Abstract: A gardening device for soil cultivation and a sowing or planting method are provided. The gardening device includes a handle section, a ground contact section, a power supply, detecting devices for detecting variables corresponding to soil properties, a computing unit for calculating the soil properties from the number of variables corresponding to the soil properties, and an output device for outputting the soil properties. The ground contact section carries electrodes, via which the number of the variables corresponding to the soil properties are detected, and one of the number of detection devices is a nutrient detection device for detecting a number of variables corresponding to the nutrient content in the soil, the computing unit is designed for calculating the nutrient content in the soil from the number of variables corresponding to the nutrient content in the soil and the output device for outputting the nutrient content in the soil.

Abstract: A vertical tilling implement to be pulled behind and agricultural vehicle having a number of gangs of fluted-concave disc blades, rolling baskets, and wheels connected to a main frame. As the vertical tilling implement is pulled, the fluted-concave disc blades move the soil in a direction lateral to the side of the blades as well as up. Meanwhile, the rolling bars aid in leveling the seedbed and crushing the remaining large pieces of soil. The vertical tilling implement reduces the amount of subsoil compaction and cuts through heavy residue making it ideal for use in the fall or in the spring.

Abstract: A down-pressure system for an agricultural implement has a linear actuator connected between a frame assembly and an opener assembly. A mounting structure for connecting the linear actuator to the opener assembly includes a bushing and an alignment member attached to the linear actuator. The bushing has protrusions extending transversely from opposite sides of a longitudinal axis of the linear actuator. Each protrusion has a curved engagement surface for engaging a flat surface on the opener assembly to prevent bending stresses on the linear actuator when the opener assembly is raised and lowered. The alignment member is arranged to lock the bushing into a predetermined rotational position about a longitudinal axis of the linear actuator relative to the opener assembly. The alignment member comprises a first structure that mates with a corresponding structure on the bushing, and a second structure that engages opposite sides of the opener assembly.

Abstract: A steering assistance system includes a combination of an agricultural tractor and an attached implement. A laser is mounted to the combination and is configured to beam a visual representation of an extrapolated path of a working edge forward of the implement.

Abstract: A towed implement, such as a cultivator is configured between an unfolded operational position and a folded transport position in which wing sections are pivoted about a vertical axis into a forward direction where they are alongside a telescoping tool bar. Sensors on the cultivator send signals initiating the folding/unfolding sequence to send commands through the implement controller to a tractor controller having a ISOBUS class 3 configuration.

Abstract: In one aspect, a system for monitoring the condition of a seedbed within a field may include an implement having a plurality of ground-engaging tools supported by the frame, with the implement being configured to create or be traversed across a seedbed extending downwardly within the field from an outer seedbed surface to a seedbed floor. The system may also include an auxiliary support arm coupled to a portion of the frame at or adjacent to the aft end of the frame. In addition, the system may include a seedbed floor detection assembly coupled to the auxiliary support arm that is configured to detect variations in a profile of the seedbed floor. Moreover, the system may include a seedbed surface detection assembly coupled to the auxiliary support arm that is configured to detect variations in a profile of the outer seedbed surface.

Abstract: In one aspect, a system tier monitoring the condition of a seedbed within a field may include an implement having a plurality of ground-engaging tools supported by a frame, with the implement being configured to create or be traversed across a seedbed extending downwardly within the field from an outer seedbed surface to a seedbed floor. The system may also include an auxiliary support arm coupled to a portion of the frame at or adjacent to the aft end of the frame and a seedbed surface detection assembly coupled to the auxiliary support arm such that the seedbed surface detection assembly is located behind the ground-engaging tools relative to a forward travel direction of the implement. The seedbed surface detection assembly may be configured to detect variations in a profile of the outer seedbed surface as the implement is moved in the forward travel direction.

Abstract: In one aspect, a system for monitoring the condition of a seedbed within a field may include an implement having a plurality of ground-engaging tools supported by the frame, with the implement being configured to create or be traversed across a seedbed extending downwardly within the field from an outer seedbed surface to a seedbed floor. The system may also include an auxiliary support arm coupled to a portion of the frame at or adjacent to the aft end of the frame and a seedbed floor detection assembly coupled to the auxiliary support arm such that the seedbed floor detection assembly is located behind the ground-engaging tools relative to a forward travel direction of the implement. The seedbed floor detection assembly may be configured to detect variations in a profile of the seedbed floor as the implement is moved in the forward travel direction.

Abstract: A single-grain sowing device comprising: a drum rotatable about an axis of rotation, a cavity formed in the drum, wherein an end face of the cavity is delimited by a sowing disc, in which multiple sowing holes are arranged on a notional circular path at a distance to each other, a body arranged in the cavity, rotatable about an axis arranged at a distance and parallel to the axis of rotation, with one part of the surface thereof resting against the sowing disc such that, when the sowing disc rotates, same temporarily seals a respective passed sowing hole on the inside, wherein the body can be rolled out on an outer casing surface surrounding the cavity, and a pressure spring, wherein the pressure spring presses the body against the casing surface.

Abstract: A metering system for a row unit for individual dispensing of grains comprises metering devices having a chamber for carrying grains, whereby a defined pressure level in the chamber is higher than ambient pressure. At least two metering elements establish a border to the chamber, whereby the metering elements are arranged within the housing so that they can be turned and the metering elements consist of cut-outs arranged along a curved path for picking up grains. At least one grain dispensing area is intended, which is defined by the chamber and the metering elements. The grain dispensing area includes a seed inlet element for transporting separated grains to a seed metering pipe to dispense the separated grains into a furrow, whereby a pressure application device is arranged at the seed inlet element or the seed metering pipe, to produce an air stream for the acceleration of the grains.

Abstract: A fertilizer tube system for efficiently dispensing and placing fertilizer within a furrow to minimize germination injury. The fertilizer tube system generally includes a fertilizer tube having an input opening at an upper end of the fertilizer tube and an output opening at a lower end of the fertilizer tube, a tab attached to the fertilizer tube between the input opening and the output opening and a guard scraper attached to a lower portion of the fertilizer tube. The guard scraper includes a mounting portion having a receiver channel adapted to be removably attachable to a mounting member of a planter shank of a planter implement, wherein the mounting member is comprised of an inverted T-shaped structure.

Abstract: According to examples, a spool assembly includes a spool formed of a central section including a core wall containing a core and passages extending through the core wall, an upper flange located at an upper portion of the central section, a lower flange located at a lower portion of the central section, and a protrusion section integral with the central section and extending above the upper flange. The protrusion section includes a cutout formed inside the protrusion section, the cut-out having a non-circular shape adapted to be securely engaged to a drive member of a motor.

Abstract: A walk reel mower has a pivotal rear traction drum that can be selectively disposed in two different mowing positions that allow a single mower to cut grass on golf course greens as well as tee boxes with no degradation in cutting or power performance. The reel cutting unit has a pivotal rear shield to allow the rear shield to be pivotally adjusted to maintain its radial spacing relative to the orbit of the reel at a desired amount as the reel diameter decreases due to wear. The ground speed of the walk reel mower is automatically slowed during turns of the mower by a mechanical cable assembly that links a user operable throttle control and throttle reducing control to a prime mover throttle. Finally, the leverage provided by the mower handle assembly when placed in a lowered position is used by the user to more easily deploy a kickstand.

Abstract: A crop harvesting machine with a cutter bar on a header frame has a height control system which uses depending sensor fingers arranged in contact with the ground so as to measure a height of the cutter bar above the ground. The sensor fingers are controllably retractable under actuation from an operator in the cab or automatically in response to prescribed conditions being met. The actuator used in retracting the sensor fingers can also be used to adjustably control ground pressure of the sensor fingers in the deployed position of the sensor fingers engaging the ground. The header height is adjusted using laterally spaced apart hydraulic linkages which can be operated at different elevations relative to one another responsive to different height signals relating height of opposing ends of the header frame relative to the ground to also control tilt of the header relative to the harvester frame.

Abstract: A harvester having a frame, an agitating system and a product gathering system. The frame has a central portion configured to receive and pass plants therethrough. The agitating system is positioned within the central portion that has a first side agitating assembly further comprising an axle with an axis of rotation and a plural of axial wands extending axially outwardly therefrom in a spaced apart configuration. The axle has a first end which is both above and outboard of the second end and the axle is angled relative to a vertical plane bisecting the frame body from front to back thereof. The axial wands can be agitated. The product gathering system includes an outer guide wall positioned below the rotary agitator assembly. The outer guide wall is angled relative to a vertical plane bisecting the frame body from front to back thereof.

Abstract: A shaker device including at least one motorized member that is intended to transmit by contact a shaking force to objects to be shaken. The member includes at least one structural insert that is covered by a wear jacket. The structural insert includes a reinforcement included in a matrix that is covered by the jacket. The matrix is based on a material which is different from that of the jacket in that it is adapted to adhere to the reinforcement and to the material of the jacket.

Abstract: An agricultural vehicle includes: a chassis; at least one cleaning sieve carried by the chassis; a grain tank carried by the chassis; an unloader carried by the chassis and configured to unload crop material; and a crop material conveyor carried by the chassis and including a housing having a sieve inlet under the at least one cleaning sieve, a tank outlet coupled to the grain tank, an unloader outlet coupled to the unloader, and an endless conveyor within the housing, the crop material conveyor being configured to switch between a tank feed mode where crop material is conveyed by the endless conveyor out the tank outlet and an unload mode where crop material is conveyed by the endless conveyor out the unloader outlet.

Abstract: A wear strip arrangement for an endless belt conveyor for a feederhouse of an agricultural combine includes a first body that is configured to be attached to a slat that in turn is attached to the endless belt.

Abstract: A conveyor drum (202) for an endless belt conveyor (200) for a feederhouse of an agricultural combine (104) includes an elongate drum (202), cogs (213) fixed to the drum for driving endless belts (210), and retainers (218) fixed to the drum (202) to maintain the endless belts (210) in a proper operating position.

Abstract: There is four major part of this invention, the name vehicle represent train, air plane, bike, bicycle, and wheel cart attachment unit. Again the invention have two vehicle types, the farm assembled vehicle is one and personal assembled vehicle is 2, the patent also describe the third major part of the invention as the assembled farm hoe technology, the invention also discussed the assemble of arm or arms technology. Lastly the invention discussed and illustrated the use renewable energy technology The major parts mention seek to improve food productions with applied technology, improve speed of food production using mobile vehicle, apply the power of metal aluminum, rubber, plastic, etc. The result is a better farm hoes technology, a better arm or arms technology, a better farm vehicles, a better personal vehicles. The technology promote autonomous farming, autonomous hoes, autonomous arm, or arms and autonomous personal vehicle.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for adjusting the height of an agricultural implement, including an arm that can be controlled to raise and lower the implement, a height measuring sensor, and a calculator configured to provide a control set point for the height of the arm on the basis of the measurements obtained by the height measuring sensor. The height measuring sensor is an imaging system including at least one camera mounted such that the sensor can form an image of a scene located in front of the agricultural implement in the direction of travel of the vehicle equipped with the arm. A computer processing unit is configured to produce, on the basis of the images delivered by the at least one camera, a 3D reconstruction representative of the depth of the aforementioned scene.

Abstract: An agricultural harvester includes a chassis; a threshing and separating system carried by the chassis and including at least one threshing rotor mounted in a longitudinal direction of the agricultural harvester; a grain pan carried by the chassis that receives crop material from the threshing and separating system, the grain pan being configured to shake in a fore-to-aft direction and a lateral direction; and a cleaning system carried by the chassis supplied with crop material from the grain pan, the cleaning system including at least one sieve configured to shake in the lateral direction out of phase with the grain pan.

Abstract: An agricultural harvester includes an auger assembly including an auger having an auger shaft defining an axis of rotation and a fighting carried by the auger shaft, the auger being configured to rotate the fighting in a sweeping path about the axis of rotation and convey cleaned crop material toward the crop material elevator; an auger trough placed adjacent to the auger to hold crop material in the sweeping path; and an auger cover held above the sweeping path that is configured to direct flung crop material toward the auger and/or the auger trough.

Abstract: A wrapping arrangement for an agricultural round baler includes a support frame and a wrapping mechanism including at least one wrap material feeding means mounted on the support frame. The at least one wrap material feeding means includes a supply of wrap material. At least one wrap material clamp and cutting device is operably mounted to the at least one wrap material feeding means, and a clamp mechanism is mounted proximate to the at least one wrap material clamp and cutting device. The clamp mechanism is adapted to clamp a free end of the wrap material by a biasing clamping force for pre-positioning the wrap material for functional operation with the wrapping mechanism.

Abstract: A chopping unit (10) of a forage harvester, having a chopping drum (11) bearing chopping blades (15), having a shear bar carrier (17) bearing a shear bar (16) for the chopping blades (15), wherein a top side (20), facing away from the shear bar carrier (17), of the shear bar (16) provides a cutting edge (21) of the shear bar (16), wherein the top side (20) of the shear bar (16) is contoured such that the top side (20) of the shear bar (16) is inclined, at least in a top-side portion (26) facing the chopping drum (11), continuously in the direction of the chopping drum (11) in the contact region with the chopping blades, as seen in the axial direction of the chopping drum (11).

Abstract: Containerized plant growing solution systems are disclosed. Methods of making and using containerized plant growing solution systems are also disclosed.

Abstract: A planting cup and a planting device are provided. The planting cup is a hollow cup body. The planting cup has a side portion and a bottom portion each formed with a plurality of through holes. A top portion of the planting cup is formed with a first wing extending laterally outwardly. The side portion is formed with a second wing extending laterally outwardly. The first wing is spaced from the second wing by a distance. When the planting cup is disposed on a planting tray to form the planting device, the second wing leans against the planting tray. The first wing is adapted for grasping by a mechanical device or by manpower, such that the planting cup can be removed conveniently.

Abstract: A system for mimicking the environmental conditions of a habitat includes an enclosure and a ventilation assembly. A ventilation strip extends horizontally through a sidewall of the enclosure. The ventilation strip includes first and second inner channels separated by an inner fin. A ventilation opening(s) allows communication between the interior of the enclosure and the inner channels. An air fan in fluid communication with the first inner channel provides airflow into the first inner channel to create a low-pressure zone over the ventilation opening, thereby drawing air through the ventilation opening and into the enclosure from the exterior of the enclosure through the second inner channel. In some embodiments, a vertical growing assembly having a mounting panel and a plurality of cells is provided. Each cell is adapted for receiving substrate for growing an organism. A method for training an artificial neural network to control said system is also provided.

Abstract: A harvesting tumbler apparatus includes first and second spaced apart grating segment retainers, and a tumbler grating including a plurality of resiliently tensionable grating segments connected to the first and second grating segment retainers. The resiliently tensionable grating segments extend from each of the first and second grating segment retainers in a spaced apart circular arrangement. The tumbler apparatus further includes a tension mechanism configured to apply a sufficient tension force to the resiliently tensionable grating segments to cause the grating to form a cylindrical shape. In illustrative embodiments, the resiliently tensionable grating segments may include flexible cord segments.

Abstract: This emitter has an emitter body having at least a concavity and a through-hole, and also has a flexible film that is joined to one or more surfaces of the emitter body, and blocks at least part of the opening of the through-hole and the concavity. The emitter also has a flow reduction part for reducing the flow of an irrigation liquid according to the pressure of the irrigation liquid inside the tube. The flow reduction part includes the concavity, a diaphragm which constitutes part of the film, and a valve seat to which it is possible to tightly adhere the diaphragm. The diaphragm includes a ring-shaped thin section positioned so as to surround the diaphragm region to be tightly adhered to the valve seat. The thin section is formed so as to both recess from the tube interior and also project toward the concavity.

Abstract: There is provided an irrigation system with a plurality of solenoid valves. The solenoid valves each include a wireless transceiver that communicates with one another to form a mesh network. The solenoids can include sensors that gather data to be communicated over the wireless mesh network to a controller. The solenoids can also include a signal generator to activate passive sensors remote from the solenoid to collect data and transmit the data to the solenoid for communication over the wireless mesh network to a controller. The data can be related to environmental conditions or security about the irrigation system.

Abstract: A device (1) for administering a fluid to substrate bodies provided with a plant includes a frame (2), at least one position station provided on the frame (2) for one or more substrate bodies and at least one fluid device at the position station for urging the fluid into the substrate body, wherein the fluid device includes at least one fluid dispenser, a source (5) of fluid and a conduit (15) for fluid situated in between them, as well as pressure element (6) for supplying a dose of fluid under pressure to the fluid dispenser.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for optimizing the growth of a plant by taking a measurement of at least one property of a plant growing in a growing medium, calculating the optimal nutritional requirement of the plant based on the measurement, and then injecting an optimal amount of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of water, fertilizer and a combination of water and fertilizer into the container. A rotating drum apparatus is provided for the practice of the invention.

Abstract: The invention relates to spinach plants comprising a multileaf trait. The invention provides methods and compositions for generating such spinach plants with multileaf trait. The invention also provides seed and plants of spinach with multileaf trait. The invention thus relates to the plants, seeds and tissue cultures of spinach with multileaf trait, and to methods for producing a spinach plant produced by crossing such plants with themselves or with another spinach plant, such as a plant of another genotype. The invention further relates to parts of such plants, including the leaf and gametes of such plants.

Abstract: There is described an isolated rhizobacterial strain for enhancing total lipid yields in an oilseed crop having a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO.:1; or the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO.:1 having a substitution, a deletion and/or an addition of one or more nucleotide; or a nucleotide sequence having sufficient homology with the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO.:1 for enhancing total lipid yields, or a nucleotide sequence capable of hybridization with a first primer consisting of SEQ ID NO.:2; and/or a second primer consisting of SEQ ID NO.:3; and/or a nucleotide sequence capable of hybridization with a probe consisting of SEQ ID NO.:4; and variants thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are media, kits, systems and methods for achieving micropropagation of a Black Barhee date palm on a commercially relevant scale. Compositions and methods for each stage of micropropagation, including initiation, elongation, and rooting are disclosed in the present application. Also disclosed are conditions for harvesting and sterilizing explant tissue for micropropagation.

Abstract: Lupine plants comprising a homozygous recessive allele that produces a year round flowering characteristic (or year round flowering phenotype or trait) are disclosed. One embodiment relates to the seeds of said year round flowering lupine plants, to the plants of said year round flowering lupine plants, to plant parts of said year round flowering lupine plants, and to methods for producing a lupine plant produced by crossing said year round flowering lupine plant with itself or with another lupine plant. Another embodiment also relates to methods for producing a lupine plant having a year round flowering characteristic (or year round flowering phenotype or trait) and to the year round flowering lupine plants and plant parts produced by those methods. Another embodiment relates to producing interspecific lupine plants having a year round flowering characteristic.

Abstract: A celery cultivar, designated 51-7 IPS 1, is disclosed, the cultivar is, for larger frame size and heavier weight, short core length, savoyed and glossy leaf color, corky root rot resistance, no fringe burn on mature leaves and also yellower heart leaf color with solid midribs. The invention relates to the seeds of celery cultivar 51-7 IPS 1, to the plants of celery cultivar 51-7 IPS land to methods for producing a celery plant by crossing the cultivar 51-7 IPS 1 with itself or another celery cultivar. The invention further relates to methods for producing a celery plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic celery plants and plant parts produced by those methods. The invention further relates to hybrid celery seeds, plants, and plant parts produced by crossing cultivar 51-7 IPS 1 with another celery cultivar.

Abstract: The invention provides seed and plants of tomato hybrid DR7197TH and the parent lines thereof. The invention thus relates to the plants, seeds and tissue cultures of tomato hybrid DR7197TH and the parent lines thereof, and to methods for producing a tomato plant produced by crossing such plants with themselves or with another tomato plant, such as a plant of another genotype. The invention further relates to seeds and plants produced by such crossing. The invention further relates to parts of such plants, including the fruit and gametes of such plants.

Abstract: A side of a pet cage, including a frame enclosed by a metal bar, where the frame is connected to multiple mutually interlaced horizontal bars and vertical bars, and the frame is further provided with a hook portion that is formed integrally with the frame in a bending manner. The present utility model has a simple structure, low costs, and high production efficiency.

Abstract: A collapsible pet crate is provided that includes a top; a bottom base; and a plurality of walls including a first wall pair. The first wall pair includes a first wall pivotably connected to the bottom base for pivoting about a first horizontal axis and a second wall pivotably connected to the first wall for pivoting about a first vertical axis. The collapsible pet crate being configured for arrangement in a crating orientation in which the top is removably connected to at least one of the walls and a collapsed orientation in which the top is removably connected to the bottom base. A method of providing a collapsible pet crate is also provided.

Abstract: A plastic litter box has reinforced corners with support holes for posts. Rectangular, square or triangular shapes are included. Each post has a hook. A singular piece curtain is hung on the hooks all around the inner walls of the base of the litter box. The pet entrance is left open without the curtain. The curtain hangs down about half way along the sides of the base. The base walls can extend outward at the middle and be straight sided, or can have inward slanting walls to cause a contact with the curtain and keep waste from getting behind the curtain. The base corners can be contoured to eliminate any waste buildup and facilitate cleaning.

Abstract: A device and method of use for a portable pet bed are described herein. The portable pet bed includes a decorative front/top panel and a backing back/bottom panel stitched together around the edges, creating a space for a fill, such as padded bedding or an absorbent pad. In some examples, the fill is removable through a slot in the second panel. Additionally, some examples of the pet bed include a tuck flap, therein the bed may be collapse and compressed for travel or storage by tightly rolling the bed and tucking it into a pouch formed by the tuck flap.

Abstract: A wildlife baiting assembly for attracting game to a desired location includes a cylinder that has a top and a bottom, which both are open. The cylinder is tapered proximate to the bottom and defines a cone and a reservoir. A base that is coupled to the cylinder is positioned to elevate the cylinder above a surface upon which the base is disposed. A battery, which is rechargeable from a plurality of solar cells, is coupled to the cylinder. A disbursing unit, which is coupled to the cylinder and positioned below the cone, is operationally coupled to the battery. A plurality of sensors is coupled to the cylinder and is configured to detect motion proximate to the cylinder. The disbursing unit is configured to broadcast the feed that drops from the cylinder to an area proximate to the base, at specified intervals and for specified lengths of time.

Abstract: An apparatus for training canines to detect complex hazardous substances from an odor mixture developed from at least two separated material components having at least two separated odors respectively. The training apparatus has a chamber base unit having at least two vial wells configured to hold separate containers of the material components and a chamber top unit having a first side facing the chamber base and a second side opposite the first side. The first side of the chamber top unit and the chamber base unit define a primary vapor mixing chamber in fluid communication with the vial wells. A mechanical seal between the chamber top and the chamber base seals the primary vapor mixing chamber. A passageway extends through the chamber top unit connecting the primary vapor mixing chamber to the second side of the chamber top unit.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a reduced-pull leash device includes a first extendible leash section and a second leash section. The second leash section is longer than the unextended first leash section. The first leash section's first end is configured to couple to or near the second leash section's first end. The first leash section's second end is configured to couple to a harness at a location on top of a dog. The second leash section's second end is configured to couple to a harness at a front location of the dog. The lengths of the first and second leash sections are configured so the first leash section extends when a dog pulls on the leash until the second leash section becomes taught. Once the second leash section becomes taught, a lateral force is generated on the dog to pull the dog laterally. Numerous other embodiments are provided.

Abstract: [Object] To provide a livestock management system, a sensor apparatus, and an estimation method for a state of a livestock animal with which states of livestock animals can be easily and accurately estimated. [Solving Means] A livestock management system according to an embodiment of the present technology includes a management apparatus. The management apparatus includes a reception unit that receives power generation information from a sensor apparatus configured to be attachable to a livestock animal and including a power generation unit that generates electric power in a manner that depends on a surrounding environment and a transmission unit that transmits the power generation information of the power generation unit with electric power obtained by the power generation unit, and a control unit that estimates a state of the livestock animal on the basis of the power generation information.

Abstract: [Object] To provide a management apparatus capable of capturing a position of a specific individual satisfying a predetermined condition. [Solving Means] A management apparatus according to an embodiment of the present technology includes a control unit. The control unit extracts, on the basis of first information that is generated by a sensor device worn by an individual and is related to a living body of the individual, a specific individual satisfying a predetermined condition, and generates, on the basis of position information related to a position of the specific individual, search information for causing a mobile object to move to the position of the specific individual.

Abstract: An incubation tray is disclosed, including an enclosure with a plurality of egg placements for carrying eggs for incubation within an egg incubator. The incubation tray includes a tester unit including plurality of inspection modules in the enclosure associated with the plurality of egg placements. The inspection modules, each includes radiation emitter(s) and sensor(s), and are configured and operable for respectively inspecting the plurality of eggs located in the egg placements, by irradiating the eggs with radiation from a lateral side of the eggs and measuring a radiation response coming in response to the irradiation from a lateral side of the eggs, giving rise to measured data indicative of conditions of the eggs. The measured data may be processed to determine dynamic and static parameters of the radiation response from which a physiological development stage, and growth of the embryos within the eggs can be estimated.

Abstract: A bee hive bottom board system for receiving a hive body includes a 3-sided rectangular frame having a right side, a left side and a rear side, each side having a top surface and an inner surface, the top surface defining a frame plane; a drain edge positioned within the frame about the inner surface, the drain edge having a top surface defining a drain edge plane set below the frame plane; and two adapters having a support component and a flange component, the flange component of each adapter positionable along the inner surface of one of the right side and left side of the frame and mateable with the upper surface of one of the right side and left side of the frame. When mated with the frame, a top surface of the adapter is substantially flush with the top surface of the frame.