Abstract: An apparatus for assembling a composite arrangement including a plurality of functional elements each having an aperture for a shaft, in a predetermined angular position on the shaft, may include a plurality of retaining devices each intended for accommodating a functional element. The retaining devices may be arranged vertically one above another such that the apertures of the functional elements may lie on a vertical line. The apparatus may also include a vertically movable guide slide for the shaft so that a joining of the shaft with the functional elements may take place in a vertical direction. The apparatus may also include a heating device by which at least two functional elements may be heated simultaneously. The apparatus may further include a gripping device by which at least two functional elements which are to be joined may be removed together from the heating device and introduced into the retaining devices.

Abstract: A propulsive engine rotor configured for operation within a gas turbine includes a plurality of spaced airfoil blades circumferentially affixed to an outer hoop-style rim. At least two of the airfoil blades have an integral root configured to extend either through or at least radially inwardly from the rim. A woven fiber system provides that the blade roots are interdigitally wrapped by a plurality of woven fibers before impregnation and/or encapsulation of the fibers and wrapped roots within a ceramic or other composite matrix material to form a composite ring. The composite ring defines the interior body of the rotor, includes a bore through which passes the rotational axis of the rotor, and has a lower mass than the rotor rim. The woven fiber interface between the roots increases the tensile load capacity of the airfoil blades relative to the composite ring, and increases the self-sustaining radius of the rotor.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing heat dissipation device includes the steps of providing at least one heat transfer unit; further providing at least one frame for connecting to the at least one heat transfer unit; and spot welding the heat transfer unit to the frame at a junction formed therebetween, so that the heat transfer unit is fixedly attached to the frame. With the above method, the steps for assembling the heat transfer unit to the frame are effectively reduced, and the material and production costs for applying adhesive agent or adhesive tape are also saved.

Abstract: The machine comprises: a first station (4) for loading and unloading said cylinder head (9) and for loading said guides (13) and seats (12) in an upper mask (11) and a lower mask (10), respectively; a second pressing station (5) for the assembly and pressing of said guides (13) and seats (12) in the cylinder head (9); a rotating table (6) that comprises a first support tool (8) and a second support tool (8?), the first and second tools are configured to support a cylinder head (9) and the aforementioned table is configured to rotate so that the first tool (8) and the second tool (8?) are arranged alternatively and simultaneously at the first station (4) and at the second station (5); a first manipulator (7) configured to place said guides (13) and said seats (12) in the upper mask (11) and in the lower mask (10), respectively, at the first station (4); at least one pressing head (21) configured to snap the seats (12) and guides (13) on to the cylinder head (9) at the second station (5).

Abstract: A rotary table includes a clamping mechanism including a piston driven by operating fluid in a direction of either of clamping and unclamping a brake disc, and a biasing means fixed by a case and the piston to always bias the piston in a direction of either of clamping and unclamping the brake disc by a recovery force of elastic deformation.

Abstract: In a machine tool in which a spindle head is driven by a spindle head drive motor via a ball screw/nut mechanism, tools of different weights are each installed in the spindle head beforehand, a load torque applied to the spindle head drive motor is obtained, and relational data between the tool weight and the load torque is stored. When each tool is installed in the spindle head, the weight of the tool is estimated from, the load torque detected by a load torque detection unit while the spindle head is stopped, and the relational data between the tool weight and load torque.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a floor surfacing machine comprising a frame that is carried by a first wheel and a second wheel. The floor surfacing machine further comprises a first motor, a handle arrangement, at least one planetary head that is rotatably mounted to the frame and at least one satellite surfacing head that is rotatably mounted to the planetary head, where the first motor is arranged to propel the planetary head. The floor surfacing machine comprises a first control unit, and a remote control panel which in turn comprises a second control unit) that is arranged to communicate with the first control unit. The floor surfacing machine also comprises a second motor that is arranged to propel the satellite surfacing heads such that the planetary head and the satellite surfacing heads are independently operable.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improved inner-supporting-type online roundness correcting device for a semifinished wheel, which comprises a machine frame, hydraulic cylinders, guide rails, servo motors and correcting wheels.

Abstract: A polishing apparatus capable of correcting an inclination of a polishing head is disclosed. The polishing apparatus includes: a polishing table configured to support a polishing pad thereon; a polishing head configured to press a substrate against the polishing pad; a rotational shaft coupled to the polishing head; a self-aligning rolling bearing that tiltably supports the rotational shaft; a radial rolling bearing that receives a radial load of the rotational shaft; a detector configured to detect an inclination of the rotational shaft; and an inclination adjusting device configured to adjust the inclination of the rotational shaft.

Abstract: A polishing apparatus capable of enabling a user to know a frequency and a trend of a retry operation of retrying a substrate release operation is disclosed. The polishing apparatus includes: a substrate holder configured to press a substrate against a polishing pad; a fluid ejection system configured to eject a fluid into a gap between the substrate and a flexible membrane for releasing the substrate from a substrate holding surface; an operation controller configured to instruct the fluid ejection system to perform a retry operation of ejecting the fluid again in a case where the release of the wafer has failed; and a monitoring device configured to store a historical information of the retry operation.

Abstract: Described are materials and methods for processing (polishing or planarizing) a substrate that contains pattern dielectric material using a polishing composition (aka “slurry”) and an abrasive pad, e.g., CMP processing.

Abstract: An external clamp ring for a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) carrier head having a hydrophobic coating, and a carrier head having the same are described herein. In one embodiment, an external clamp ring is provided that includes a cylindrical body having an outer cylindrical wall and an inner cylindrical wall. A hydrophobic layer disposed is on the outer cylindrical wall.

Abstract: Pneumatic machining device includes a fixing plate, a hollow piston shell, a piston group, a machining tool, a first sealing group, and a second sealing group. The piston shell is fixed to the fixing plate and coupled to a first external pressure source and second external pressure source to feed gas into the piston shell to drive the piston group and the machining tool, respectively. The piston group and the first and second sealing groups are received inside the piston shell. The piston group is driven by the first external pressure source to move away from the fixing plate. The first and second sealing groups divide the piston shell into a number of chambers for controlling a gas pressure. The machining tool is coupled to the piston group and extends out of the piston shell to machine a workpiece as the piston group moves away from the fixing plate.

Abstract: A grinder guard assembly disclosed for a grinder blade includes a rotatable and adjustable indexed grinder guard defining a plurality of indexed and chamfered holes adjacent to an inner ring thereof and an “L” edge configured on an outer circumference thereof to form a guard by retaining grinding debris and preventing outside intervention. The grinder guard assembly also includes an annulus forming a single member with an inside washer and an outside washer and a space there between configured to slidably retain the indexed grinder guard in a common plane with the washers, the annulus configured to axially attach to a hub of the grinder. The grinder guard assembly further includes torque sensitive protrusions mounted from the outside washer, the protrusions configured to lock with the chamfered holes of the indexed grinder guard and retract therefrom based on a torque force applied to the indexed grinder guard relative to the annulus.

Abstract: A retaining body for a grinding structure, in particular a grinding wheel, includes a fixing layer with a fixing surface. The fixing surface has a fixing structure configured to fix a flexible grinding structure, and includes a support body with a support surface. The support surface supports a fixing layer retaining surface that lies opposite the fixing surface, and is connected to the retaining surface. The support body is air- and dust-permeable, and includes an air- and dust-permeable material. The fixing layer is configured such that the fixing surface is substantially air- and dust-permeable in a direction that runs substantially perpendicular to the fixing surface, and such that an air flow can pass from the fixing surface through the fixing layer in a substantially perpendicular manner relative to the fixing surface.

Abstract: Methods of forming polycrystalline compacts include subjecting a plurality of grains of hard material interspersed with a catalyst material to high-temperature and high-pressure conditions to form a polycrystalline material having intergranular bonds and interstitial spaces between adjacent grains of the hard material. The catalyst material is disposed in at least some of the interstitial spaces in the polycrystalline material. The methods further comprise substantially removing the catalyst material from the interstitial spaces in at least a portion of the polycrystalline material to form an at least partially leached polycrystalline compact; and removing a portion of the polycrystalline material from which the catalyst material has been substantially removed from the at least partially leached polycrystalline compact. The polycrystalline cutting elements may be secured to a bit body of an earth-boring tool.

Abstract: A clamping tool of the type including a C-shaped body and a drive screw with a threaded portion in mechanical communication with a threaded receiver in one end of the C-shaped body and including at least two threaded receivers in one end of the C-shaped body, each adapted to separately and independently receive and support the threaded portion of the drive screw. A backstop may be included with a backstop pin extending from a surface of the backstop and at least two non-collinear backstop bushings in a second end of the C-shaped body. The at least two non-collinear backstop bushings may each be adapted to receive and support the backstop pin of the backstop, thereby providing more than one position of the backstop on the C-shaped body.

Abstract: A polygonal wrench tool has a stick body, a mounting tube, a positioning ball and a spring. The stick body has an insertion end, a first positioning trough, a first distance, a second positioning trough, and a second distance. The first distance is defined between a center of the first positioning trough and the insertion end. The second distance is defined between a center of the second positioning trough and the insertion end. The mounting tube is slidably mounted around the stick body and has a ball hole and a third distance defined between a center of the ball hole and a tube end of the mounting tube. The third distance is larger than the first distance and is shorter than the second distance. The positioning ball is accommodated in the ball hole and abuts the engagement portion. The spring presses the positioning ball.

Abstract: A ratchet wrench includes a head having a first room for receiving a driving member, and a second room for receiving a pawl. Two recesses are defined in the inner periphery of the second room. A tip portion is located between the two recesses. The tip portion passes through the two respective centers of the first and second rooms. The pawl is controlled by a bolt and a lever. A spring and a contact member are received in a positioning hole in the rear side of the pawl. The contact member is biased by the spring and engaged with one of the two recesses to push the pawl to be engaged with the driving member. The contact member is restricted between one of the two recesses and the positioning hole so as to bear a large torque.

Abstract: A hand-held power tool comprises a tool receiver, a drive spindle, and at least one active drive unit configured to drive the tool receiver via the drive spindle. The tool receiver and the drive spindle are moveable with respect to each other and connected in the circumferential direction via a form-fit connection.

Abstract: A driver bit for applying torque to a fastener with both wrenches and bit screwdrivers comprising: a) a drive portion comprising: i) a hexagonal shank portion, and ii) a holder portion comprising a collar or a groove that is capable of accommodating a C-clip; and b) a working head portion.

Abstract: A mounting device for a sealing ring, having a transport/mounting protective sleeve for the sealing ring and a sleeve-shaped punch with which the transport/mounting protective sleeve is movable on both sides in axial direction and automatically removable, wherein the protective sleeve has an inner step, extending axially, and an outside diameter corresponding to the outside diameter of a machine element to be sealed, and an axial length substantially corresponding to the axial length of the sealing ring, wherein the inner step is bounded axially counter to mounting direction by at least one end-side stop for the sealing ring, which stop forms part of an outer step likewise extending in the axial direction, wherein the outer step has a first driver surface with which at least one latching-lug-shaped driver of the punch can be engaged for automatic removal of the protective sleeve when the punch moves counter to the mounting direction.

Abstract: The invention relates to a press tool for connection of a pipe and a fitting, in particular for inseparable connection, with two pivoting elements, with two actuating sections formed on the pivoting elements, with two pressing sections formed on the pivoting elements, with two carrier elements assigned to the pivoting elements, and with a bistable tension mechanism, wherein each of the pivoting elements is mounted so that it can pivot about an assigned axis of rotation, wherein the carrier elements hold the axes of rotation, wherein the inner contours of the opposing pressing sections form a receiving area and wherein the receiving area formed by the inner contours in a first closed position of the pivoting elements is narrower than in a second open position of the pivoting elements.

Abstract: A clearance control system for a hydraulic hammer is disclosed. The hydraulic hammer includes a housing member, a power cell disposed within the housing member, a wear member disposed between the housing member and the power cell, and a clearance control system for controlling the predefined clearance between the wear member and the power cell. The clearance control system includes a mounting boss and a fastening member disposed on the mounting boss. A first end of the fastening member is configured to receive an input from an operator and the second end is configured to contact with the first surface of the wear member. The fastening member is configured to move along a central axis defined by a threaded hole of the mounting boss to move the wear member towards the power cell, to control the predefined clearance between the wear member and the power cell.

Abstract: A portable power tool includes a drive motor configured to generate torque, a transmission including a plurality of transmission gears positioned in a housing and configured to transmit torque generated by the drive motor to a drive shaft, a first adjusting element positioned on the housing, and a first sensor configured to detect a position of the first adjusting element. The first adjusting element is configured to set at least one of the torque and a transmission gear of the plurality of transmission gears. The first sensor is configured to transmit a first signal corresponding to the position of the first adjusting element to an electronic control element.

Abstract: A palm ratchet tool includes an upper cover, a lower cover, a ratchet, a ratchet switch, and sockets. The upper cover is provided with through holes. The sockets are disposed in the through holes, respectively. The ratchet switch is disposed between the upper and lower covers. The ratchet switch includes a left detent, a right detent, and a pendular rod connected with the left and right detents. The lower cover is connected with the bottoms of the sockets. The top end of the pendular rod passes through the lower surface of the lower cover. The ratchet is disposed on the outer rims of the upper and lower covers. The inner surface of the ratchet is provided with a ratchet wheel. The ratchet switch is disposed close to the ratchet. The left detent or the right detent engages with the ratchet wheel under the action of the pendular rod.

Abstract: Disclosed is an embedded doorframe structure of a toolbox. The left side and the right side of the doorframe structure is configured and fixed at the front end of a left lateral plate of the toolbox and a right lateral plate of the toolbox by a fastener. The upper side of the doorframe structure is connected to the inner side of the left lateral plate of the toolbox and the inner side of the right lateral plate of the toolbox by a screw. The lower side of the doorframe structure is configured at the front end of a bottom plate of the toolbox, and is clamped and fixed by the left lateral plate of the toolbox and the right lateral plate of the toolbox. A bolt of the toolbox is connected to the inner side of the doorframe structure.

Abstract: The welding Wood Creeper Recliner is designed for the welding field, focusing on the overhead welding. This creeper comprise on the frame, the back-receiving and the sitting part which are made of wood allowing the use of the electric equipment without the risk of electrocution as would be with metal material. The frame it is the base of the creeper, the seating-part it is mounted on top of the frame which it is elevated to prevent the user to slide forward and the back-receiving has a reclining mechanic system designed to lounge to seven position depending on height of the project. Additionally this wood creeper has a four caster wheels allowing the user to move without stopping the welding procedure.

Abstract: A robot assembly for transporting a substrate is presented. The robot assembly having a first arm and a second arm supported by a column, the first arm further having a first limb, the first limb having a first set of revolute joint/line pairs configured to provide translation and rotation of the distal most link of the first limb in the horizontal plane. The assembly further having a second arm further having a second limb, the second limb comprising a second set of revolute joint/link pairs configured to provide translation and rotation of a distalmost link of the second limb in the horizontal plane. The first limb and second limb further having proximal revolute joints having a common vertical axis of rotation and a proximal inner joint housed in a common housing.

Abstract: Systems and methods for an actuation system including a plurality of single actuation units for modular control of a tendon-driven robotic mechanism are disclosed.

Abstract: Utilities (e.g., systems, apparatuses, methods) that reduce robotic assembly contention in media element storage libraries by rotating (e.g., flipping, swinging, etc.) a robot arm of a first robotic assembly mounted over a first of first and second spaced storage arrays in a storage library into a first position between the first storage array and a central reference plane disposed between and parallel to the first and second storage arrays to allow a robot arm of a second robotic assembly to slide or otherwise move past the robot arm of the first robotic assembly (e.g., in a direction along or parallel to an x-axis parallel to the first and second storage arrays), even when the robot arms of the first and second robotic assemblies are disposed at the same height (e.g., along a z-axis that is perpendicular to the x-axis) within the storage library.

Abstract: Motion control of a robot arm is performed via a reducer connected to a motor. A controller thereof includes a thrust control unit that generates motor position command value based on an input thrust command value, and a motor control unit that generates a current value based on the motor position command value. The motor control unit feeds back a motor position detected by a motor encoder, and the thrust control unit feeds back thrust detected by a thrust meter. The feedback from the motor control unit suppresses vibration phenomena at the reducer, and the feedback from the thrust control unit suppresses transmission error, thereby enabling motion control of the arm with rapidity and precision.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods for providing commanded movement of an end effector of a manipulator concurrent with a desired movement of one or more joints of the manipulator according to one or more consolidated null-space objectives. The null-space objectives may include a joint state combination, relative joint states, range of joint states, joint state profile, kinetic energy, clutching movements, collision avoidance movements, singularity avoidance movements, pose or pitch preference, desired manipulator configurations, commanded reconfiguration of the manipulator, and anisotropic emphasis of the joints. Methods include calculating multiple null-space movements according to different null-space objectives, determining an attribute for each and consolidating the null-space movements with a null-space manager using various approaches. The approaches may include applying weighting, scaling, saturation levels, priority, master velocity limiting, saturated limited integration and various combinations thereof.

Abstract: A domestic robotic system including a robot having a payload for carrying out a domestic task within a working area. The robot also includes a plurality of sensors, including one or more local environment sensors that are configured to receive signals from exterior sources local to the robot. The system further includes data storage, which is operable to store boundary information that defines the path of a predetermined boundary within which the robot is permitted to move. The robot is programmed to operate in at a reference trail recording mode and a navigation mode. In the reference trail recording mode, the robot moves along a reference trail while receiving sensor information from its sensors, with the path of the reference trail being calculated by the system based on the stored boundary information so as to be spaced apart from the path of the predetermined boundary.

Abstract: A collaborative robot employs low ratio drives for three or more axes of movement, such as three primary axes. An arm assembly may be mounted to a support for movement along a vertical linear axis, and the arm assembly may include first and second arm links that are each rotatable about vertical axes, e.g., such that the arm links move in a horizontal plane. Low ratio drives may be used for movement along the vertical linear axis and the rotary axes for the first and second arm links. Feedforward and feedback control may be employed to control the movement of the arm assembly and arm links, and feedback torque components may be limited to 25% or less of the maximum drive torque.

Abstract: A telepresence robot uses three separately controlled omni-wheels and a computer processing arrangement to reposition the robot based on received positional signals. The telepresence robot captures and transmits visual information of a limited field of view and visual information of a broad field of view. The visual information is received and displayed on a remote input device and portions of the displayed information are selected to send an appropriate signal to reposition the robot based on the selected portion. A method of remotely controlling a telepresence robot is also disclosed.

Abstract: A controller of a robot includes a storage that stores a main program, a point sequence containing statements arranged in sequence and containing kind information identifying control details to a work tool and coordinate information on a point on a work-piece, a point kind definition describing the control details identified by the kind information, and containing reference information to refer adjustment information for each work tool, and the adjustment information for each work tool prepared so as to correspond to the reference information, an executing unit executing the main program, and a referring unit referring the adjustment information based on the reference information when the point kind definition in the point sequence is inherited during the execution by the executing unit, and applying the adjustment information to the control details.

Abstract: A system includes a machine assembly, an imaging sensor, an encoder, and one or more processors. The machine assembly is movable to actuate a brake lever of a vehicle in order to open a valve of an air brake system of the vehicle. The imaging sensor acquires perception information of a working environment that includes the brake lever. The encoder detects a displaced position of the machine assembly relative to a reference position of the machine assembly. The one or more processors detect a position of the brake lever relative to the machine assembly based on the acquired perception information and the detected displacement of the arm. The one or more processors generate a motion trajectory for the machine assembly that provides a path to the brake lever. The one or more processors drive movement of the machine assembly along the motion trajectory towards the brake lever.

Abstract: To reliably allow the user to recognize occurrence of a notification event, a notification control device (1) includes a notification posture selecting section (14) configured to select a notification posture suited for allowing the user to recognize occurrence of a notification event, a transition information generating section (15) configured to generate transition information, the transition information being information on a posture transition process, through which the posture of the robot (100) transitions to the notification posture, and a notification method selecting section (16) configured to select a notification method, which is a method for the notification of the notification event.

Abstract: An autonomous device for loading and unloading trucks comprises a mobile body, a robot arm and a body conveyor system to convey cartons during loading and unloading. A manipulator attaches to a moveable end of the robot arm and is maneuverable within the tight confines of the truck. The manipulator picks up a row of articles at a first location and places the row of articles down at a second location. The manipulator is reconfigurable to match to both locations.

Abstract: A method of assembling a portion of a robot, including, providing a robot arm having an exterior surface and providing a tendon retaining element, having a first half having a first major surface, defining open channels and a second half having a second major surface. Then, placing a tendon in each of the open channels of the first half and placing the second major surface on the first major surface, thereby creating a set of closed channels each having a tendon passing therethrough and creating a finished tendon retaining element. Finally, attaching the finished tendon retaining element about the exterior surface of the robot arm, so that the tendons extend along the length of the robot arm.

Abstract: A pair of scissors has a first cutting blade with a thumb handle and a thumb ring and a second cutting blade with a finger ring. The second cutting blade is pivotally attached to the first cutting blade, and the first and second cutting blades pivot relative to one another within a first plane. The thumb ring is slidably attached to the first cutting blade by a shaft that moves freely but with a certain amount of friction along a longitudinal slot in the thumb handle of the first cutting blade when the scissors are in use. The longitudinal slot in the thumb handle is situated within a second plane that is perpendicular to the first plane.

Abstract: The present application relates to a hair trimming device (10). The hair trimming device has a body (11) with a cutting blade assembly (20). A cutting guide (40) is provided on the body and the position of the cutting guide is adjustable relative to the cutting blade assembly to provide a cutting distance from a user's skin to enable hair to be cut to a desired length. A locking unit (60) is also provided to lock the cutting guide at a desired position relative to the cutting blade assembly. The locking unit comprises a first locking element (64), a second locking element (65) and at least one receiving recess (83). The first and second locking elements are alternately locatable in the or one of the receiving recesses when the position of the cutting guide is adjusted relative to the cutting blade assembly to lock the cutting guide at different positions.

Abstract: A machine and method for reducing giveaway material on mint products. The machine may include a conveying assembly for conveying a plurality of mints products to be processed. The machine may also include a processing assembly for processing at least one given mint product at a time, so as to remove an amount of giveaway material from each one of the mint products. The machine may also include a recuperating assembly for recuperating mint products having being processed.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for transforming cutting data for configuring a cutting machine for a cutting process.

Abstract: Device for controlling the sharpening state of a blade (2) having a cutting edge (20) delimited by two sides (21, 22) converging towards a plane (X) that contains the cutting edge itself. The device comprises two control surfaces each of which is in contact with a corresponding side (21, 22) of the cutting edge (20) and is connected with a transducer (R4), which produces an electrical displacement signal (S4) proportional to a displacement of the control surface with respect to said plane (X). Furthermore, the device comprises a processing unit (E) that receives said displacement signals (S4) and compares them, emitting an error signal if the comparison produces a value that exceeds a predetermined limit. The control surfaces are the surfaces that delimit an external groove (40) of a roller (4) that is free to translate along an axis (A4) perpendicular to said plane (X) and spaced from the blade (2) by an amount such that said cutting edge (20) passes in said groove (40).

Abstract: Device for controlling the sharpening state of a blade (2) having a cutting edge (20) delimited by two sides (21, 22) converging towards a plane (X) that contains the cutting edge itself. The device comprises two control surfaces each of which is in contact with a corresponding side (21, 22) of said cutting edge (20) and is connected with at least one transducer (R1, R2, R4), which produces an electrical displacement signal (S1, S2; S4) proportional to a displacement of the control surface with respect to said plane (X). Furthermore, the device comprises a processing unit (E) that receives said displacement signals (S1, S2, S4) and compares them, emitting an error signal if the comparison produces a value that exceeds a predetermined limit. The processing unit is connected to means (101, 102) for supporting and moving sharpening means (100).

Abstract: A cutting apparatus includes a platen receiving an object to be cut, a carriage with a cartridge holder to which a cutter cartridge is detachably attachable and a pressing unit located on the carriage or the cartridge holder and switchable between a fixing position and an open position. The cartridge holder is formed with an opening through which the cutter cartridge is inserted and has an abutted portion against which an abutment abuts and which is a receiving portion having a tapered surface contacting with at least a part of the abutment. The receiving portion includes a plurality of elastic portions and a blocking portion. The blocking portion controls a position of a casing of the cutter cartridge. The casing abuts against the blocking portion when the cutter cartridge is inserted through the opening and the cartridge holder and the pressing unit is switched to the fixing position.

Abstract: A hexagonal single crystal wafer is produced from a hexagonal single crystal ingot. The depth of the focal point of a laser beam is gradually changed from a shallow position not reaching the depth corresponding to the desired thickness of the wafer to a deep position corresponding to the desired thickness of the wafer in such a manner that a parabola is described by the path of the focal point. When the spot area of the laser beam on the upper surface of the ingot becomes a predetermined maximum value, the deep position of the focal point is maintained.

Abstract: A lumber edger and method of edging lumber using a positioning system having a plurality fetcher fingers driven by a non-hydraulic drive.