Abstract: This stretching device comprises a guide rail, first clamps of a first type and second clamps of a second type each intended to grip the same longitudinal edge of a film and alternately disposed along the guide rail, and an endless chain connected to the first and second clamps and configured to drive the first and second clamps along the guide rail, the endless chain being deformable between a first state and a second state in which the first and second clamps are respectively disposed close to or distant from each other. Each first clamp and each second clamp respectively include a primary guide roller and a secondary guide roller configured to cooperate with the guide rail, the first and second clamps being configured such that when the endless chain is in the first state, the primary guide roller of each first clamp and the secondary guide roller of each second clamp adjacent to said first clamp overlap at least partially.

Abstract: A flexible packaging laminate has built-in opening/reclose and tamper-evidence features by forming the laminate from an outer structure joined in face-to-face relation to an inner structure. Score lines are formed in both structures to enable an opening to be formed through the laminate by lifting a flap or the like out of the plane of the laminate. The score line through the outer structure defines a larger opening than the score line through the inner structure, such that a marginal region of the outer structure extends beyond the edge of the opening portion of the inner structure. A pressure-sensitive adhesive is used to re-adhere the marginal region to an underlying surface of the inner structure adjacent the opening through the laminate. The outer score line includes at least one tear portion that is torn through upon initial opening, thus indicating the package has been at least partially opened.

Abstract: A structure stamp has a flexible stamp which has a microstructured or nanostructured stamp surface for embossing of an embossing structure which corresponds to the stamp surface on an embossing surface, and a frame for clamping the stamp. Moreover, the invention relates to a device for embossing an embossing pattern on an embossing surface with the following features: a stamp receiver for accommodating and moving a structure stamp, an embossing material receiver for accommodating and placing an embossing material opposite the structure stamp, and an embossing element drive for moving an embossing element along the structure stamp.

Abstract: A tunnel spring structure three-dimensionally printed on a base layer. The tunnel spring structure includes three tubular structures and two connecting portions. A connecting portion is disposed between two tubular structures. A tensile strand extends through the tubular structures. Tension applied to the tensile strand forces the tubular structures to adjoin due to the flexibility of the connection portions.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods and systems for printing a three-dimensional (3D) material. In some examples, a method for printing a 3D biological material comprises providing a media chamber comprising a medium comprising (i) a plurality of cells and (ii) one or more polymer precursors. Next, at least one energy beam may be directed to the medium in the media chamber along at least one energy beam path that is patterned into a 3D projection wherein the x, y, and z dimensions may be simultaneously accessed in accordance with computer instructions for printing the 3D biological material in computer memory, to form at least a portion of the 3D biological material comprising (i) at least a subset of the plurality of cells, and (ii) a polymer formed from the one or more polymer precursors.

Abstract: In an example, an indicator may comprise an arm pivotally disposed within a media tray, an indicator plate movably coupled to the media tray, and a latch engaged with the arm and the indicator plate. The media tray may receive print media. The latch may support the indicator plate in a raised position, and the latch may release the indicator plate to a lowered position upon the arm pivoting the latch from a latched position to a released position.

Abstract: An additive manufacturing apparatus includes a platform, a dispenser to dispense a plurality of layers of feed material on a top surface of the platform, and an energy delivery assembly. The energy delivery assembly includes a light source to emit one or more light beams, a first reflective member having a plurality of reflective facets, and at least one second reflective member. The first reflective member is rotatable such that sequential facets sweep the light beam sequentially along a path on the uppermost layer. The at least one second reflective member is movable such that the at least one second reflective surface is repositionable to receive at least one of the at least one light beam and redirect the at least one of at least one light beam along a two-dimensional path on the uppermost layer.

Abstract: An additive manufacturing apparatus includes a platform, a dispenser to dispense a plurality of layers of feed material on a top surface of the platform, an energy delivery system, and an actuator. The energy delivery system includes a light source to emit a light beam, and a reflective member having a plurality of reflective facets, the reflective member positionable in a path of the light beam to receive the light beam and redirect the light beam toward the top surface of the platform to deliver energy to an uppermost layer of the layers of feed material to fuse the feed material. The reflective member is rotatable such that sequential facets sweep the light beam sequentially along a linear path on the uppermost layer. The actuator is configured to adjust an angle of the linear path relative to the platform.

Abstract: An additive manufacturing apparatus includes a platform, a dispenser to dispense a plurality of layers of feed material on a top surface of the platform, and an energy delivery system. The energy deliver system includes a light source to emit a light beam, and a reflective member having a plurality of reflective facets. The reflective member is positioned in a path of the light beam to receive the light beam and redirect the light beam toward the top surface of the platform to deliver energy to an uppermost layer of the layers of feed material to fuse the feed material. The reflective member is rotatable such that sequential facets sweep the light beam sequentially along a path on the uppermost layer.

Abstract: A multi-modal printing system for printing a 3-dimensional object and method of operating the system are provided. The system comprises multiple layers of photoresin, in a stereolithography apparatus comprising a high speed resin applicator for applying the layers of photoresin, wherein the multi-modal printing system comprises a control mechanism configured to selectively control the high speed resin applicator to perform a discreet operation, a continuous operation, and a self-reset operation.

Abstract: An apparatus and system for applying surface parameter(s) to a three-dimensional (3D) printer object while the 3D printer object is being printed from a digital model. The surface parameter(s) includes a surface texture of a reference surface. The reference surface is scanned by a sensor to detect the surface parameter(s). The detected surface parameter(s) are received by the 3D printer for application to the 3D printer object. The surface texture is applied by a 3D printer to the 3D printer object while printing the 3D printer object based on the 3D digital model.

Abstract: A fabrication management system includes a fabrication control apparatus and a fabrication management server. The fabrication control apparatus includes a composite fabrication unit that fabricates a fabricated component over a previously fabricated component to fabricate a finished fabricated object, and a controller that controls fabrication performed by the composite fabrication unit. The fabrication management server includes an instructing section that, by use of fabrication information about each of multiple fabricated components to be assembled into the finished fabricated object and positional information identifying a position onto which each fabricated component is assembled upon completion of the finished fabricated object, instructs fabrication to be performed by using the composite fabrication unit in accordance with fabrication procedure information used to sequentially perform fabrication in the height direction.

Abstract: A system for manufacturing a thermoplastic object may include a robotic arm configured to dispense thermoplastic material, a support apparatus, a computing device and an imaging system. The imaging system may scan thermoplastic material dispensed by the first robotic arm and create a three-dimensional scan model. The model may be compared to a computer model profile to determine if the dispensed material requires adjustment. If the dispensed material requires adjustment, the computing device may adjust the robotic arm or the support apparatus.

Abstract: Described in detail herein is a blockchain license storage system. A computing system can receive instructions to fabricate a three-dimensional physical object from a mobile device. The instructions can include a design of the three-dimensional physical object. The computing system can control a printing device to fabricate the at least one three-dimensional physical object based on the design of the at least one three-dimensional physical object. The computing system can generate a license file for the design of the at least one three-dimensional physical object. The computing system can generate a cryptographically verifiable ledger represented by a sequence of blocks. One of the blocks in the sequence of blocks can store transactional records associated with the generated license.

Abstract: This disclosure provides various systems and methods for three-dimensional printing in which data describing an object as a plurality of voxels is transferred as a print material to form the three-dimensional object independent of locking. That is, various systems and methods are provided herein in which the three-dimensional printing step is to transfer data representing various voxels into a corresponding physical object via a three-dimensional printer. The first step is repeated until all of the voxels are printed without waiting for any of the voxels of print material to lock. Accordingly, the three-dimensional printer can be used to print at least one subsequent object while the first object finishes locking.

Abstract: A microwave heating device includes a variable frequency microwave power supply, a waveguide launcher, and a fixture to contain a material to be heated, with the fixture located directly adjacent to the end of the launcher. All heating occurs in the near-field region. This condition may be insured by keeping the thickness of the fixture or workpiece under one wavelength (at all microwave frequencies being used). The launcher is preferably a horn or waveguide configured to apply the microwave power to a small area to perform spot curing or repair operations involving adhesives and composites. The spot curing may secure components in place for further handling, after which a thermal or oven treatment will cure the remaining adhesive to develop adequate strength for service. A related method is also disclosed.

Abstract: A barn curtain having a transparent panel and a non-transparent panel is prepared by a welding machine. The welding machine has an inner heater assembly including a first roller wheel, an inner plate assembly having a lower inner plate and an upper inner plate spaced apart from the lower inner plate in a vertical direction, and a heater, and a first roller assembly including a second roller wheel aligned with the first roller wheel. A side of a transparent panel is fed through the lower inner plate and a side of a non-transparent panel is fed through the upper inner plate. The plates are heated with the heater to partially melt the side of the transparent panel and the side of the non-transparent panel. The side of the transparent panel and the side of the non-transparent panel are pressed between the roller wheels and joined.

Abstract: A process for forming a construction composite, the process comprising (i) providing a construction article having an adhesive coating layer of a curable pressure-sensitive adhesive; and (ii) subjecting the curable pressure-sensitive adhesive to UV radiation, where the amount of UV radiation imparted to the upper surface of the adhesive coating layer is from about 75 to about 125 millijoule/cm2, and where at least 60% of the radiation rays contributing to this power have an intensity of at least 200 milliWatts/cm2.

Abstract: A joined body includes: a first member having a hole; and a second member that is press-fitted to the hole. The second member has a second abutment surface abutting against a first abutment surface which is an inner wall of the first member forming the hole. A groove portion is defined on one of an inner wall of the first member and an outer wall of the second member, and has a groove formed to extend in a press-fitting direction of the second member to the first member. An insertion portion is formed to protrude in a radial direction from the other of the inner wall of the first member and the outer wall of the second member, and is inserted in the groove. The groove portion has an engagement portion that is able to be engaged with an end portion of the insertion portion in the press-fitting direction.

Abstract: A press forming method uses a press forming apparatus for forming a film formed product as a formed film of a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell. The method includes the step of trimming, in the state where a film material is held between a first die and a holder, by moving a second die closer to the first die to cut the film material using a trimming blade provided for the second die. A blade edge of the trimming blade includes two inclined blade edges inclined toward a proximal side of a blade part from the center to both ends of the blade part in the direction in which the blade part extends.

Abstract: A tool (2, 102, 202) is constructed from a plurality of tessellating elements (34, 134, 234) to form a mandrel for the deposition of composite fibres.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for multi-celled pressurizable air bladders. One embodiment is an apparatus that includes a bladder. The bladder includes a casing that encloses an internal volume of the bladder, walls within the bladder that subdivide the internal volume into cells that are airtight with respect to each other, and ducting that couples each of the cells with a source of pressurized gas via a distinct pathway. The apparatus also includes a controller that progressively pressurizes individual cells within the bladder from a first portion of a laminate to a second portion of the laminate by controlling application of gas from the source via the ducting.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for designing flat composites that are formed into 3D shapes. One embodiment is a method that includes loading data defining a three dimensional (3D) shape for a composite part, identifying constraints based on dimensions of the 3D shape, simulating flattening of the 3D shape into a planar shape, and acquiring a mandrel having the planar shape. The method also includes placing features at the mandrel which permit a laminate laid-up onto the mandrel to compensate for the constraints during forming of the laminate into the 3D shape, and generating a Numerical Control (NC) program that directs an Automated Fiber Placement (AFP) machine laying up the laminate. The NC program includes instructions for laying up tows of constituent material onto the mandrel having the features, to form layers of the laminate.

Abstract: Various automated fiber placement systems and methods are disclosed. The system can determine steerable paths for the application of a composite material over highly contoured surfaces. The system can determine when a course trajectory would violate a steering limitation (e.g., a maximum bendability of the composite material) and can adjust the trajectory to avoid such violations. The adjustment can create gaps between adjacent courses, which can have a generally flared peripheral shape. The system can fill such gaps with subsequent courses of the composite material. Thus, the system can automatically apply composite material to highly contoured surfaces while also avoiding violation of the steering limitations.

Abstract: A method of molding composite materials including shaping a laminate having fiber sheets laminated over one another, by bending the laminate in an X-direction and a Y-direction, in a three-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system. The method further includes mounting the laminate that has been shaped, onto a mold material deformed in a Z-direction, impregnating a resin material into the laminate while adjusting an amount of the resin material filled in, and molding the composite materials that have cured such that the composite materials are shaped to have a first inclined surface inclined at a first inclination angle with respect to a reference plane in the Z-direction. The mold material has a first inclination molding surface that molds the first inclined surface, and a second inclination molding surface that molds a surface of the composite materials into a second inclined surface having a second inclination angle smaller than the first inclination angle.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for continuous production of a composite material profile by injection-pultrusion from at least one reinforcing fabric and at least one thermoplastic polymer having high fluidity, said method being characterized in that: i) said fabric is continuously pulled with a pulling speed of at least 0.4 m·min?1 in the course of said process; ii) the impregnation stage is performed by injection of a polymeric composition having high fluidity through the fabric; iii) the profile is then shaped with a specific thermal profile. The invention also relates to a profile obtained according to the method of the invention and a composite article comprising such a profile the curvature whereof may be modified in its curvature by bending and/or its profile by rotational molding.

Abstract: There is disclosed a cutting mechanism for severing elongate fibre reinforcement material in composite material lay-up equipment, the cutting mechanism comprising a cutting element and a counteracting element which cooperate to sever fibre reinforcement material extending through the nip between them, the cutting element being mounted on an elongate arm which is pivotable about a pivot axis A spaced from the nip, to displace the cutting element relatively to the counteracting element to perform a cutting stroke, the mechanism further comprising guide means arranged to guide the fibre reinforcement material through the nip in a feed direction transverse to the pivot axis A, and an actuation device for driving the elongate arm in a cutting stroke, the actuation device acting on the elongate arm at a position away from the cutting element. There is also provided composite material lay-up equipment comprising the cutting mechanism.

Abstract: A display includes a first interface section provided with a relief-type diffraction grating constituted by a plurality of grooves, and a second interface section provided with a plurality of recesses or projections arranged two-dimensionally at a center-to-center distance smaller than the minimum center-to-center distance of the plural grooves, and each having a forward tapered shape.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a reinforcement layer comprises a preparatory step of preparing to-be-wound fiber, and a formation step of forming an uncured sheet layer including multiple layers of the to-be-wound fiber stacked on an outer circumferential surface. In the formation step, the to-be-wound fiber is wound on the outer circumferential surface in such a manner that, regarding an outer layer of the uncured sheet layer and an inner layer of the uncured sheet layer closer to the outer circumferential surface than the outer layer and adjacent to the outer layer in a stacking direction of the to-be-wound fiber, two end portions of the outer layer are located between two end portions of the inner layer in an axis direction extending along a center axis of a winding target member.

Abstract: A composite material is provided including a polymer matrix and undercooled liquid metallic core-shell particles disposed in the matrix, wherein the particles each have an outer shell and a liquid metallic material as a core contained within the outer shell. The outer shell is frangible such that the liquid metallic material is released from at least some of the particles in response to a mechanical load applied to the composite and solidifies in-situ in the polymer matrix. As a result, the composite material can be self-strengthening and self-healing and can be reconfigurable in shape at ambient temperature.

Abstract: The present invention provides processes (100, 200, 300, 400) for making a flexible packaging substrate having one or more Fresnel lenses (410, 602) and a product made therefrom. The said process comprises providing one or more Fresnel lenses (410, 602) on a first surface (408a, 610a) of a substrate/film (408, 610); and overlapping a predetermined portion (411, 603) of the Fresnel lenses (410, 602) on the substrate/film (408, 610) by printing or foil stamping. The flexible packaging substrate having one or more Fresnel lenses comprises a substrate (408) having the Fresnel lens or the pattern of Fresnel lenses (410) on the first surface (408a) thereof, wherein a predetermined portion (411) of the Fresnel lenses (410) is covered to hide irregular/uneven/torn edges.

Abstract: Examples described herein include methods and devices for a lenticular image product that includes a print media, a printed faceted surface disposed on the print media, an interlaced image printed on the printed faceted surface, and a printed lenticular lens printed on the printed interlaced image and the printed faceted surface. The lenticular lens can be disposed over the print media selectively.

Abstract: A method for retreading a tire casing is disclosed herein. The method includes a tread is disposed on a casing carcass with a bonding layer being interposed in between, and a strip is tensioned through several circuits on the tread. Also disclosed herein is a tire employing the a method of retreading disclosed herein.

Abstract: Described is a rosin press system for extract rosin (oil) from plant material. The rosin press system includes a cone-shaped male plate and a cone-shaped female plate formed to matingly receive the cone-shaped male plate. The plates can be heated such that when plant material is pressed between the plates, rosin is pressed from the plant material and allowed to drain from a drain hole positioned at the bottom of the cone-shaped female plate.

Abstract: A multicomponent dielectric film includes discrete overlapping dielectric layers of at least a first polymer material, a second polymer material, and a third polymer material. Adjoining dielectric layers define a generally planar interface therebetween which lies generally in an x-y plane of an x-y-z coordinate system. The interfaces between the layers delocalizing the charge build up in the layers. At least one dielectric layer including a stack of discrete polymer layers with polymer layer interfaces extending transverse to the x-y plane and optionally at least one filler having a higher dielectric constant than the first polymer material, the second polymer material, and/or the third polymer material.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide, for use in living environments, a decorative sheet that has excellent, easy cleanability and excellent impact resistance and from which dirt due to the adherence of a daily used contaminant, such as fine particle powder, that is not easy to clean is easily removed. The present invention provides a decorative sheet having a surface-protecting layer on the uppermost surface thereof, wherein (1) Ra(i)/Ra(ii) is 0.62 or more and 1.63 or less, the Ra(i)/Ra(ii) being calculated using an arithmetic average roughness Ra(i) measured along an arbitrary direction on the surface of the surface-protecting layer, and an arithmetic average roughness Ra(ii) measured along the perpendicular direction to the arbitrary direction.

Abstract: A synthetic polymer film (35), (36) having a surface which has a plurality of raised portions (35p), (36p), wherein a two-dimensional size of the plurality of raised portions is in a range of more than 20 nm and less than 500 nm when viewed in a normal direction of the synthetic polymer film, the surface having a microbicidal effect, and the synthetic polymer film includes a fluorine element in such a profile that a fluorine content is not constant in a thickness direction but is higher in a portion closer to the plurality of raised portions than in a portion farther from the plurality of raised portions.

Abstract: An underlayment material has a fiber mat partially infused and/or coated with asphalt and coated with silicone coating. A selvedge edge, may be coated or uncoated. The back of the underlayment has a self-adhesive coating, which is protected before use by a siliconized release film. The upper surface of the underlayment is coated with silicone composition providing waterproofing and radiation control. When unsaturated, the selvedge edge of fibrous material establishes a reinforced bond with an overlying sheet. When saturated with asphalt, the bond at the selvedge edge between adjacent sheets is between the asphalt layer of the selvedge edge and the adhesive on the bottom of the adjacent sheet.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a needled fiber structure using a needling machine having a needling head with a plurality of needles, the method including placing a first fiber layer on a support; needling the first fiber layer, with the needling head being in a first position relative to the support, at least at the end of needling the first layer; after needling the first layer, implementing relative movement between the support and the needling head so as to cause the needling head to go from the first position relative to the support to a second position that is different from the first; placing a second fiber layer on the needled first fiber layer; and needling the second fiber layer placed on the first fiber layer, the needling head being in the second position relative to the support at least at the beginning of needling the second fiber layer.

Abstract: A method for additive manufacturing of a three-dimensional object includes: a) identifying a set of sequentially extending planar cross-sectional shapes of the three-dimensional object; b) cutting a metal sheet into a plurality of planar metal pieces, each metal piece cut to a metal piece shape corresponding to a respective one of the cross-sectional shapes, wherein the metal sheet has a first face with a first plurality of barbs extending therefrom, and an opposed second face with a second plurality of barbs extending therefrom; c) cutting a substrate sheet into a plurality of planar substrate pieces, each substrate sheet cut to a substrate piece shape corresponding to a respective one of the cross-sectional shapes; and d) positioning the metal pieces and the substrate pieces in facing relation in an alternating pattern and in sequential order, and pressing the metal pieces and substrate pieces together to force the barbs to penetrate the substrate pieces.

Abstract: A thermally expandable sheet includes: a first thermally expansive layer that is formed on one side of a base and contains a first thermally expandable material and a first binder, the first thermally expansive layer having a first ratio of the first thermally expandable material with respect to the first binder; and a second thermally expansive layer that is formed on the first thermally expansive layer and contains a second thermally expandable material and a second binder, the second thermally expansive layer having a second ratio of the second thermally expandable material with respect to the second binder, wherein the second ratio is lower than the first ratio.

Abstract: A thermally expandable sheet includes: a first thermally expansive layer that is formed on one side of a base and contains a first thermally expandable material; and a second thermally expansive layer that is formed on the first thermally expansive layer and contains a second thermally expandable material, wherein the second thermally expandable material further contains white pigment.

Abstract: Provided is a transparent sheet which can clearly display merchandise information, advertisement, or the like on a transparent partition or the like by projection without compromising the transmission visibility and which have a wide viewing angle. The transparent sheet includes an optical diffusion layer comprising: a resin having a refractive index n1; and microparticles having a refractive index n2 different from the refractive index n1, wherein the thickness of the optical diffusion layer is from over 400 ?m to 20 mm or less.

Abstract: There is provided a conductive film having conductivity in a surface direction, being deformable, having excellent durability, and transmitting visible light. A conductive film includes a film substrate and a conductive material layer. The conductive material layer is provided on a first substrate surface of the film substrate. A plurality of through holes penetrating the film substrate and the conductive material layer in a thickness direction are formed in the conductive film. The conductive material layer has a plurality of conductive portions, and the conductive portions are present between adjacent layer opening portions. The number of the conductive portion is 400 per 1 mm2, and an opening ratio of the conductive material layer is at least 40%.

Abstract: A glass roll includes at least one glass film and one intermediate material one on top of the other in at least two layers onto a winding core. The glass film layers are held in place by the intermediate material layers. The glass roll is produced with a method including provision of a glass film, a winding core and a compressible intermediate material. At least one inside layer of the intermediate material is wound onto the winding core. The glass film and the intermediate material are wound onto the winding core in such a manner that the glass film is wound onto the winding core in alternating layers with the intermediate material. The intermediate material and/or the glass film is wound at a tensile stress acting in a longitudinal direction which causes a compression of the intermediate material and holds the glass film end in place on the glass roll.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a part made from composite material that includes a base and a T-shaped reinforcement. The T-shaped reinforcement includes a first L-shaped element having a first right-angled connection portion and a second L-shaped element having a second right-angled connection portion. The part further includes a plurality of needles, each connecting the base to the T-shaped reinforcement of the part, close to the connection portions and extending in multiple directions so as to oppose, in particular, the separation of the base from the T-shaped reinforcement.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a resin panel with a natural, oxidation flake layer comprises applying a solution to a material and allowing an oxidation flake layer to form, such as a rust layer on a metal sheet. A manufacturer can then layer the material with the oxidation flake layer and a thermoplastic substrate, so the thermoplastic substrate is facing the oxidation flake layer. A manufacturer can then heat the layers to the glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic substrate, causing the thermoplastic substrate to bond to the oxidized elements of the oxidation flake layer. The manufacturer can then separate the material from the thermoplastic substrate, thereby stripping the bonded oxidation flake layer away from the material where it remains embedded in the thermoplastic substrate. The resultant resin panel has a natural, translucent oxidation flake design, which can be used in both exterior and interior decorative and/or structural applications.

Abstract: The manufactured product for covering surfaces comprises a first decorative layer having a visible face and a laying face opposite to the visible face, the laying face being adapted to be turned towards a laying surface to be covered, and a second layer arranged on the laying face of the first layer and made of a magnetic material or a metal material.

Abstract: Described herein is a process for preparing a flexible packaging material (6). The process may comprise: providing a base material (1) having a first surface (1a) and a second surface (1b), the first surface (1a) having an electrostatic ink composition (4) printed thereon; providing a sealant layer (3) on the second surface (1b) of the base material (1); providing a flexible substrate (4) on which a thermally activatable laminating layer (5) has been deposited; and contacting under conditions of heat and/or pressure the thermally activatable laminating layer (5) disposed on the flexible substrate (4) with the first surface (1a) of the base material (1) on which the electrostatic ink composition (4) is printed.

Abstract: A laminated glass according to an aspect of the present invention includes: an outer glass plate that includes a first surface and a second surface and that curves such that the first surface is convex and the second surface is concave; an inner glass plate that includes a third surface and a fourth surface and that curves such that the third surface is convex and the fourth surface is concave; an interlayer that is arranged between the outer glass plate and the inner glass plate and bonds the second surface of the outer glass plate and the third surface of the inner glass plate together; and a blocking layer that is made of ceramic and is layered along a peripheral edge portion of at least one of the second surface, the third surface, and the fourth surface. The ceramic is configured such that the maximum value of reflectivity with respect to light in a wavelength range of 1000 nm to 2500 nm is 15% or more.