Abstract: Disclosed in certain embodiments is an air freshener composition comprising a matrix comprising a fragrance dispersed in a thermo-reversible cross-linked polymer, the matrix having a melting point of at least 120° F.

Abstract: A container system having a container assembly including a lid having a fastener and an attacher, and a container having a first-cavity, and a second-cavity. A multi-purpose container system having internal cavities for varying purposes. The second-cavity having an inner volume suitable for removably containing at least one item including a scented-item for providing air freshening via ventilated perforations for odor eliminating.

Abstract: A microwave auto-induction aroma diffuser comprises an aroma diffuser body, and the aroma diffuser body consists of a bottom housing, a fan, a DC seat, a DC seat fixed mount, a water tank, a face housing, a water tank spray cover, a main board, an atomizer plate and an atomizer plate bracket. According to the utility model, the aroma diffuser body is provided with a microwave auto-induction switch to realize automatic control over the working state thereof; when people get close, the aroma diffuser starts to work; and when people leave, the aroma diffuser is automatically switched into the standby state.

Abstract: An air freshening device is provided. The device includes a housing and a fan connected with the housing. The device may include a pouch disposed in air-flow communication with the fan. The pouch may be disposed downstream from the fan. The pouch includes a solid-form composition enclosed by an air-permeable substrate. The device may include a screen in air flow communication with the fan. The screen may include a plurality of openings and a semi-solid or solid form composition disposed on at least a portion of the screen. The solid-form composition includes a perfume mixture and a malodor reduction material.

Abstract: A functional patch for a pad is beneficial to a human body and solves the problems entailed in various sanitary pads having a multi-layer configuration such as a sanitary napkin, a diaper for an infant or an adult, a sanitary sheet, a mask, etc. The functional patch is inserted into and attached to the pad formed in a multi-layer. Thus, functionality of a sanitary pad may be improved.

Abstract: Biocompatible phase invertible proteinaceous compositions and methods for making and using the same are provided. The subject phase invertible compositions are prepared by combining a proteinaceous substrate and a crosslinking agent, such as a stabilized aldehyde crosslinking agent. Also provided are kits for use in preparing the subject compositions. The subject compositions, kits and systems find use in a variety of different applications.

Abstract: The inventions provided herein relate to dissolvable hydrogel compositions and methods of uses, e.g., but not limited to, in wound management. Accordingly, methods for wound management involving the dissolvable hydrogel compositions are also provided herein. In some embodiments, the dissolvable hydrogel composition comprises an adhesive thioester hydrogel, which can facilitate adherence of the dissolvable hydrogen composition to a surface (e.g., a wound) and can be controllably dissolved later upon addition of a thiolate compound to release the dissolvable hydrogel composition from the surface (e.g., the wound).

Abstract: In present invention oxidation method of viscon cellulose with NO2 obtained H3PO4/HNO3 is defined liquid and gas media. Regenerated oxidise cellulose (REOC in shorten term) contain in —COOH yields are standardised as 18.6-20.1 for textile, 19.8-21.5% for powder samples. Powder and textile (woven and fabric) products are impregnated 1.8-2.4% Ca+2 ion, 0-1.1% Na+1 ion, 0.8-1.5% tranexamic acid and 6-aminocaproic acid as antifibrinolytic. Obtained powder and gel products are impregnated Bi+3, Zn+2 and Ag+1 ions for antiseptic purposes. Only Bismuth of them is shown antibacterial effects. Also the aim of present invention is haemostat antimicrobial properties during impregnation of Rifampicin, Gatifloxacin, Doxycycline, Levofloxacin, Lincomycin, Clindamycin, Ciprofloxacin. Haemostatic properties are indicated for all products and antimicrobial properties are shown for some samples. Cytotoxicity, sensitivity and irritation properties are determined in compliance of Pharmacopeias.

Abstract: Provided herein are chitosan-containing formulations, methods of making such formulations, and methods of using such formulations. Chitosan contemplated for use herein is preferably of high quality and its source is preferably of crustacean origin. The formulations contemplated herein are aqueous, either liquid- or viscous-like, varying in concentration and type of chitosan and acid used, and may include other components. Their uses are diverse, for oral/dental administration or topical/surface application to subjects (e.g. humans or animals) in need thereof or even food commodities, aiming to maintain a good condition where it is applied or contributing to health enhancement, healing, disease prevention or treatment. The present invention also relates to concentrated solutions that may be used for the formulation of other products.

Abstract: The invention provides novel surface coatings having surface polymer brushes with zwitterionic and antibiotics-conjugated side chains and synergistic anti-fouling and bactericidal properties. The surface coatings may be prepared using highly efficient surface-initiated “living” polymerization. The design of the surface polymer brushes are highly modular, allowing independent tuning of the anti-fouling and bactericidal properties, e.g., by varying the chemical nature of the zwitterionic motif and the antibiotic agent, the chemistry through which the antibiotic agent is conjugated to the polymer side chains, the molecular weight of the polymer brushes (e.g., thickness of coating and density of respective functional motifs), and the spatial arrangement of the respective functional motifs (e.g., homopolymers, block copolymers, random copolymers) to achieve optimal and sustained anti-infection outcome for a given application.

Abstract: A shape memory polymer (SMP) intraocular lens may have a refractive index above 1.45, a Tg between 10° C. and 60° C., inclusive, de minimis or an absence of glistening, and substantially 100% transmissivity of light in the visible spectrum. The intraocular lens is then rolled at a temperature above Tg of the SMP material. The intraocular device is radially compressed within a die to a diameter of less than or equal to 1.8 mm while maintaining the temperature above Tg. The compressed intraocular lens device may be inserted through an incision less than 2 mm wide in a cornea or sclera or other anatomical structure. The lens can be inserted into the capsular bag, the ciliary sulcus, or other cavity through the incision. The SMP can substantially achieve refractive index values of greater than or equal to 1.

Abstract: Provided are novel compounds and uses thereof in preventing antifouling by unicellular organisms and in attracting cells from multicellular organisms.

Abstract: A sheet of biological tissue which includes on at least one side tapered edge portion thinning down in the thickness direction, towards an end thereof, a tubular structure obtained from the sheet, and an artificial blood vessel made up of the tubular structure are provided.

Abstract: This document relates to decellularized nerve allografts. For example, decellularized nerve allografts and methods and materials for using decellularized nerve allografts to repair nerve injuries or bridge a severed nerve are provided.

Abstract: A method of producing an acellular cornea includes steps of subjecting a cornea of an animal to a decellularization process, and has not the step of treating the cornea with a protease, a chelating agent, a detergent, a glycerol, or a combination thereof. When a native cornea is processed by the method, the native structure and conformation of the native cornea are preserved while immunogenic matters are reduced to a level that the thus produced cornea may serve as a three-dimensional scaffold for host cells to grow thereon after transplantation.

Abstract: Catheter tubing comprises: an elongate body comprising a base thermoplastic polyurethane; and a compounded thermoplastic polyurethane co-extruded with the base thermoplastic polyurethane to provide a section of catheter tubing discrete from the elongate body, the compounded thermoplastic polyurethane comprising a thermoplastic polyurethane and a radiopaque material, wherein the catheter tubing comprises a first elastic modulus under first conditions prior to entry into a patient; and wherein when exposed to second conditions comprising two or more in vivo stimuli for a duration of time the catheter tubing comprises a second elastic modulus that is not more than fifty percent of the first modulus.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides for a medical device or a substrate coated with polydopamine which is further linked to ligands such as antibodies and/or antibody fragments. The polydopamine coating and the ligands may be linked through a linker such as an organic polymer.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for inhibiting bacterial attachment to a surface, the method comprising forming the surface from a polymer, or applying a polymer to the surface, wherein the polymer is a homopolymer formed from a (meth) acrylate or (meth) acrylamide monomer or a copolymer formed from one or more (meth) acrylate or (meth) acrylamide monomers, wherein the (meth) acrylate or (meth) acrylamide monomers are of formula (I) or (II): [H2C?CR?—C(=0)-0-]n, R (I) [H2C?CR?—C(=0)-NH—]n R (II) wherein n is 1, 2 or 3, R? is independently H or CH3, R is an organic group having a total of from 2 to 24 carbon atoms, wherein the organic group includes an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon moiety and wherein the organic group does not include any hydroxyl groups.

Abstract: Stents and methods for producing stents are provided. The stent includes a polymeric substrate comprised of 10-50% (w/w) of alginate and 45-85% (w/w) of gelatine and further includes a polymeric biodegradable resin for coating said polymeric substrate. The stent can also include a contrast agent. The stent can further include a crosslinking agent. The method for producing the stent includes dissolving the alginate and gelatine in water and stirring to obtain a polymeric substrate. The method also includes adding a crosslinking agent to the substrate, injecting the substrate into a mold to obtain the stent, placing the stent in a first alcohol solution, and placing the stent in a crosslinking agent solution. The method further includes placing the stent in a second alcohol solution, and a series of interchanging drying and immersing steps.

Abstract: Absorbable barrier composites are designed for modulated gas and water permeability depending on clinical use and are formed of at least two physicochemically distinct components, one of which is a film adjoined to a knitted mesh and/or electrostatically spun, non-woven fabric. Depending on the physicochemical properties of the barrier composite, it can be used in neurological and urinogenital surgical procedures as well as tissue engineering and/or as physical barriers to prevent adhesion formation following several types of surgical procedures.

Abstract: Disclosed are self-expanding medical implants for placement within a lumen of a patient. The implants comprise a woven or non-woven structure having a substantially tubular configuration, and are designed to be low-profile such that they are deliverable with a small diameter catheter. The implants have a high recoverability and desired mechanical properties.

Abstract: A coating composition comprises an aqueous solution comprising at least one vinyl carboxylic acid monomer and at least one neutral monomer, wherein the at least one neutral monomer has a glass transition temperature of less than about 100° C. in homopolymeric form. A device comprises a protonated polyacrylate coating, wherein the device is inherently antimicrobial, anti-thrombogenic, flexible, and/or sheds few to no particulates.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods for treatment of an eye alter aspiration flow from the eye in response to an occlusion of the aspiration conduit pathway. Where aspiration is drawn from the eye using a volumetric pump, the pump can be reversed so as to induce fluid reflux from the aspiration conduit pathway into the eye to help clear the occlusion. The pump may vary the reverse flow in response to sensed aspiration pressure or the like, and the reverse flow may be halted before the pressure within the aspiration conduit pathway adjacent the eye significantly exceeds the irrigation fluid pressure and/or the pressure within the eye. Reflux may alternatively be generated by modulating a vent valve disposed between an irrigation conduit pathway and the aspiration conduit pathway.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to a suction device, for example, suitable for use in a medical procedure. The present disclosure relates more particularly to a suction device including a suction tube having a proximal end and a distal end. The suction tube includes a wall surrounding a lumen defining a suction path extending from an orifice at the proximal end to an orifice at the distal end. The suction device also includes an occlusion mechanism attached to the suction tube and including a body having an opening configured to receive suction tubing and inhibit fluid flow through the suction tubing.

Abstract: A nasal irrigation device and system is described that provides gentle and effective irrigation of the nasal cavity. Small volumes of irrigation fluid are directed towards the wall of the sinus cavity and collected centrally, using a pliable irrigation device. A focusing feature is provided that serves to hold the attention of children undergoing nasal irrigation in order to distract them from the procedure. Such a focusing feature can be in the form of a stuffed or toy animal that envelops or forms part of the nasal irrigation system.

Abstract: A lactation system is disclosed. Embodiments include at least one extraction mechanism including a compression mechanism and a collection mechanism, and a controller. The compression mechanism can include a plurality of manipulable members, each operably coupled to an actuator and arrangeable circumferentially about a breast of a user such that each member can be actuated to selectively apply pressure to a region of the breast. The collection mechanism can be removably coupleable to the compression mechanism and can comprise a storage compartment to receive and store milk The controller can be operably coupleable to the actuators to cause the members to move according to a movement pattern which can be configured to stimulate the breast to induce the flow of milk from the breast and modulated based on sensor feedback. A wearable garment with an inner structure can be removably coupled to the extraction mechanism. An outer cover can be arrangeable to conceal the extraction mechanism.

Abstract: The invention resides in the field of introducing fluid pumps into a lumen and relates to a system for introducing a pump into a lumen which comprises a first sheath and a pump to be introduced into the first sheath, or a system which has a pump with a distal pump unit and a shaft catheter which emerges proximally to the pump unit. According to the invention one or two sheaths are used, the distal pump unit being pulled firstly into the distal end of one sheath, in order to avoid damage to a shaft catheter. Subsequently, the sheath receiving the pump unit is transferred into a further sheath or a receiving lumen.

Abstract: A device for circulatory support of the heart with holding means implanted intracardially in the left or right ventricular outflow of the heart by catheter, using an endovascular method, through a femoral access or a percutaneous transventricular, transseptal, transapical or transvenous access, the holding means comprises anchoring means fixed in the subcommissural triangle underneath the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve, in the flow direction of the blood on the ventricular side of the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve, a pump fixed in the holding means by a catheter, using an endovascular method, through a femoral access or a percutaneous transventricular, transseptal, transapical or transvenous access, the pump can be inserted releasably into the holding means after the holding means has been fixed by the anchoring means in the subcommissural triangles underneath the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve, or is connected to the collapsible and expandable anchoring means.

Abstract: A monitoring device detects a disruption of a fluid connection between first and second fluid containing systems using one or more pressure sensors arranged in the first fluid containing system to detect first pulses from the first fluid containing system and second pulses from the second fluid containing system. The monitoring device receives (501) pressure signal(s) from the pressure sensor(s), populates (504) signal vectors by signal segments in the pressure signal(s) and computes (505) one or more eigenvectors and/or one or more eigenvalues for the signal vectors by a source separation algorithm. The monitoring device detects (506) the disruption based on a monitoring parameter, which is computed as a function of the eigenvector(s) and/or eigenvalue(s) to be responsive to the second pulses in the pressure signal(s). The monitoring device may be associated with or included in an apparatus for extracorporeal blood processing, such as a dialysis machine.

Abstract: A signal filtering device acquires one or more pressure signals that comprise first pulses originating from a first pulse generator associated with a fluid containing system and second pulses. The signal filtering device populates (504) signal vectors by signal segments in the pressure signal(s) and computes (505) principal components for the signal vectors by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). A filtered signal is generated by selecting (506) a first subset of principal components mainly representing the first pulses, determining (507) associated weights, and subtracting (508) the principal components in the first subset from the pressure signal as a function of the weights. Alternatively, a filtered signal is generated by selecting (506) a second subset of principal components that are excluded from the first subset, determining (507) associated weights, and combining (508) the principal components in the second subset as a function of the weights.

Abstract: A system for detecting whether a vascular access has been interrupted in an arrangement in which two catheters or needles are present in a blood vessel, fistula or graft. A fluid line leading to a pump is connected via a first connector to a first indwelling catheter, and a fluid line leading from a pump is connected via a second connector to a second indwelling catheter. Each connector is equipped with an electrode in contact with the lumen of the connector, the electrodes electrically connected to an electronic circuit that measures the impedance or conductivity of fluid between the first connector and second connectors via a fluid path through the blood vessel, fistula or graft. An electronic controller receives the impedance or conductivity data and processes the data to determine whether a vascular access disconnection has occurred.

Abstract: A cardiac function measuring system 200 includes a flowmeter 70 that measures a flow rate waveform of blood from a human body while the blood is circulating outside the body in an extracorporeal circulator. A control unit 100 acquires a pulsation waveform 62 (waveform 60) which is a flow rate fluctuation waveform of blood included in a flow rate waveform measured by the flowmeter 70. A display unit 30 displays a pulsation waveform indicating a cardiac function of a human body in response to a command from the control unit 100.

Abstract: Compositions and methods for separating a sample of whole blood or bone marrow aspirate into a fraction rich in at least one of platelets and pluripotent cells are provided. A sample of whole blood can be centrifuged in a collection tube comprising a separator substance formulated to settle between the PRP fraction and the at least one other fraction. Preferably, centrifugation is completed without substantial activation of platelets. Optionally, the separator substance could be hardened to form a solid barrier that allows removal of all or substantially all of the platelets in the PRP fraction without remixing of the PRP fraction with the at least one other fraction. Transfer devices and methods are also provided in which a sterile sample can be transferred from a separation/preparation container (e.g., vacutainer) to a consumer or other container (e.g., dropper) while maintaining sterility of the sample.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for packaging and sterilizing analyte sensors. The packaging system provides a structure for securing the analyte sensors in a fixed position and fixed orientation within the package.

Abstract: A system for safe radioisotope preparation and injection of H215O for use in Positron Emission Tomography (PET). The invention also relates to a safety valve for controlling a flow of H215O for use in PET, to a use of said safety valve and to a method for preparing and injecting H215O.

Abstract: Provided are 82Sr/82Rb elution systems that accept patient weight as a input function in order to determine an optimal quantity of radioactive rubidium-82 for delivery to a patient pursuant to an imaging scan. Also disclosed are systems that deliver a saline flush to remove residual 82Rb from the system downstream of the generator, and preferably deliver the removed residual 82Rb to the patient. Other disclosed systems measure the total volume of saline that flows through a 82Sr/82Rb generator, a total volume of saline that flows through the generator and through a bypass line, or a total volume of saline received by a waste reservoir, in order to monitor system components so that optimal system functioning is assured.

Abstract: An infusion system includes a double action infusion pump. The pump includes a cylinder and a reciprocating piston received within the cylinder, the reciprocating piston separating a first pump chamber from a second pump chamber of the cylinder. A reciprocating motor is coupled with the reciprocating piston, and the first and second pump chambers alternate between filling and evacuating conditions with reciprocation of the reciprocating piston through operation of the reciprocating motor, and the speed of reciprocation is varied to provide a continuous output of fluid between the first and second pump chambers. A fluid source and a catheter are optionally coupled with the double action infusion pump. The catheter includes one or more infusion ports near a catheter distal portion, and the one or more infusion ports receive and expel the continuous output of fluid from the double action infusion pump.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to administration of fluid medication, in particular medication and dosing regimen for management of pain, more specifically to an anesthetic and dosing regimen for anesthetic for perioperative pain management and/or for palliative care. The present disclosure relates further to a medication pump and a method for delivering medication using the medication pump.

Abstract: A fluid injection system that includes an injector head having a syringe for delivering a fluid to a patient; a mounting structure pivotally connected to the injector head and configured to support the injector head above a surface; and a control system operationally coupled to the injector head for controlling an injection procedure is disclosed. The fluid injection system is provided with various sensors to control various aspects of the fluid injection system, such as the establishment of a reference plane, the determination of a tilt angle of the injector head, and the determination of a temperature of an actuation system of the injector head.

Abstract: A system for drug delivery by infusion is disclosed where the concentration of the drug solution withdrawn from a drug container (1, 2) to be delivered to the patient (8) according to a predetermined dose rate protocol for the drug is repeatedly analyzed during the infusion, and the concentration data obtained are used to continuously control the infusion rate to at least substantially maintain the predetermined dose rate. A method for drug delivery by infusion is also disclosed.

Abstract: A fluid sensing system (30) including a fluid channel (32) with an inlet (34) and an outlet (36). A thermal device (38) is operably coupled thereto at a first position whereby thermal energy is transferable with fluid in the channel. A section of the fluid channel downstream of the first position has a predefined cross section and flow path. A thermal imaging device (46) is positioned to capture a thermal image of at least a portion of the downstream section. A processor (48) coupled with the thermal imaging device is configured to determine at least one output value representative of a property of the fluid medication or fluid flow using the thermal image. The output value may be the flow volume. In some embodiments, the fluid channel also defines a section upstream of the first position with the thermal imaging device capturing an image that includes at least portions of both the upstream and downstream sections.

Abstract: Systems and methods for diabetes management with automatic basal and manual bolus insulin control are presented. An exemplary system includes a delivery device, a glucose sensor, and a controller. The delivery device delivers insulin and the glucose sensor measures glucose levels of the subject. A basal insulin dose is calculated using a model predictive control algorithm and physiological data of the subject including desired glucose levels, amounts of the delivered insulin and the measured glucose levels. A manual bolus insulin dose is initiated by the subject. The manual bolus insulin dose is modified based on one or both of the model predictive control algorithm and the physiological data of the subject. A total insulin dose is determined based on the modified manual bolus insulin dose and the calculated basal insulin dose, and delivered to the subject.

Abstract: Methods, system and devices for monitoring a plurality of parameters associated with a closed loop control operation including continuously monitoring a physiological condition and automatic administration of a medication, detecting an impending administration of the medication level exceeding a predetermined threshold level, retrieving one or more signals associated with the monitored physiological condition, determining an accuracy indication of the retrieved one or more signals associated with the monitored physiological condition, and executing the administration of the medication level based on the accuracy indication are provided.

Abstract: A control system for administration of a drug comprises a drug administration actuator for administering the drug to a patient at a controllable dosage; a monitor for measuring an effect of the drug on the patient; and a controller configured to determine a control signal to the drug administration actuator; wherein the controller is configured to implement a closed loop model-predictive control scheme comprising, for each of a series of time steps, minimizing a cost function subject to one or more constraints to determine the control signal, the cost function based at least in part on a reference level and the monitor measurement; wherein the control signal is used as an input to an auxiliary model to estimate at least one concentration level of the drug in the patient; and wherein the constraints comprise at least one constraint on the estimate of the concentration level of the drug.

Abstract: The invention relates to an auto-injector with a base housing (2), a carpule (6), a needle arrangement (7), at least one drive assembly (8) and a securing assembly (9) which secures the drive assembly (8) in its position with respect to the base housing (2) until activated for the injection procedure. The securing assembly (9) comprises a securing cap (12) with a cap jacket (14), a cap wall (15) and a securing pin (16) arranged inside the cap jacket (14). Arranged between the securing cap (12) and the base housing (2) is a guide arrangement (17) with a first and a second guide element (19, 20) which define an adjustment path (18) delimited in the axial direction on the side directed away from the distal end (3). In its release position, the securing cap (12) is still arranged and held on the base housing (2).

Abstract: An injection device (100) suitable for the delivery of a viscous medicament from a container (10) through a needle (16) disposed at the distal end of the container (10) is disclosed. The device comprises a housing (102), an advancing mechanism (190, 204, 230) operable to move the container (10) relative to the housing from a starting position in which the needle (16) is shrouded and an insertion position in which the needle (16) is exposed, and a stopper drive arrangement operable to move a stopper (22) towards the distal end of the container (10). The stopper drive arrangement comprises a drive body (240) arranged for axial movement with respect to the housing (102), a driveshaft (250) arranged for rotation with respect to the drive body (240), a plunger (202) arranged for axial movement with respect to the drive body (240) to move the stopper (22) upon rotation of the driveshaft (250), and drive means (290) arranged to rotate the driveshaft (250) upon activation of the stopper drive arrangement.

Abstract: A cartridge comprising a reservoir part and an extension extending from said reservoir part, said extension defining a fluid path and comprising a molding and a first needle extending from said molding, the extension turning to a finite angle with respect to an axis of said reservoir part and wherein at least part of said first needle is likewise at said finite angle, at least some of said part of said first needle at said finite angle being enclosed within said molding of said fluid path. A drug delivery device may be used with the cartridge and includes a skin-contacting surface. In use the longitudinal axis of the interior of the cartridge may be disposed substantially parallel to the skin-contacting surface.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical syringe having a cylindrical bore with a proximal opening, the syringe comprising a distal wall of the bore defining an outlet biased from the central axis of the syringe, and toward a first area of the distal wall and biased from the central axis away from a second area distinct from the first area; the syringe comprising a plunger seal having a distal surface; wherein when the plunger seal is fitted into the bore with the distal surface facing an inner surface of the distal wall of the bore, the second area of the inner surface is axially closer to the distal surface of the plunger seal than the first area, in a direction parallel to the central axis of the cylindrical bore, such that fluid is expelled from the second area and towards the outlet.

Abstract: An injection device is disclosed comprising a plunger for expressing medicament from a syringe and a delivery mechanism arranged in use to provide a forward biasing force to urge the plunger from a first rearward position to a second forward position to express a dose from the syringe. A latch arrangement is provided that releasably holds the plunger against the force of the delivery mechanism. The latch arrangement comprising at least two resilient segments which define opposing sections of an aperture within which a rearward end of the plunger is retained in the rearward position. A trigger is provided for releasing the plunger in use, the trigger being arranged to outwardly deflect at least one of the resilient segments such that the aperture is expanded to release the rearward end of the plunger. A method of manufacturing the injection device is also enclosed.

Abstract: The present embodiments provide for simple devices that guide the loading and dispensing of accurate small doses of fluid from standard injection syringes.