Abstract: The present invention relates to an average-density-adjustable structure and more specifically provides a structure the average density of which is adjusted by changing the material of the structure and the size of a void formed therein and which can thereby float on the surface of or in a liquid and can easily bond with or change a material present in a gas or liquid by being equipped with a first material, which is one among an organic catalyst, an inorganic catalyst, a microorganism, and a biomolecule.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a super absorbent polymer which is excellent in various physical properties required for a super absorbent polymer, while exhibiting excellent water absorption capacity, absorption rate and liquid permeability, and a method for preparing the same.

Abstract: The present invention provides polyacrylic acid (salt)-based water-absorbing resin powder having an excellent fluid retention capacity under pressure, an excellent water absorption speed, and an excellent liquid permeability and a method for producing the polyacrylic acid (salt)-based water-absorbing resin powder. The earlier-described objects are attained by: a method for producing water-absorbing resin powder which includes adding an inorganic compound to a crosslinked hydrogel polymer obtained in a polymerization step of polymerizing a polyacrylic acid (salt) and performing crushing in specific gel-crushing conditions; and the resultant water-absorbing resin powder.

Abstract: The present invention provides efficient reaction conditions by clarifying a relationship between a contact time and an optimum particle diameter etc. in a method for reacting a reaction object with a liquid containing the reaction object being in contact with a granular porous body. The upper limit D (mm) of the particle diameter of the granular porous body is determined from D=0.556×LN (T)+0.166 in a column flow method in non-circulation type, and determined from D=0.0315×T+0.470 in the column flow method in a circulation type and a shaking method.

Abstract: A catalyst carrier may include an aluminate based body and may have a specific surface area of not greater than about 20 m2/g. The aluminate based body may include a hexaaluminate phase.

Abstract: A catalyst composition for methanol partial oxidation for hydrogen production includes a zinc metal supported on a reducible porous oxide carrier. The zinc metal can vary from about 0.1 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of the catalyst composition. The catalyst composition can be used to produce hydrogen from methanol at high yield and with a low selectivity towards carbon monoxide (CO) production. The reducible porous oxide carrier includes a mechanical mixture of CeO2 and ZrO2.

Abstract: A method of preparing a hydrogenation catalyst, for example, a phthalate hydrogenation catalyst, comprising contacting a silica support having a median pore size of at least about 10 nm with a silylating agent to form an at least partially coated silica support, calcining said coated silica support to form a treated silica support, and depositing a noble metal, preferably ruthenium, on the treated silica support, and optionally contacting the treated silica support with an optional chelating agent to form the hydrogenation catalyst; a hydrogenation catalyst prepared by that method; and a method of hydrogenating unsaturated hydrocarbons, such as phthalates, in which an unsaturated hydrocarbon is contacted with hydrogen gas in the presence of the hydrogenation catalyst of the invention.

Abstract: A low-platinum catalyst based on nitride nanoparticles and a preparation method thereof. A component of an active metal of the catalyst directly clades on a surface of nitride particles or a surface of nitride particles loaded on a carbon support in an ultrathin atomic layer form. Preparation steps including: preparing a transition-metal ammonia complex first, nitriding the obtained ammonia complex solid under an atmosphere of ammonia gas to obtain nitride nanoparticles; loading the nitride nanoparticles on a surface of a working electrode, depositing an active component on a surface of the nitride nanoparticles by pulsed deposition, to obtain the low platinum loading catalyst using a nitride as a substrate. The catalyst may be used as an anode or a cathode catalyst of a low temperature fuel cell.

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing an exhaust gas purifying filter that enables a catalyst to be supported on an exhaust gas purifying filter in a simple manner without the need for impregnation with or application of a solution containing catalyst particles after the production of the exhaust gas purifying filter and also enables an exhaust gas purifying filter having a high NOx reduction efficiency to be obtained. The method includes the steps of: extruding a mixture containing zeolite and raw material particles of a support to prepare a green body; firing the green body to prepare a sintered body; treating the sintered foody with alkali under a condition at pH 9.5 or more; and exchanging an element at an ion-exchange site of the zeolite contained in the alkali-treated sintered body with a transition metal.

Abstract: A mesoporous zeolitic material possessing an ordered mono-dimensional (1D) or two-dimensional (2D) network of micropores (ie pores<2 nm in diameter) containing mesopores (pores with diameters in the range 2-50 nm) connected to the microporores, the mesopores being characterized by an aspect ratio (length to width) higher than 2, a ratio of the volume of the intracrystalline mesopores to the volume of the micropores in the range 0.1 to 2 and an orientation of the mesopores in the direction of the micropores.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a copper-doped iron metal-organic framework, a preparation method thereof, and an application method for activation of persulfate to treat organic wastewater. The copper-doped iron metal-organic framework is prepared by solution impregnation method, using relatively large specific surface area and more hollow structures of the iron metal-organic framework to effectively load copper ion. This method uses the unsaturated-coordinate iron active center on the iron metal-organic framework and copper ions on the load as a catalyst body, utilizing catalytic synergies of both to efficiently and continuously activate persulfate to produce sulfate radical anion for degradation of organic pollutants.

Abstract: A photocatalytic composition comprising: (a) at least one aerial binder; (b) at least one photocatalyst; (c) at least one cellulose ether; (d) at least one fluidizing agent; (e) at least one pumice in the form of micronized powder; (f) at least one barite in the form of micronized powder. This composition can be used as water-based paint for preparing wall coatings having a very low thickness, in particular for interior applications, which guarantee a high photocatalytic effect and stable with time, even with relatively low quantities of photocatalyst, normally lower than 10% by weight. This coating also has marked inhibitory properties with respect to the growth of mold and bacteria on wall surfaces.

Abstract: The invention relates to long chain alcohol, to processes for catalytically producing long chain alcohol from carbon monoxide and molecular hydrogen, to equipment useful in such processes, and to the use of long chain alcohol, e.g., for producing fuel, lubricating oil, detergent, and plasticizer. The catalyst is mesoporous and comprises iron and copper.

Abstract: Catalysts that are resistant to high-temperature sintering and methods for preparing such catalysts that are resistant to sintering at high temperatures are provided. The catalyst may be prepared by contacting a solution comprising an ionic species with one or more charged surface regions of a catalyst support. A surface of the catalyst support further includes one or more catalyst particles disposed adjacent to the one or more charged surface regions. The ionic species has a first charge opposite to a second charge of the one or more charged surface regions. Next, the ionic species is associated with the one or more charged surface regions to form a layer on the one or more select surface regions. The layer is calcined to generate a coating comprising metal oxide on the one or more select surface regions, where the coating is formed adjacent to the one or more catalyst particles.

Abstract: Catalyst systems that are resistant to high-temperature sintering and methods for preparing such catalyst systems that are resistant to sintering at high temperatures are provided. Methods of forming such catalyst systems include contacting a support having a surface including a catalyst particle with a solution comprising a metal salt and having an acidic pH. The metal salt is precipitated onto the surface of the support. Next, the metal salt is calcined to selectively generate a porous coating of metal oxide on the surface of the support distributed around the catalyst particle.

Abstract: A process comprising (i) providing a spent catalytic material; (ii) water washing the spent catalytic material to provide a regenerated catalytic material; and (iii) employing the regenerated catalytic material within a catalytic oxidation process.

Abstract: Provided are: a cleaning agent for a denitration catalyst; and a denitration catalyst regeneration method and a denitration catalyst regeneration system which make it possible to efficiently remove matter adhering to a surface of a catalyst and to greatly restore catalytic performance. The regeneration method includes: a prewashing step (S12) of washing a denitration catalyst with water; a liquid agent cleaning step (S14) of immersing the denitration catalyst washed with water in a liquid agent containing an inorganic acid and a fluorine compound; a step of recovering the denitration catalyst from the liquid agent; and a finish washing step (S16) of washing the denitration catalyst recovered from the liquid agent with a finish cleaning liquid which is water or sulfamic acid-containing water.

Abstract: A polysulfone membrane is modified so that monomers are grafted onto the surface of the membrane. The polysulfone membranes can be grafted by contacting the membrane with a grafting solution and exposing the membrane to electromagnetic radiation, typically within the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum. The monomers that are grafted are typically anionic or cationic. The grafted membranes can be used for filtering impurities, such as positively and negatively charged particles, from a liquid. Anionic membranes provide improved filtration of negatively charged impurities, while cationic membranes provide improved filtration of positively charged impurities.

Abstract: A pipetting device has a pipetting channel extending along a channel path, in which a piston is accommodated to be movable along the channel path to change the pressure of a working gas that wets the piston on a dosing side facing the dosing liquid. The pipetting device includes a movement drive for driving the piston along the channel path and a control unit configured to operate the movement drive for pipetting a predetermined single dosing volume of less than 5 ?l with the piston moving in the pipetting direction and its dosing side end face sweeping over a pipetting volume which is not less than 1.4 times greater than the single dosing volume, and subsequently moving in a counter pipetting direction and its dosing side end face sweeping over a counter pipetting volume, wherein not more than 50 ms elapse between beginning control signals.

Abstract: A liquid-sample analyzer includes a housing that delimits an interior space and a recess adapted to receive a main body of a collection device that collects a liquid sample. When inserted into the recess, the main body extends longitudinally from the opening along a longitudinal axis of the collection device. The detection-and-analysis device is configured to detect and to analyze at least one representative parameter of the liquid sample. The locking-and-releasing retains the collection device in a locking position when the main body has been inserted into the recess. The releasing member exerts an ejection force on the main body toward the opening. The abutment portion contacts a bearing portion of the main body so as to immobilize the collection device while the main body is subjected to the ejection force.

Abstract: A biochemical analytical device and a biochemical analytical method for determining an analyte in a test sample are provided. In the technique, the biochemical analytical device includes a sample port to receive the test sample, a sensor to probe the test sample and to generate sensor data, and a processor. The sensor data corresponds to the analyte in the test sample. The processor receives the sensor data from the sensor and selects a non-linear function for the received sensor data. The processor fits the selected non-linear function to the sensor data. Additionally, the processor compares the fitted non-linear function to a reference data to determine the analyte in the test sample.

Abstract: A microfluidic coagulation assessment device includes a plurality of microchannels, with a blood sample driven through the microchannels at a substantially constant flow rate. A controller is configured to, in combination with a timer and a pressure sensing device, determine a first pressure value (or flow value) at an initiation of flow, a first time (Tpg) at which a second pressure value is about twice the determined first pressure value, and a second time (Tpf) at which a third pressure value is about (1+e) times the determined first pressure value and establish a subject coagulation model predictive of channel occlusion therefrom.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are devices and techniques for providing for enhanced fluid mixing in a sample vial. A plunger head may be removably housed inside of a cap that is attached to a container; the cap may have an opening allowing a shaft, e.g., a probe or sipper shaft, to be inserted into the cap and into the plunger head. The shaft may be used to push the plunger head free of the cap, and then to reciprocate the plunger head within the container to mix the content. Withdrawal of the shaft may then cause the plunger head to disengage from the shaft and remain in the container.

Abstract: A sample carrier having a region for receiving a sample which is to be analyzed, the volume thereof being between 1-100 ?l, and having an area for handling the sample carrier. The sample carrier is characterized by devices for the fluid-tight placement of the sample carrier together with the sample in an analysis device. An analysis device, in particular a flow cell, includes the sample carrier.

Abstract: An analysis system may perform operations on an analyte that may be combined with multiple regents prior to being introduced into a flow cell. The instrument may include a volume into which the reagents to be combined with the analyte are aspirated one-by-one. The volume may be formed as a serpentine channel in a valve manifold associated with sippers for aspirating the reagents. The reagents may then be mixed by cycling a pump to move the reagents within the mixing volume or channel.

Abstract: An integrated device for a sample collection and transfer is provided. The integrated device comprises a capillary channel disposed between a first layer and a second layer, wherein the first layer comprises a hydrophilic layer comprising a fluid inlet for receiving a sample fluid to the capillary channel, wherein the capillary channel comprises an inner surface and an outer surface; and an outlet for driving out the sample fluid. The device further comprises a third layer comprising an adhesive material such as a patterned adhesive material and a flow path, wherein the third layer is disposed on the outer surface of the capillary, at a determining position relative to the outlet, such that the capillary is in contact with the third layer and the outlet is in contact with the flow path of the third layer for allowing the sample fluid out from the integrated device.

Abstract: An in vitro microfluidic “organ-on-chip” is described herein that mimics the structure and at least one function of specific areas of the epithelial system in vivo. In particular, a multicellular, layered, microfluidic culture is described, allowing for interactions between lamina propria-derived cells and the associated tissue specific epithelial cells and endothelial cells. This in vitro microfluidic system can be used for modeling inflammatory tissue, e.g., autoimmune disorders involving epithelia and diseases involving epithelial layers. These multicellular, layered microfluidic “organ-on-chip”, e.g. “epithelia-on-chip” further allow for comparisons between types of epithelia tissues, e.g., lung (Lung-On-Chip), bronchial (Airway-On-Chip), skin (Skin-On-Chip), cervix (Cervix-On-Chip), blood brain barrier (BBB-On-Chip), etc., in additional to neurovascular tissue, (Brain-On-Chip), and between different disease states of tissue, i.e. healthy, pre-disease and diseased areas.

Abstract: There is presented a microfluidic device comprising a plurality of layers and a common manifold, wherein a fluid comprising a target population of particles having a specified range of diameters may be processed by the device by flowing from the common manifold through the channels of each layer within the plurality of layers, and fluid collected from a first outlet of each layer within the plurality of layers comprises the target population of particles, and fluid collected from a second outlet of each layer within the plurality of layers is substantially devoid of the target population of particles. A method of use of said device and systems comprising at least one said device are also presented.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for separating blood cells comprising the steps of: (a) lysing red blood cells of a blood sample and diluting said sample; (b) providing a microfluidic device comprising a spiral-shaped flow channel having at least a first end and a second end, wherein said flow channel has two inlet ports at or near said first end and at least two outlet ports at or near said second end, wherein one of the two inlet ports is located at the inner wall of the spiral-shaped flow channel and the other inlet port is located at the outer wall of the spiral-shaped flow channel and at least one of the outlet ports is connected to a container allowing the storage of blood cells; (c) introducing the sample of step (a) into the inlet port located at the outer wall of the spiral-shaped flow channel and introducing a sheath fluid into the inlet port located at the inner wall of the spiral-shaped flow channel; (d) driving said sample and the sheath fluid through the spiral-shaped flow channel; and (e) re

Abstract: A microfluidic device includes a substrate and a cover. The substrate has an inlet port, a first microchannel, one or more parking loops, a second microchannel and an outlet port for each microchannel network. The first microchannel is connected to the inlet port, the second microchannel is connected to the outlet port, the parking loops are connected between the first and second microchannels. Each parking loop includes a parking loop inlet, a parking loop output, a fluidic trap connected between the parking loop inlet and the parking loop outlet, and a bypass microchannel connected to the parking loop inlet and the parking loop outlet. The cover is attached to a top of the substrate and has an inlet opening and an outlet opening through the cover for each microchannel network. The inlet and outlet openings of the cover are disposed above the inlet and outlet ports in the substrate.

Abstract: A droplet actuator device for conducting droplet operations is provided that comprises a substrate defines a device channel to conduct droplet operations. Electrodes are arranged proximate to the substrate. A drive circuit is connected to the electrodes. The drive circuit generates an electrode drive signal to drive the droplet operations based on a reference waveform. The electrode drive signal is partitioned into an AC modulated drive cycle formed of sub-cycles. The electrode drive signal switches, during the sub-cycle, between at least first and second states where a degree of modulation with respect to the reference waveform forms a balanced modulation pattern.

Abstract: A cartridge for use with chemical or biological analysis systems is provided. The cartridge may include a floating microfluidic plate that is held in the cartridge using one or more floating support brackets that incorporate gaskets that may seal against fluidic ports on the microfluidic plate. The floating support brackets may include indexing features that may align the microfluidic plate with the seals.

Abstract: A distribution member may include a distributing plate, a plurality of protecting plates and a second protecting plate. The distributing plate may be connected with a vertical shaft of the vertical shaft impact crusher. The distributing plate may have a first distributing surface having a conical shape, and a second distributing surface. The first protecting plates may be attached to the first distributing surface of the distributing plate. The second protecting plate may be attached to the second distributing surface of the distributing plate. Thus, the distribution member may be semi-permanently used by properly exchanging any one of the first protecting plates and/or the second protecting plate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for preparing and activating a raw material, wherein the raw material is comminuted by means of grinding rollers in a mill-classifier combination, and wherein the mill-classifier combination is set and operated to produce a ground product with a fineness of between D50=3 ?m and D50=12 ?m. Here, a part of the grinding product is comminuted by means of the mill-classifier combination to a diameter of <5 ?m. Subsequently the ground product is subjected to a further classification in an ultrafine grain classifier unit which has a separation threshold in order to separate ultrafine grain with a fineness of <D50=6 ?m. The invention further relates to an installation configuration for carrying out the method according to the invention.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method to grind meat in grinder wherein the meat is provided to the grinder via a hopper (5) and transported by a feeder worm (2) to a rotating processing worm (3) which conveys the meat towards a cutting set (4) which grinds the meat and wherein the feeder worm (2) initially rotates in a first direction. In case the feeder worm (2) is overloaded, its direction of rotation is reversed to a second direction for a certain period of time and then reversed back to the first direction.

Abstract: An intelligent elutriation magnetic separator includes a material feeding trough, an overflow trough, a separation tank, excitation coils, a balance column, an outer cover, a water supply system, a lower cone, a concentrate discharging system and sensors. The excitation coils are sleeved outside the periphery of the separation tank, and the outer cover is sleeved outside the excitation coils. The balance column is mounted on the inner sides of the separation tank; the balance column and the separation tank are coaxially mounted; and the water supply system is located on the separation tank. The lower cone and the separation tank are mounted intercommunicated at the bottom. The concentrate discharging system is mounted on the bottom of the lower cone; and the sensor is mounted on the lower cone for measuring the slurry concentration in the separation tank. An automatic intelligent program is used to control the intelligent elutriation magnetic separator.

Abstract: A system and method for detection of cells is disclosed. Target cells, such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), may be of interest. Magnetic beads may be bound to the target cells. After which, the target cells (with the magnetic beads attached thereto) may be identified using an applied magnetic field. In one example, magnetic sensors may be used to detect movement of the target cells responsive to an applied magnetic field. In another example, an optical sensor (such as a camera) may be used to detect movement of the target cells responsive to an applied magnetic field. Further, separate from identification of the target cells, the target cells may be sorted using an applied magnetic field. In this way, a magnetic field may be used in either or both of target cell identification or target cell sorting in order to detect target cells of interest.

Abstract: A method of identifying a spray tip from a plurality of spray tips based on a selected fluid is presented. The method comprises the step of selecting the fluid. The fluid is characterized by a set of given physical parameters. The method also comprises the step of selecting an application pressure. The application pressure is sufficient to cause atomization of the fluid through the spray tip. The method also comprises the step of selecting the spray tip for the fluid applicator, based on characteristics of the fluid. The spray tip is selected based on an ability to process the fluid. The spray tip is selected such that the fluid has a viscosity on the order of 10 mPa·s in the shear rate range of 104-106 s?1 to ensure a turbulent flow downstream of a pre-orifice.

Abstract: A liquid processing apparatus includes a holding device, a rotation device, and a processing fluid supply device including a nozzle positioned to face a surface of a substrate, a first supply path connected to the nozzle, and a second supply path connected to the nozzle such that the supply device supplies processing liquid to the substrate. The nozzle has a common flow path extending in radial direction from center portion toward peripheral portion of the substrate, and discharge ports connected to the common path and positioned in the radial direction, the first path is connected to the common path and supplies first liquid to the common path, the second path is connected to the common path and supplies second liquid to the common path that is different from the first liquid in temperature and/or concentration, and the first and second paths are communicatively connected each other via the common path.

Abstract: A spray manifold for a brush box is disclosed which includes an elongated body having a plurality of holes formed in a line along a direction parallel to a longitudinal axis of the body, a linear slot formed along a length of the body aligning with the line of the holes, a central bore formed along the length of the body and between each of the holes and the slot, and a cover disposed on the slot.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a coating agent valve for controlling a stream of a coating agent in an application device, in particular in an atomiser, having a movable valve element (2) which controls the stream of coating agent dependent on its position. The disclosure provides for the valve element (2) to be rotatable.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a painting method and a rotating atomization type painting device. On an inner surface of a bell cup constituting the rotating atomization type painting device are formed a first paint diffusion unit positioned on the inside in the radial direction and a second paint diffusion unit positioned between the first paint diffusion unit and a peripheral edge part. The first paint diffusion unit has a convex shaped curved surface extending toward the center of rotation of the bell cup, whereas the second paint diffusion unit has a concave shaped curved surface extending away from the center of rotation. The diameter of the bell cup is set at 75-150 mm, and the speed of rotation of the bell cup is set at 8000-30000 rpm.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to an applicator (RZ), in particular a rotary atomizer, for the application of a coating agent, in particular a two-component paint, comprising a first coating agent connection (SL) for feeding a first coating agent, in particular a basic resin of a two-component paint, a first coating agent strand (L1-L4), which extends in the applicator (RZ) from the first coating agent connection (SL) and carries the first coating agent, and a first valve (SLV1), which is arranged in the first coating agent strand (L1-L4) and controls the flow of the first coating agent, wherein the first valve (SLV1) can be controlled by a first control signal. It is proposed that a first pressure-relief valve (SLV1), which is actuated by its own medium, is arranged in the first coating agent strand (L1-L4) and, to avoid a problem being caused by excessive pressure, opens automatically when the pressure upstream of the first pressure-relief valve (SLV1) exceeds a certain maximum pressure.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a needle valve for controlling a fluid flow of a coating agent (H, SL) in a painting system, particularly for controlling a fluid flow of a two-component mixture consisting of two coating agent components (H, SL), particularly a two-component paint made from a master batch (SL) and a curing agent (H), comprising a valve seat (7) and a displaceable valve needle (7) with a needle stem and a valve head (5), wherein the valve head (5) closes the valve seat (7) in a closed position of the valve needle (7), while the valve head (5) opens the valve seat (7) in an opened position of the valve needle (7). The disclosure provides a flexible membrane (18) which surrounds the valve needle (7) annularly and in a sealing manner upstream before the needle head (5).

Abstract: A spray gun comprises a gun body (1); a liquid container (4) with a top, the liquid container (4) having an opening on the top; a lid (3) for covering on the opening of the liquid container (4); a connecting pipe (2) connecting the gun body (1) to the lid (3); a tube (42) connected to the connecting pipe (2); wherein the lid (3) has a liquid feeding hole (41) communicating with the opening of the liquid container (4); the tube (42) enables flow of liquid between the liquid container (4) and the gun body (1). Compared with the prior art, by the improvement to the lid and the arrangement of the matched sealing device, the spray gun of the present invention can feed raw material into the liquid container without replacing the liquid container. In addition, during this process, pipes inside the spray gun can be ensured to be communicated with each other so as to prevent the fed material from splashing anywhere.

Abstract: A gardening water spray gun may include a main body, a water guiding tube, a guiding sleeve, an axle shaft, a nozzle cap, a control ring, a spray head and a block ring. The water spray gun of the present invention not only has the functions of garden watering and item washing but also is configured to provide powerful and wide-range water stream as a water bloom, which is configured to easily remove dust and dirt attached on the wall or floor and improve the practicability of the water spray gun.

Abstract: In exemplary embodiments of the present invention, “Flairosol” dispensing devices can be provided. Such devices utilize a combination of Flair® technology, pre-compression valves and aerosol-like pressurization of the dispensed liquid. Such a dispensing device has, for example, a main body comprising a pressure chamber, the latter being provided with a pressure piston and a pressure spring. The device further has a piston and a piston chamber which draws liquid from a container, for example, the inner container of a Flair® bottle, and fills the pressure chamber with that liquid as a user operates a trigger in various compression and release strokes. The piston chamber has both an inlet valve and an outlet valve, which serve to prevent backflow.

Abstract: A dispensing closure (10) for dispensing a flowable product (12) from a squeeze-type product container (14) includes a closure body (16) having an upper deck (32), an exit orifice (34), a flow conduit (36) providing a flow path to the exit orifice, and a skirt (40) configured to attach to the product container. A measuring reservoir (26) is received in engagement with a lower surface of the upper deck. The measuring reservoir is filled with a measured dose of flowable product through flow ports (54) when the container is inverted. A piston valve (28) is slidably movable within the measuring reservoir between an open position and a closed position. The piston valve is movable from the open position to the closed position to dispense the measured dose of product responsive to pressure within the container induced by squeezing.

Abstract: [Object] To provide a pump dispenser which allows accurate determination of a direction of spraying of liquid without a nozzle part moving toward a higher or lower position and, furthermore, whose trigger is excellent in operability.

Abstract: A thermal spraying method for coating an inner surface of a cylinder of an internal combustion engine or a piston engine. The method includes applying a thermal spray layer to the inner surface of the cylinder via a spray jet which is emitted by a spray torch and which includes a spray material, optically monitoring, via an optical sensor device, surroundings of the spray jet as defined by a space outside the spray jet, and assuming a coating process to be defective if the optical sensor device detects one or more particles of the spray material supplied to the spray torch in the surroundings monitored outside the spray jet and a parameter of the one or more particles exceeds a defined threshold.