Abstract: An electronic device includes a stack assembly and a cover glass. The stack assembly includes an electrophoretic display sub-assembly for rendering content, a front light sub-assembly comprising a light guide, a light FPC, and a plurality of light sources, and a capacitive touch sensing sub-assembly for detecting touch inputs. A yellow-pigmented tape is applied over the light sources and an edge of the light guide. A stiffener member is coupled to the light FPC opposite the yellow-pigmented tape.

Abstract: Disclosed is a light control film, comprising: two transparent electroconductive resin substrates; and a light control layer sandwiched between the two transparent electroconductive resin substrates, the light control layer comprising: a resin matrix; and a light control suspension dispersed in the resin matrix, wherein at least one of the transparent electroconductive resin substrates has, on the light control layer side thereof, a primer layer, and the primer layer is made of a thin film comprising a material containing a urethane acrylate containing a pentaerythritol skeleton. Thus, it is possible to provide a light control film that improves the adhesion between a film matrix and a substrate, and that achieves a stable light control function.

Abstract: A complex spatial light modulator includes a polarization-phase modulator for separating an incident beam into a first beam having a first polarization and a first phase, and a second beam having a second polarization and a second phase, and for outputting the first beam and the second beam; and a beam synthesizer including a prism structure formed of an optical anisotropic material having a first refractive index with respect to the first beam having the first polarization and having a second refractive index, different form the first refractive index, with respect to the second beam having the second polarization, where the beam synthesizer combines the first beam and the second beam.

Abstract: A liquid crystal lens device includes a first electrode unit, a counter electrode and a liquid crystal layer. The first electrode unit includes a first and a second electrode. The liquid crystal layer is provided between the first electrode unit and the counter electrode. A threshold voltage Vth of the liquid crystal layer, an absolute value V1 of a potential difference between the first electrode and the counter electrode, a distance P1 between a center of the first electrode and a center of the second electrode, a thickness d1 of the liquid crystal layer, an effective elastic constant keff of the liquid crystal layer, a dielectric anisotropy ?? of the liquid crystal layer, and a dielectric constant ?0 of a vacuum satisfy V1>Vth×(P1/2)/d1, V1<Vth×(P1/d1), and (P1/2)/d1<?0×(??/keff).

Abstract: A tunable acoustic gradient index of refraction (TAG) lens and system are provided that permit, in one aspect, dynamic selection of the lens output, including dynamic focusing and imaging. The system may include a TAG lens and at least one of a source and a detector of electromagnetic radiation. A controller may be provided in electrical communication with the lens and at least one of the source and detector and may be configured to provide a driving signal to control the index of refraction and to provide a synchronizing signal to time at least one of the source and the detector relative to the driving signal. Thus, the controller is able to specify that the source irradiates the lens (or detector detects the lens output) when a desired refractive index distribution is present within the lens, e.g. when a desired lens output is present.

Abstract: A light source suitable for being thrown or projected into an airborne trajectory for the purpose of illuminating a subject or environment; and a throwable light source capable of receiving a signal over a wireless network in order to illuminate a subject in synchronization with a throwable camera on the network; and throwable light sources capable of receiving respective signals over a wireless network in order to illuminate a subject in synchronization with a throwable camera on the network.

Abstract: A gimbal locking device includes a body portion including a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other, a clutch portion extending from the first surface, and a fastening portion extending from the second surface. The fastening portion includes an extension portion extending from the second surface.

Abstract: An adjustable camera enclosure is provided. In one aspect of the present disclosure, the adjustable camera enclosure includes a housing including a hollow interior defining a longitudinal axis and at least one aperture in a wall of the housing; a beam disposed through an end of the housing into the hollow interior of the housing such that the beam is disposed along the longitudinal axis, where the housing is slidable over the beam along the longitudinal axis to extend and retract the housing relative to the beam; a camera disposed within the hollow interior of the housing, where a lens of the camera is oriented to the at least one aperture of the housing in a direction away from the housing; and a base coupled to the beam, where the base is rotatable about the longitudinal axis to rotate the beam and the housing about the longitudinal axis.

Abstract: A mount and method of manufacturing same is disclosed. The mount includes a mouthpiece for holding the mount in a user's mouth, a video connector piece for mounting a camera to the apparatus, and a connector that structurally secures the mouthpiece and the video connector piece. This provides for a near eye-level point of view while providing hands-free operation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for photographing a bedding plane, the apparatus including: a pair of vertical supports; a horizontal support having both ends coupled to the pair of vertical supports, respectively; a main body mounted on the horizontal support so as to be movable in a horizontal direction; a length adjustment unit mounted on the main body so as to be rotatable about the horizontal support, and having a length variable structure for adjusting a length thereof in a direction perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the horizontal support; a camera mounting jig coupled to the length adjustment unit; a camera mounted on the camera mounting jig; and a level detector mounted on the horizontal support to detect a horizontal state by measuring a degree of inclination of the horizontal support.

Abstract: A projector includes a casing, an optic engine, a light module, a control circuit module, a first fan module, and a second fan module. The optic engine, the light module, the control circuit module, the first fan module, and the second fan module are disposed in the casing. The first fan module is an axial-flow fan module and has an air inlet and an air outlet. The air inlet is close to and toward the control circuit module; the air outlet is close to and toward the light module. The first fan module generates an air flow flowing through the control circuit module, the first fan module, and the light module in order. The second fan module has an air outlet close to the optic engine. Thereby, heat produced by the above-mentioned components of the projector in the casing can be dissipated efficiently.

Abstract: A cooling device includes a duct with one opened end and another opened end; a fan disposed inside the duct, the fan being configured to send air present inside the duct in an air-sending direction; a heat sink disposed outside the duct, the heat sink including a base part having an opposed surface opposed to a mouth of the another end of the duct, and heat-sink fins including a plurality of thin plates extending from the opposed surface along the air-sending direction; a heat source in contact with the base part; a heat pipe connected to the heat source or the heat sink; and heat-pipe fins disposed between the fan and the one end of the duct inside the duct, the heat-pipe fins including a plurality of thin plates extending from the heat pipe along the air-sending direction.

Abstract: A phosphor wheel includes: a substrate having a first main surface, a second main surface opposite to the first main surface, and an open portion; a phosphor layer provided on the first main surface; and a fin provided on the second main surface. The fin is nearer a center of the substrate than the phosphor layer is, and the open portion is located between the phosphor layer and the fin.

Abstract: To provide a light source unit which can be formed compact in size while contributing to enhancement in luminance and a projector including this light source unit, there is provided a light source unit including a first light source which emits light in a range of first wavelengths, and a second light source which emits light in a range of second wavelengths which is different from the range of first wavelengths, wherein the first light source and the second light source each include a long wavelength light emitting portion and a short wavelength light emitting portion, the long wavelength light emitting portion emitting, of lights of different wavelengths which exist in a range of light wavelengths producing light of similar colors, light of a long wavelength, the short wavelength light emitting portion emitting light of a short wavelength.

Abstract: There is provided a light source unit including a semiconductor light emitting device, and a rotary mirror device having a mirror surface on a first side, and a second side to which a rotational shaft of a motor is connected, wherein the mirror surface has an undulating section shape of convex and concave shape portions, wherein the rotary mirror device is disposed so as to reflect light emitted from the semiconductor light emitting device on the mirror surface.

Abstract: The invention relates to a light source device including a solid-state light source, a collimator lens which a light beam emitted from the solid-state light source enters, an afocal optical system which includes a light collecting optical system and a collimating optical system and which the light beam having been transmitted through the collimator lens enters, a lens integrator which the light beam having been transmitted through the afocal optical system enters, a polarization splitting element which the light beam having been transmitted through the lens integrator enters, and a wavelength conversion element which a first polarization component split by the polarization splitting element from the light beam enters. At least one of the light collection optical system and the collimating optical system includes a lens formed of quartz.

Abstract: A laser light source includes a laser light source module, a light converging module, first and second lens sets, a color wheel, and a light tunnel. The laser light source module emits a first light. When passing the light converging module, the first light converges in a second direction perpendicular to the travel direction of the first light and does not converge in a third direction perpendicular to the second direction and the travel direction. The first light becomes a parallel beam after passing the light converging module. Then, the first light enters the first lens set. The color wheel receives the first light passing the first lens set, partially transforms the first light into a second light, and partially reflects the first light. Then, the first and second light pass the first and second lens sets. Then, the light tunnel collects the first and second light.

Abstract: A photomask and method for fabricating an integrated circuit is provided. A design layout is provided, wherein the design layout has a plurality of main features. A plurality of assistant features are added in an assistant region of the design layout to form a first layout, wherein the assistant region has no main feature and a width of the assistant region is larger than five times of a width of the main feature. A plurality of optical proximity correction (OPC) features are added on the first layout to form a second layout. And a photomask is formed according to the second layout.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a photoresist and a method of performing a lithography process using the photoresist. The photoresist contains a polymer and a photo-acid generator. The photo-acid generator contains a sensitizer component, an acid generator component, and a bonding component that bonds the sensitizer component to the acid generator component. The bonding component may be either a single bond or a conjugated bond. The lithography process may be an EUV lithography process or an e-beam lithography process.

Abstract: Non-ionic photo-acid generating (PAG) compounds were prepared that contain an aryl ketone group having a perfluorinated substituent alpha to the ketone carbonyl. The non-polymeric PAGs release a sulfonic acid when exposed to high energy radiation such as deep UV or extreme UV light. The photo-generated sulfonic acid has a low diffusion rate in an exposed resist layer subjected to a post-exposure bake (PEB) at 100° C. to 150° C., resulting in formation of good line patterns after development. At higher temperatures, the PAGs can also undergo a thermal reaction to form a sulfonic acid. The perfluorinated substituent provides improved thermal stability and hydrolytic/nucleophilic stability.

Abstract: A resin composition includes a polymer including a repeating unit represented by Chemical Formula 1, wherein in Chemical Formula 1, each substituent is the same as defined in the specification, and a solvent and an organic film manufactured using the same is provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to new polymers that comprise units that contain one or more photoacid generator groups and photoresists that contain the polymers. Preferred polymers of the invention are suitable for use in photoresists imaged at short wavelengths such as sub-250 nm or sub-200 nm, particularly 248 nm and 193 nm.

Abstract: A resist composition includes (A1) a resin which includes a structural unit represented by formula (a4), and a structural unit having an adamantane lactone group, and the resin has no acid-labile group, (A2) a resin having an acid-labile group, and an acid generator. In the formula (a4), R3 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and R4 represents a C1 to C24 saturated hydrocarbon group having a fluorine atom, and a methylene group of the saturated hydrocarbon group may be replaced by an oxygen atom or a carbonyl group.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for fabricating high quality one- or two-dimensional diffractive waveplates and arrays that exhibit high diffraction efficiency and capable of inexpensive large volume production. A generally non-holographic and aperiodic polarization converter for converting the polarization of a coherent input light beam of a visible wavelength into a pattern of continuous spatial modulation at the output of the polarization converter. A photoresponsive material characterized by an anisotropy axis according to polarization of the light beam is exposed to a polarization modulation pattern and coated subsequently with an anisotropic material overlayer with ability of producing an optical axis orientation according to and under the influence of the anisotropy axis of the photoresponsive material layer.

Abstract: A method includes dividing a single beam emitted from a coherent light source into at least two branch beams, and causing the branch beams to cross each other at a predetermined interference angle thereby generating interference pattern. The method also includes irradiating a target surface of a substrate with the interference pattern. The method also includes dividing the target surface of the substrate into a plurality of predetermined shapes, and repeating a first substep of irradiating each predetermined shape with every shot of the interference pattern, and a second substep of conveying the substrate in a stepwise manner such that the predetermined shapes overlap each other in the stepwise manner. The method also includes causing a line-to-line pitch of the interference fringes in one of the predetermined shapes to align with the line-to-line pitch of the interference fringes in a next predetermined shape upon repeating the first and second substeps.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a stripper composition for removing photoresists which comprises: a chained amine compound having a weight average molecular weight of more than 95 g/mol; a chained amine compound having a weight average molecular weight of not more than 90 g/mol; a cyclic amine compound; an amide-based compound in which a linear or branched alkyl group having 1-5 carbon atoms is mono- or di-substituted with nitrogen; and a polar organic solvent, wherein the weight ratio of the chained amine compound having a weight average molecular weight of more than 95 g/mol to the chained amine compound having the weight average molecular weight of not more than 90 g/mol is 1:1 to 1:10, and a method for stripping a photoresist using the same.

Abstract: A radiation collector comprising a first collector segment comprising a plurality of grazing incidence reflector shells configured to direct radiation to converge in a first location at a distance from the radiation collector, a second collector segment comprising a plurality of grazing incidence reflector shells configured to direct radiation to converge in a second location at said distance from the radiation collector, wherein the first location and the second location are separated from one another.

Abstract: An illumination system of a microlithographic projection exposure apparatus includes a light source to produce projection light beam, and a first and a second diffractive optical element between the light source and a pupil plane of the illumination system. The diffractive effect produced by each diffractive optical element depends on the position of a light field that is irradiated by the projection light on the diffractive optical elements. A displacement mechanism changes the mutual spatial arrangement of the diffractive optical elements. In at least one of the mutual spatial arrangements, which can be obtained with the help of the displacement mechanism, the light field extends both over the first and the second diffractive optical element. This makes it possible to produce in a simple manner continuously variable illumination settings.

Abstract: An illumination optical unit for EUV projection lithography serves to illuminate an object field with illumination light. A transmission optical unit images field facets in a manner superposed on one another into the object field via illumination channels, which each have assigned to them one of the field facets and one pupil facet of a pupil facet mirror. The superposition optical unit has at least two mirrors for grazing incidence, downstream of the pupil facet mirror. The mirrors for grazing incidence produce an illumination angle bandwidth of an illumination light overall beam, composed of the illumination channels, in the object field. The bandwith is smaller for a plane of incidence parallel to the object displacement direction than for a plane perpendicular thereto. The result can be an illumination optical unit, by which a projection optical unit can be adapted to a configuration of an EUV light source for the illumination light.

Abstract: A lithographic apparatus includes a number of sensors for measuring positions of features on a substrate prior to applying a pattern. Each sensor includes an imaging optical system. Position measurements are extracted from pixel data supplied by an image detector in each sensor. The imaging optical system includes one or more light field modulating elements and the processor processes the pixel data as a light-field image to extract the position measurements. The data processor may derive from each light-field image a focused image of a feature on the substrate, measuring positions of several features simultaneously, even though the substrate is not at the same level below all the sensors. The processor can also include corrections to reduce depth dependency of an apparent position of the feature include a viewpoint correction. The data processor can also derive measurements of heights of features on the substrate.

Abstract: During the drive of a stage, positional information in a movement plane of a stage is measured by three encoders that include at least one each of an X encoder and a Y encoder of an encoder system, and a controller switches an encoder used for a measurement of positional information of a stage in the movement plane from an encoder to an encoder so that the position of the stage in the movement plane is maintained before and after the switching. Therefore, although the switching of the encoder used for controlling the position of the stage is performed, the position of the stage in the movement plane is maintained before and after the switching, and a correct linkage becomes possible.

Abstract: Provided is a method and apparatus for moving and exchanging reticles within a vacuum lithographic system with minimum particle generation and outgassing. In an example of the method, a first arm of a rotational exchange device (RED) receives a first baseplate holding a first reticle. A second arm of the RED supports and buffers a second baseplate. The first and second baseplates are located substantially equidistant from an axis of rotation of the RED.

Abstract: An apparatus for correcting the shape of a reticle, including: suckers; a sucker mounting frame; and a pneumatic control system, wherein the sucker mounting frame is disposed above a reticle stage, the suckers are mounted on a bottom of the sucker mounting frame in a manner of being spaced apart from one another; and the pneumatic control system is configured to control the suckers to retain the reticle by suction or to release the reticle. The suckers are so arranged that they do not block trapezoidal exposure fields of view on the reticle, thereby allowing a light beam to be fully (100%) incident on the reticle, which results in improved exposure efficiency. The apparatus is mounted separately from a photolithography tool by which it is employed, enabling a lower weight load on the reticle. Additionally, the apparatus is not in contact with any component disposed in the photolithography tool and will not introduce additional external vibration to the tool.

Abstract: A method for compensating for an exposure error in an exposure process of a lithographic apparatus that comprises a substrate table, the method comprising: obtaining a dose measurement indicative of a dose of IR radiation that reaches substrate level, wherein the dose measurement can be used to calculate an amount of IR radiation absorbed by an object in the lithographic apparatus during an exposure process; and using the dose measurement to control the exposure process so as to compensate for an exposure error associated with the IR radiation absorbed by the object during the exposure process.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic apparatus in which the deterioration of electrical properties in repetitive use is suppressed even in the case where an electrophotographic photosensitive member absorbs moisture under a high-temperature and high-humidity environment. An undercoat layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member provided in the electrophotographic apparatus contains (?) a metal oxide particle, (?) a particular benzophenone compound and (?) a compound represented by the following formula (2). wherein R11 to R15 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group or an amino group and A1 represents an alkenyl group having 2 or more and 4 or less carbon atoms.

Abstract: A process for producing a toner of the present invention includes: a first step of heating a dispersion containing an aqueous medium and a binder resin containing a crystalline resin to a temperature higher than or equal to a melting point of the crystalline resin; and a second step of maintaining the dispersion at temperature T (° C.) for 30 minutes or longer in a state where a pH of the dispersion is maintained at 5.5 or higher and 9.0 or lower, in which the temperature T satisfies the following expression, Rc?25?T?Rc?5, where the Rc represents a recrystallization temperature (° C.) of the crystalline resin.

Abstract: Provided is a continuous reaction apparatus which can precisely control the path of flow of the liquid reaction mixture in the reaction vessel. Further, provided is a continuous reaction apparatus which can efficiently mix the liquid reaction mixture in the reaction vessel. The continuous reaction apparatus comprises a plurality of mixing vessel units and a plurality of partition units. These units are connected in the state of being alternately stacked on one another. Each mixing vessel unit has an agitating blade disposed in the inner space thereof. The relationship between the inner diameter D1 of the mixing vessel unit, the height H of the mixing vessel unit, and the outer diameter d1 of the agitating blade satisfies the formula (1): 10?(D1/H)?1.5, and the formula (2): 0.99?(d1/D1)?0.7. The agitating blade is a circular disc-type agitating blade.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a toner which is able to inhibit the occurrence of fog, which is excellent in intermittent endurance, and which is excellent in followability during toner transfer and is thus excellent in top edge part uniformity in solid pattern printing. Disclosed is a toner for developing electrostatic images, comprising colored resin particles containing a binder resin, a colorant and a release agent, and an external additive, wherein static and kinetic friction coefficients obtained by measuring, using a 3-mm-diameter stainless-steel ball as a contactor, a 55-mm-diameter disk-shaped pellet obtained by pressing 4 g of the toner at 9 MPa for one minute, are 0.220 to 0.320 and 0.190 to 0.270, respectively, and a difference calculated by subtracting the kinetic friction coefficient from the static friction coefficient is 0.010 to 0.090.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor having an overcoat layer and a cleaning unit that includes a cleaning blade, a tip of which contacts with the electrophotographic photoreceptor, wherein the toner contains a toner particle which contains a binder resin containing a crystalline polyester resin, a colorant and a release agent, and an external additive, and the toner satisfies the following Expression: 2?tan ?P1?2.5, wherein tan ?P1 represents a maximum value of a mechanical loss tangent existing in a range where a complex elastic modulus is from 1×106 Pa to 1×108 Pa, which is measured at an angular frequency of 6.28 rad/sec and a strain amount of 0.3%.

Abstract: An electrostatic image developing toner including a toner particle, wherein the toner particle contains a vinyl resin which is a polymer of a vinyl monomer having an acid group, a polyester resin, at least one of aluminum (Al) and magnesium (Mg), and tin (Sn), and when net intensities of Al, Mg and Sn in the toner particle measured by fluorescent X-ray analysis are respectively expressed as IAl, IMg and ISn, a ratio (IAl+IMg)/ISn is within a range of 0.5 to 2.5.

Abstract: Methacrylate resins of at least one bio-based methacrylate monomer, where the monomer includes a rosin or isosorbide moiety obtained from natural sources, can be used in toner, carrier coating or both.

Abstract: A method for coating pigment particles is provided, the method comprising heating a polymer resin in a carrier fluid to dissolve the polymer resin, suspending in the carrier fluid the pigment particles to be coated; and effecting precipitation of the polymer resin from the carrier fluid, such that a coating of the resin is formed on the pigment particles.

Abstract: A method for coating pigment particles is provided, the method comprising heating a polymer resin in a carrier fluid to dissolve the polymer resin; suspending in the carrier fluid white pigment particles to be coated; and cooling the carrier fluid at a rate of 2° C./hr or less to effect precipitation of the polymer resin from the carrier fluid such that a coating of the resin is formed on the pigment particles, thereby producing the white liquid electrophotographic ink composition.

Abstract: A discharging member includes an electrically conductive knit fabric, a support member, and a first magnet member. The conductive knit fabric is knitted into a cylindrical shape with use of yarn formed by twisting together a plurality of metal fibers. The support member is cylindrical shaped and inserted in the conductive knit fabric. The first magnet member is placed inside the support member. With the conductive knit fabric grounded or with a voltage applied to the conductive knit fabric, the discharging member is placed in noncontact with a discharged member in such a fashion that the first magnet member is opposed to the discharged member with the support member and the conductive knit fabric interposed therebetween.

Abstract: An optical writing device performing optical writing with a light-emitting element, performing light amount switching, and including: a unit estimating a first value corresponding to a current amount for causing the element to emit a first light amount immediately after the switching; a unit supplying to the element, from immediately after the switching, a current amount corresponding to a first digital value acquired by quantizing the first value; a unit estimating a time amount through which a current amount for keeping the element emitting the first light amount increases from the current amount for causing the element to emit the first light amount immediately after the switching to a current amount corresponding to a second digital value greater than the first digital value by one step; and a unit supplying to the element, when the time amount elapses after the switching, the current amount corresponding to the second digital value.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus comprising: an exposing unit including: a first light source comprising a first light emitter and a first light receiver including a first electric output responsive to a received light quantity of the first light emitter; a second light source comprising a second light emitter and a second light receiver including a second electric output responsive to a received light quantity of the second light emitter; and a first light-source driver electrically connected to the first light source and the second light source. The first light-source driver includes: a first output terminal electrically connected to the first light emitter; a second output terminal electrically connected to the second light emitter; and an input terminal electrically connected to both the first electric output and the second electric output.

Abstract: A setting unit of a controller mounted on a control board sets a first mode for generating, from image data, PWM data indicating a pattern for causing an LD to emit light and transmitting to a laser driving board, or a second mode for transmitting to the laser driving board image data prior to generation of the PWM data. A data conversion unit, in the first mode, converts inputted image data into N pieces of PWM data respectively corresponding to N LDs, and in the second mode, converts inputted image data into image data for each scanning line. A P/S conversion unit converts data outputted from the data conversion unit from a serial format into a parallel format, and transmits the converted data to the laser driving board as control data.

Abstract: A semiconductor laser driver and an image forming apparatus incorporating the semiconductor laser driver. The semiconductor laser driver includes a light source including a plurality of laser-beam source units disposed in a sub-scanning direction that serves as a group direction, the laser-beam source units having a plurality of groups arranged in a main scanning direction, each of the laser-beam source units emitting a laser beam of a light quantity dependent upon a driving current, a shading corrector to correct, according to at least one shading correction value, the driving current given to the laser-beam source units for each of the groups, and a light quantity adjuster to adjust the driving current according to a light-quantity adjustment value for the laser-beam source units. The image forming apparatus includes a semiconductor laser drive circuit, and the semiconductor laser driver that serves as the semiconductor laser driver.

Abstract: Provided is an image forming apparatus including an image carrier on which a latent image is developed, a developing roller that is provided to face the image carrier to perform development for the latent image on the image carrier, an urging unit that urges the image carrier and the developing roller so that the image carrier and the developing roller approach each other, and a distance regulating unit that includes a viscoelastic body that is deformed according to a change of a distance between the image carrier and the developing roller, and regulates at least one of a maximum value of the distance between the image carrier and the developing roller and a minimum value of the distance between the image carrier and the developing roller so that the distance between the image carrier and the developing roller falls within a predetermined range.

Abstract: Provided is a developing roller including a shaft body, an elastic layer formed on an external circumference of the shaft body, and a surface layer formed on an external circumference of the elastic layer. The surface layer is formed of polyurethane containing a reaction product of a fluoroethylene vinyl ether copolymer and an isocyanurate form of isocyanate and having a film thickness of from 0.5 ?m through 2.0 ?m. The developing roller has grooves in a surface of the developing roller. The angle of the grooves from a circumferential direction is from 0 degrees through 30 degrees.