form developed by cutting the component at a position corresponding to the ridge line located at the innermost side in the radial direction to provide a flange portion extending along the ridge line at the resulting respective ends, and press-forming the pre-processed part to deform inwardly in the cross-sectional direction at a position of one or more of the plural ridge lines to butt the ridge lines located at the innermost side and the flange portions to each other.

Abstract: A punch apparatus includes a drive unit and a driving force transmission mechanism that transmits a driving force output by the drive unit to a rod. In the driving force transmission mechanism, a cam groove is formed in a cam block connected to a piston rod, and a rotating roller, which is pivotally supported on a displacement body connected to the rod, is inserted through the cam groove. The cam groove has a first groove portion and a second groove portion, which are inclined at predetermined angles of inclination with respect to the displacement direction of the cam block. When the rod is made to descend toward the workpiece, the rotating roller moves from the second groove portion into the first groove portion, which has a small angle of inclination, whereby the driving force transmitted to the rod is boosted.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a column frame (20) for tools of stamping and forming technology, consisting of a head plate (1) and a base plate (2) between which guide columns (3) for guiding a guide plate (4) are arranged, and the guide columns (3) defining a movement direction Z for the guide plate (4), characterized in that the guide plate (4) is mounted elastically on the guide columns (3) on guide plate-side guide units (5) in such a way that the guide plate (4) can wobble about an axis parallel to the Z direction.

Abstract: A tube jig device for clamping a tube to be expanded by a tube flaring tool includes a base and a height gauge. The base has a plurality of gripping holes, and each of the gripping holes has a round hole and an expanding hole. The height gauge, which has a plurality of stop portions, is movably connected to the base with the stop portions on the first surface and parallel to the first surface. The height gauge is moved to a position where the stop portions are above the expanding holes respectively for the tube clamped in the gripping hole to abut against and waiting to be expanded by the tube flaring tool.

Abstract: A stamping tool and a method for deforming a part with the stamping tool are disclosed. The stamping tool may include an array of striking members (e.g., pins), each striking member capable of being actuated independently with respect to the other striking members. In some embodiments, the stamping tool is part of a system having a vision system and a computing device. The vision system is capable of scanning the part to determine a location or location in which the array of striking members will engage the part. The deforming operation can include a rework operation subsequent to another process, or alternatively, the deforming operation can include deforming the part such that the part includes a three-dimensional shape. Also, the part can be a two-dimensional or three-dimensional part made from metal (e.g., aluminum, steel) or plastic.

Abstract: A tube expander for heat exchanger coil units according to which a tubular expansion process is conducted. In one aspect, the tube expander includes a fixture, which includes a back unit and first and second door assemblies movably connected thereto. One or more heat exchanger coil units are adapted to be connected to each of the first and second door assemblies. In another aspect, the fixture is adjustable to accommodate different heat exchanger coil units. In yet another aspect, the tubular expansion process is not permitted when the first or second door assembly is closed and a sensor does not sense the presence of a latch bar.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for assembling a module for a motor vehicle engine, which module comprises at least one supporting structure with bearing seats and at least one camshaft which is mounted rotatably in the bearing seats, the camshaft being constructed during the assembly of the module from a support shaft which is configured at least in sections as a hollow shaft and components which are to be connected to the support shaft at predefined joining positions. The method includes providing a supporting structure having bearing seats, positioning components to be affixed to a support shaft in a preliminary position with respect to the bearing seats, pushing the support shaft through the bearing seats and through-openings of the components, enlarging portions of the outer diameter of the support shaft at defined joining positions thereof, and axially moving the components on the support shaft onto the joining positions.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a body panel, the method includes drawing a metal sheet into a body panel, trimming a first and second portion of the body panel to form a first and second opening and a cross member. The cross member extends between the first and second openings. The method further includes trimming a portion of the cross member to form a first and a second retention tab and forming a flange in the edge of the first opening, the edge of the second opening and the first and second retention tabs. The method further includes trimming the first and second retention tabs at the edge of the first and second opening.

Abstract: An apparatus includes an anvil having a first end and second end, and a press head reciprocally mounted relative to the anvil. The apparatus further includes an induction heater having a workpiece discharge end mounted adjacent the first end of the anvil, and a plurality of first station dies secured to the anvil. The first station dies each form at least a portion of a first contour. A plurality of second station dies are also secured to the anvil, the second station dies each defining at least a portion of a second contour.

Abstract: A feeder (10) for use in a casting mold includes a feeder body (11) made from an exothermic and/or insulating material. The feeder body has a bottom surface (15) with a feeder opening (16) for connection of the inner cavity (12) of the feeder body (1) with the mold cavity of the casting mold during a casting process. A ring-shaped frame (17) made of a heat-resistant material is secured to the feeder body (11). A netlike webbing (18) made from a fire-resistant material is tensioned within the ring-shaped frame (17). The frame (17) is arranged on the surface (15) of the feeder body (11), such that the netlike webbing (18) is positioned with the feeder (10) formed in the casting mold directly on a surface of a casting piece to be formed during casting.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a core for molding a blade of a turbomachine, including placing a flexible ceramic sheet in a cavity of a mold in such a way as to shape the ceramic sheet, introducing a ceramic paste into the cavity of the mold, the ceramic paste forming at least one frame in contact with the ceramic sheet, and co-sintering the ceramic sheet and the frame in such a way as to rigidly join together the ceramic sheet and the frame, the frame maintaining the shape of the ceramic sheet given by the mold during the preceding co-sintering phases.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a wheel mold spraying device, which is composed of a frame, a servo motor, a servo electric cylinder, a hollow shaft, a nozzle and the like. Four side molds of a wheel are respectively placed on four slide plates; hand wheels are rotated to adjust the slide plates to proper positions through lead screws and guide rails; the servo motor drives the rotation of the hollow shaft and the nozzle through belt wheels and a synchronous belt, and the nozzle is automatically opened; and through guide posts, the servo electric cylinder lifts the nozzle to the top end while rotating, in which case the process of spraying for the four side molds can be completed.

Abstract: A degassing and grain refinement system for a cast aluminum-based component and a method of achieving both hydrogen gas presence reduction and grain size reduction in a cast aluminum-based component. Ultrasonic vibrations are imparted to both the liquid metal travel path from its source to the mold to achieve the reduction in hydrogen gas in the molten metal, as well as to one or more locations within the mold to achieve relatively small and equiaxed grains in the component upon solidification.

Abstract: A method for pouring a melt using a bottom-pouring-type ladle comprising a melt-pouring nozzle and a stopper rod, comprises an opening step, in which the stopper rod is separate from the nozzle; a first closing step, in which the stopper rod moves downward, such that a lower end portion of the stopper rod comes into contact with a tapered surface of the nozzle when the horizontal distance between their center axes becomes 2 mm or more; and a second closing step, in which a lower end portion of the stopper rod further moves downward along the tapered surface of the nozzle to close the nozzle.

Abstract: A 3-D printer scalable to large sizes employs a combination of mechanical and electrical scanning of a linear array of electron beams that operate to melt material of a powder bed. A housing holding the electron beam sources may be maintained at a high vacuum and positioned close to a print surface to minimize electron travel in a softer vacuum surrounding a print bed.

Abstract: A method including encapsulating or capping metallic nanoparticles by a dendrimer or a polymer with binding sites for metal particless or metal ions dispersed in a fluid; modifying the fluid to disrupt the interaction of the dendrimer or polymer with the particles; and subsequently or concomitantly sintering or partially consolidating the zero valent metal. A method including introducing a first metal salt and a second metal salt into a dendrimer or a polymer with binding sites for metals or metal ions; reducing a metal ion of the first metal salt to a zero valent first metal and a metal ion of the second metal salt to a zero valend second metal; disrupting an interaction between the dendrimer or the polymer and the first metal and the second metal; and sintering or partially consolidating the first metal and the second metal.

Abstract: There are provided techniques for direct printing material into parts made by additive manufacturing, such as parts made by laser sintering. The direct printed material may be a metal, elastomer, ceramic, or any other material. Further, the direct printed material is typically different than the laser sintering material. Other aspects of the invention include using direct printed materials in the laser sintered parts to improve part strength, provide multi-materials, selectively provide electrical conductivity, and/or provide other desirable features to the parts.

Abstract: A concentric ring gas atomization nozzle with isolated gas supply manifolds is provided for manipulating the close-coupled atomization gas structure to improve the yield of atomized powders.

Abstract: Disclosed is an alignment system for a vertical lathe, the lathe configured to perform a cutting process on a workpiece (W) mounted on a circular turn table (3) by rotating the workpiece (W), and the alignment system configured to, when the lathe performs the cutting process on an unbalanced eccentric workpiece, perform a center alignment operation for correcting imbalance. The alignment system includes an alignment mechanism which includes: multiple alignment weights (13) provided movable along an outer periphery (3a) of the circular turn table (3); and a movement mechanism (15) configured to move the alignment weights along the outer periphery (3a) of the turn table (3). The alignment system further includes a control unit (7) configured to calculate setting positions for the alignment weights (13), and to set the alignment weights (13) at the calculated setting positions using the movement mechanism (15), in order to correct the imbalance.

Abstract: A polycrystalline CVD synthetic diamond work piece for use in a polycrystalline CVD synthetic diamond tool, the polycrystalline CVD synthetic diamond work piece comprising: a working surface; and a rear mounting surface; wherein an average lateral grain size of the rear mounting surface is no less than 10 ?m, and wherein the working surface comprises: (a) smaller diamond grains than the rear mounting surface; (b) an average lateral grain size in a range 10 nm to 15 ?m; and (c) a Raman signal generated by a laser focused on the working surface which exhibits one or more of the following characteristics: (1) an sp3 carbon peak at 1332 cm?1 having a full width half-maximum of no more than 8.

Abstract: A lathe has a plurality of turret positions with at least one having a toolholder, a pair of blades projecting from one end of the toolholder with the toolholder structured to assume a first position with a first blade machining said workpiece which is rotating in a first direction and a second position with a second blade structured to assume a second position with the workpiece rotating in the other direction. The toolholder remains fixed during machining. Related methods and toolholders are disclosed.

Abstract: The invention discloses a tool clamping system comprising a tool holder for clamping a tool, said tool holder being configured for being driven rotatingly; a tool secured to the tool holder; a tool shaft carried by the tool; at least one cutting edge carried by the tool; at least one piezo element for generating a voltage from mechanical vibration energy of the rotating tool clamping system; and at least one delay element selected form the group consisting of an inductor and a capacitor being connected to the at least one piezo element so as to form an electrical oscillating circuit, wherein the oscillating circuit is configured for monitoring at least one operating parameter of the tool clamping system.

Abstract: A shrink fit tool holder assembly has a holder, a tool, and two fastening units. The holder has an axis, an inserting portion, and a fastening hole defined through the inserting portion. The inserting portion has two assembling holes communicating with the fastening hole. Each one of the two assembling holes has an extending axis inclined relative to the axis of the holder. The two extending axes of the two assembling holes are a pair of skew lines. The tool has a shank section inserted in the fastening hole of the holder. The shank section has two engaging grooves. The two fastening units are respectively inserted into the two assembling holes and respectively engage with the two engaging grooves to prevent the tool from sliding or rotating relative to the holder.

Abstract: A tool (20) has a machine-side machine connection (21) for connecting the tool to a machine tool (1) for driving the tool in rotation (27) about a rotation axis (29) and for advancing (26) the tool relative to a workpiece, a workpiece-side tool head (22) having one or more cutting edges (25) for machining a workpiece, wherein the diameter (D) of the tool head is greater than 20 mm and wherein the cutting edges (25) of the tool (20) are arranged such that they travel over an area perpendicular to the rotation axis (29), a vibration unit (23) which is designed to set the tool head into rotary vibration (28) about the rotation axis (29), and a power receiving means (24) for wirelessly receiving supplied energy and for supplying electrical energy to the vibration unit (23).

Abstract: A drill includes a cutting edge. The cutting edge has a point angle which is continuously decreased from a center-position point angle A (herein, 0°<A<180°) at a center position to a maximum-diameter-position point angle of 0° at a maximum diameter position. The cutting edge has a relief angle which is continuously decreased from the center position to the maximum diameter position. The cutting edge of the drill has a relief angle at the maximum diameter position. Hence, the cutting edge also serves as a cutting edge for reaming. The ridgeline and relief face of the cutting edge have no corner, thereby providing good wear resistance.

Abstract: A double-sided tangential cutting insert, as well as a tool holder system that carries a plurality of the double-sided tangential cutting inserts, that has a peripheral side shape, as viewed from one of said cutting rake faces, that includes a pair of generally identical opposing main cutting edges wherein each of the main cutting edge comprises a substantially straight main cutting edge portion and an adjoining convex main cutting edge portion. The convex main cutting edge portion is truncated by an adjacent convex minor side face so as to define a generally sharp edge and a point of truncation. The peripheral side shape further includes a pair of opposing full nose cutting edges with a nose cutting radius; and a pair of opposing convex minor cutting edges with a minor cutting edge radius. The minor cutting edge radius is at least about four times greater than the nose cutting radius.

Abstract: A milling tool has a basic body rotatable about a center axis, and including an outside, which includes a pair of opposite front and back sides, as well as a peripheral envelope surface. The body is equipped with a plurality of replaceable cutting inserts. The basic body includes an inner hollow space having an internal limiting surface, in which there collectively mouth a plurality of bores. The bores also mouth in the outside. Each cutting insert is mounted on an outer end of an ejector, which is rectilinearly movable in the individual bore and has an inner end accessible from the hollow space, and which interacts with a compressible force generator, to pull the same into the bore. By mounting the cutting inserts on ejectors, which simultaneously are accessible from a common hollow space, the cutting inserts can be replaced fast and easily, and possibly also be indexed.

Abstract: A flange bolt cutter for separating two connected flanges. The flange bolt cutter contains a circular saw blade connected to an flange mount which can be vertically adjusted relative to the flange mount and/or includes two arms which can be pivotally adjusted relative to each other.

Abstract: Table saws and table saws designed to incorporate safety systems are disclosed. The table saws may include vertical slide elevation mechanisms positioned toward the rear of the saw and constructed so that an arbor block and blade can retract when a safety system detects an unsafe condition. Other table saw parts and components are also disclosed.

Abstract: A jigsaw generally includes a housing containing a motor activated by a trigger assembly. The housing defines a window. A shoe member pivotally connects to the housing. An indicator wheel is disposed in the housing so that a portion of the indicator wheel is visible through the window, wherein pivoting of the shoe member relative to the housing causes the indicator wheel to rotate.

Abstract: A blade holding device for securely holding a saw blade includes a holding unit, a sleeve member, a retaining unit, and a shell. The holding unit includes a clamp member and an insert. The clamp member has two half portions defining a gap for receiving the saw blade, a slot extending through one of the half portions, and an abutment surface. The insert is inserted into the slot, abuts against the abutment surface, and has a threaded hole. The sleeve member surrounds the half portions of the clamp member without blocking the threaded hole. The retaining unit includes a fastening member extending threadedly through the threaded hole for pressing against the saw blade. The shell surrounds the sleeve member and the clamp member.

Abstract: Provided is a tip saw which is provided with saw blades formed at a predetermined interval on an outer periphery of a disk-shaped base metal and a tip securely attached to a base formed on each saw blade, in which flank faces and rake faces of the tips are set in a staggered manner, and the rake faces are provided at a negative angle of inclination in a direction opposite to a rotation direction of said tip saw, and when a workpiece material is thin-walled, the tips are in substantially fan shapes, and adjacent saw blades have a pitch of less than 3.5 mm or less than 3.0 mm therebetween.

Abstract: A power skiving tool includes a basic body, which is equipped with a plurality of replaceable cutting inserts, by means of which chips can be carved or peeled out of a workpiece with the purpose of forming, for instance, teeth. The individual cutting insert is formed with only one cutting edge) and has a rear end in the form of a shoulder surface, against which an adjusting mechanism is pressed for the fine adjustment of the radial position of the cutting insert in relation to the basic body. On the underside of the cutting insert, there is in addition a control means, e.g. a serration connecting surface, which interacts with the corresponding control means in the appurtenant seat in the basic body. In addition, the invention concerns a power skiving cutting insert as such.

Abstract: In order to easily form curved holes and straight holes of desired shapes, an electrochemical machining tool of the present invention comprises a tool body including: an electrode made from an electrically conductive material in a cylindrical shape extending along an axial line and having flexibility, an electrolytic solution flowing through an internal flow channel of the electrode toward a tip side; and an insulating layer coated on an outer circumferential face of the electrode so as to expose the tip of the electrode. A fluid outflow hole is formed in the tool body, passing through the tool body in a radial direction and guiding the electrolytic solution flowing through the flow channel outward in the radial direction, and the electrochemical machining tool further comprises a tube-shaped member selectively opening and closing the fluid outflow hole.

Abstract: A holding stand for a heating tool such as a soldering or de-soldering device. The holding stand has a rotary member for securing the heating tool and an assembly for moving and positioning the rotary member with the heating tool in any of three axis.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a rotary article comprises: providing a cold metal transfer welding apparatus comprising a welding torch; providing a rotary substrate; providing a digital representation of the rotary article having at least one internal flo passage; defining a welding path on the rotary substrate based on the digital representation; rotating the rotary substrate while depositing a filler metal layer by layer on the welding path of the rotary substrate to form the rotary article; and separating the rotary substrate from the rotary article.

Abstract: An integrated welding system is described that includes an engine-driven power supply, control circuitry for regulating power from the power supply and for delivering power suitable for welding, and a wire feeder driven by the generated power for delivering a continuous feed of wire electrode. The system is suitable for MIG and flux core welding applications, and may further include an optional gas supply for a shielding gas. Other power is available in the system, such as for running conventional 120V and 240V power tools, lights and so forth. The unit may also be operated from an external power source, typically the power grid. The unit may be designed to permit selective operation in accordance with constant voltage and constant current regimes for MIG, TIG and stick welding.

Abstract: A replaceable cartridge for a plasma arc torch includes a cartridge body having a first section and a second section. The first and second sections are joined at an interface to form a substantially hollow chamber. The interface provides a coupling force that secures the first and second sections together. The cartridge also includes an arc constricting member located in the second section; an electrode included within the substantially hollow chamber; and a contact start spring element affixed to the electrode. The spring element imparts a separating force that biases the electrode toward at least one of the first section or the second section of the body. The separating force has a magnitude that is less than a magnitude of the coupling force.

Abstract: A ribbon bonding tool is provided. The ribbon bonding tool includes a body portion including a tip portion, the tip portion defining a working surface. The ribbon bonding tool includes a group of four protrusions extending from the working surface, wherein the working surface defines four quadrants in a horizontal plane by extending an imaginary line at a midpoint along each of a length and a width of the working surface. Each of the four protrusions is arranged in one of four quadrants.

Abstract: A method for testing the integrity of a stack during ultrasonic welding, includes the steps of: (i) ultrasonically welding two or more work pieces with a stack, the stack including a convertor and a horn; (ii) measuring a frequency profile based on a vibration of the horn during the welding step; and (iii) comparing the measured frequency profile to a standard frequency profile to obtain an error rate, the error rate being indicative of a difference between the measured frequency profile and the standard frequency profile. A system employing the aforementioned method is also provided.

Abstract: A hybrid Friction Stir Welding approach and device for dissimilar materials joining employing Electro-Plastic Effect. The approach and device include an introduction of high density, short period current pulses into traditional friction stir welding process, which therefore can generate a localized softened zone in the workpiece during plastic stirring without significant additional temperature increase. This material softened zone is created by high density current pulses based on Electro-Plastic Effect and will move along with the friction stir welding tool. Smaller downward force, larger processing window and better joint quality for dissimilar materials are expected to be achieved through this hybrid welding technique.

Abstract: A wafer having an off angle ? is produced from a hexagonal single crystal ingot having an upper surface, a c-plane exposed to the upper surface, and a c-axis perpendicular to the c-plane. The ingot is supported by a wedge member having a wedge angle ? equal to the off angle ?, thereby inclining the upper surface of the ingot by the off angle ? with respect to a horizontal plane. A modified layer is formed by setting the focal point of a laser beam inside the ingot and next applying it to the upper surface, thereby linearly forming a modified layer inside the ingot and cracks extending from the modified layer along the c-plane. The focal point is moved in the second direction to index the focal point by a predetermined amount.

Abstract: A method of treating a metallic surface comprising a copper alloy, such as phosphor bronze, whereby the metallic surface is ablated by directing a laser beam with a diameter of 200-400 ?m produced by a CO2 laser with a pulse frequency of 1200-1800 HZ onto the metallic surface, and a N2 assist gas is concurrently applied with a pressure of 550-650 KPa co-axially with the laser beam to form an ablated metallic surface comprising microgrooves with Cu3N present on a surface of the microgrooves, wherein the ablated metallic surface has a higher surface hydrophobicity than the metallic surface prior to the ablating.

Abstract: An additive manufacturing process is monitored, in situ, using optical emission spectroscopy to analyze the composition, phase transformation or manufacturing defects. The system or method may include an analysis of contours of the plasma line intensity, or pre-processing of the plasma spectral line including signal-to-noise ratio analysis, baseline removal, line identification, line de-convolution and fitting. Improvements may additionally involve consideration of plasma parameters such as plasma spectral line intensity, line ratio, plasma temperature and electron density using high-resolution optical emission spectroscopy in both visible and ultraviolet regions. Parameters of the plasma may be determined using an intensity ratio of the ions or atoms emission lines, a FWHM of the line profile for electron density estimation, or a Boltzmann plot for plasma temperature estimation. One or more techniques may be used to monitor when there is a lack of deposition.

Abstract: Provided are a method for assembling a fuel supply pipe of which a joint portion between a pipe body and a short cylindrical member has a high strength and which has high anti-corrosion performance, and a device for assembling the pipe. Specifically, while a laser beam in a defocused state is being emitted to impinge on an end portion of the pipe body that overlaps the short cylindrical member, the pipe body and the short cylindrical member are rotated through one complete turn relative to the laser beam, thereby melting the entire periphery of the end portion. While the laser beam in a defocused state is being emitted to impinge on the melted end portion, the pipe body and the short cylindrical member are rotated through at least one further complete turn, thereby joining by welding the end portion to the outer periphery of the short cylindrical member.