Abstract: A wireless communication system, a mobile station, a base station, and a wireless communication method that improve communication efficiency between wireless communication stations are provided. A wireless communication apparatus includes a communication unit, which includes a first logical processing subject and a second logical processing subject that operates in association with the first logical processing subject and which performs multiple communications with a wireless communication apparatus, and includes a notifying unit that notifies the wireless communication apparatus of data related information. The wireless communication apparatus includes a second communication unit that transmits data, and a notifying unit that receives the data related information from the controller and controls an amount of data transmitted by the second communication unit.

Abstract: A method is intended for establishing a dual connectivity between a user equipment and a MeNB and a SeNB. This method includes i) a first step during which the MeNB chooses a SeNB to offload a data rate requested by the user equipment, ii) a second step during which the MeNB sends a resource request, including data defining at least complementary radio resources to be allocated, E-RAB parameters, TNL address information, user equipment capabilities, current radio resource configuration for the user equipment, and a user equipment history cell information, to the chosen SeNB, and iii) a third step during which the chosen SeNB determines from these received data and from its not yet allocated radio resources if it can allocate the requested complementary radio resources for the user equipment and how to set corresponding radio parameters.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of configuring transmission data streams and a wireless communication system. A first wireless device of the wireless communication system determines a number of data streams for a second wireless device, under a condition that the first wireless device operates in a noncontiguous operation mode. Radio frequency (RF) units of the wireless devices are fully exploited, and the data rate between the first wireless device and the second wireless device is enhanced.

Abstract: Embodiments of the inventive concepts disclosed herein are directed to systems and methods for operating in multiple transmissions modes for satellite communications. A controller of a radio device may set a transmission mode of a single transceiver chain to a first communications protocol. The single transceiver chain may communicate with a satellite antenna using the first communications protocol. The controller may modify the transmission mode of the single transceiver chain from the first communications protocol to a second communications protocol. The controller may maintain synchronization for the first communications protocol. The single transceiver chain may transmit a first signal to the satellite using the second communications protocol, responsive to modifying the transmission mode. The single transceiver chain may simultaneously receive a second signal using the first communications protocol and the synchronization, and a third signal using the second communications protocol.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method performed in a radio communications network which is configured to enable multipath communication. The method comprises providing an explicit indication that a path within a multipath connection is a backup path prior to establishment on or handover to a radio link of the backup path, transmission of the explicit indication to the base station, where it is interpreted. This allows an early indication that the path is a backup path and allows the base station to handle and prioritise use of radio network resources and/or connection characteristics for the radio link. The explicit indication may be in the radio level signalling or in handover signalling.

Abstract: A method performed by a radio equipment control (REC) device, including storing values of link configuration registers of a radio equipment control (REC) device at shadow registers of the REC device in response to determining that a synchronization of a current communication link between the REC device and a radio equipment (RE) device has been lost. The method further including re-establishing the current communication link based on the values of the link configuration registers stored at the shadow registers of the REC device.

Abstract: A wireless access point controls Discontinuous Reception (DRX) parameters for User Equipment (UE). The wireless access point wirelessly exchanges wireless communications with a plurality of UEs comprising High Power UEs (HPUEs) and non-HPUEs. The wireless access point determines a number of the HPUEs and determines a number non-HPUEs experiencing RF interference above an RF interference threshold. The wireless access point compares the number of non-HPUEs experiencing RF interference above the RF interference threshold to the number of HPUEs and when the number of non-HPUEs experiencing RF interference above the RF interference threshold exceeds the number of HPUEs, then the wireless access point modifies the DRX parameters for the HPUEs to a low DRX parameter setting. The wireless access point wirelessly transmits an instruction to the HPUEs indicating the modification of the DRX parameters for the HPUEs to the low DRX parameter setting.

Abstract: A method, computer-readable storage device and apparatus for closing a transmission control protocol connection in a wireless network are disclosed. For example, the method sends a first transmission control protocol option requesting a use of a silent transmission control protocol closure for the transmission control protocol connection, receives a confirmation from a recipient device that silent transmission control protocol closure is to be used for the transmission control protocol connection, sends a second transmission control protocol option that indicates a connection timeout period for the sender device, receives a connection timeout period for the recipient device, tracks the connection timeout period for the sender device and the connection timeout period for the recipient device, and closes the transmission control protocol connection when one of the connection timeout period for the sender device or the connection timeout period for the recipient device has expired.

Abstract: A discontinuous reception method in a wireless communication system, including: determining to employ a consecutive carrier aggregation or a non-consecutive carrier aggregation; in case of the consecutive carrier aggregation, for a primary cell and each of the secondary cells, setting a common on-duration timer and/or a common discontinuous reception inactivity timer; and in case of the non-consecutive carrier aggregation, for a primary cell and each of the secondary cells, setting separate on-duration timers and/or separate discontinuous reception inactivity timers.

Abstract: A first communication unit communicates with a first communication terminal device by using a first communication scheme. A second communication unit communicates with a second communication terminal device by using a second communication scheme capable of communication over a longer distance than the first communication scheme. A search instruction communicating unit communicates a search instruction to the second communication terminal device via the second communication unit, the search instruction including an identifier identifying a first communication terminal device, and instructing the second communication terminal device to search for the first communication terminal device by using the first communication scheme.

Abstract: A first field of a preamble of a physical layer (PHY) data unit is generated to include a first set of one or more information bits indicating a duration of the data unit and is formatted to conform to a first communication protocol such that the first field allows a receiver device conforming to a second communication protocol to determine the duration of the data unit. A second field of the preamble is generated to include a second set of one or more information bits indicating to a receiver device conforming to the first communication protocol that the data unit conforms to the first communication protocol. The second field is convolutionally coded using a tail biting technique, and the first field and the second field are modulated using a modulation scheme specified for a field corresponding to the first field and the second field, respectively, by the second communication protocol.

Abstract: A signal interface unit for a distributed antenna system (DAS) includes a channelized radio carrier interface configured to receive a downlink channelized radio carrier for a radio frequency carrier from a channelized radio carrier base station interface; an antenna side interface configured to communicate a downlink digitized radio frequency signal from the antenna side interface to the DAS communicatively coupled to the antenna side interface; and a signal conversion module communicatively coupled between the channelized radio carrier interface and the antenna side interface and configured to convert between the downlink channelized radio carrier and the downlink digitized radio frequency signal at least in part by adjusting at least one downlink attribute of the downlink digitized radio frequency signal communicated to the DAS based on requirements of the channelized radio carrier base station interface to cause the DAS to appear as a remote radio head to the channelized radio carrier interface.

Abstract: Systems and methods that efficiently combine multiple wireless networks or devices resulting in faster, more reliable, and more secure mobile Internet. A Virtual Private Network (VPN) service application is operated to route outgoing and incoming data packets of a mobile device. The mobile device is (i) either coupled to a remote server through the VPN service application for data packets transfer between the remote server and the mobile device or (ii) performs cross-layer translation for data packets transfer between the mobile device and direct target hosts on the Internet. Concurrently using multiple channels secures data packets transfer by sending encrypted data packets over multiple channels and receiving the encrypted data packets by a single apparatus. Data packets are designated to be transferred via a Wi-Fi channel or a cellular channel, and then transferred using both the Wi-Fi channel and the cellular channel.

Abstract: A driver selection type rapid heating control method is provided. In an eco-vehicle, when an off signal of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) input pressed by a driver is received in response to detecting a heating signal while being driven in an electric vehicle mode (EV mode), the rapid heating is performed by an idling of an engine and an operation of a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heater. When an on signal of the HEV input is detected, rapid heating is performed by a driving of an engine and the operation of the PTC heater. Thus, the rapid heating is performed with minimal fuel consumption against battery consumption under conversion into the EV mode, in particular, rapid windshield glass defrosting is performed for securing a field of view while driving by the driver selection.

Abstract: A heated glove having a glove structure and a heating assembly. The glove structure includes an inner body having an outer surface, an inner surface defining a cavity with an opening providing ingress into the cavity. The heating assembly has at least one heating zone. The heating zone has a conductive fabric portion, a heating mesh portion and a sensing assembly. The conductive fabric portion has a first circuit portion and a second circuit portion. The two portions have a first end across which a voltage differential can be placed, and second ends that are spaced apart from each other. The heating mesh portion extends between the second ends of the first and second circuit portions so as to be in electrical communication therewith. The sensing assembly has a temperature sensor. The temperature sensor is positioned proximate the heating mesh portion to determine a temperature of an area proximate thereto.

Abstract: The present invention for eliminating a need for a temperature detecting element adapted to measure the temperature of a roll main body provides an induction heated roll apparatus including: a roll main body; a magnetic flux generating mechanism including an iron core and a winding; and a power supply circuit provided with a control element adapted to control AC current or AC voltage. The apparatus calculates the temperature of the roll main body using an AC current value obtained by an AC current detecting part, an AC voltage value obtained by an AC voltage detecting part, a power factor obtained by a power factor detecting part, a winding resistance value of the winding, and an excitation resistance obtained from characteristics of a relationship between a magnetic flux density and an excitation resistance of a magnetic circuit including the iron core and the roll main body as parameters.

Abstract: In a heat cooking device equipped with a memory card attaching mechanism for inserting a memory card, the memory card attaching mechanism is configured to have, on a lower face of a main body of the heat cooking device, a card insertion port for inserting the memory card vertically upward. The card insertion port is configured to be hidden by a front grille panel attached to a machine chamber lying under the main body so as not to be exposed from the heat cooking device. Therefore, the reliable commercial heat cooking device that does not require a special waterproof measure can be provided.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and systems for illumination, including wide area lighting applications. In one embodiment, a method of illumination comprises: comparing metamers at a known and similar CCT with at least one metamer having a higher M/P or S/P ratio; selecting at least one of said metamers for improved perceived brightness; evaluating the selected metamer(s) for desired CCT and acceptable CRI; manufacturing a lighting apparatus which emits light of a given CCT having increased melanopic content compared to one or more extant metameric variations of the same or similar CCT; wherein said light has an acceptable CRI. The method can be applied in various apparatus and systems. In one example, the methods, apparatus, and systems can be used to illuminate a wide area target area with increased perceived brightness compared to typical similar lighting. In some cases, this allows energy savings and/or less lighting sources or fixtures than typical lighting.

Abstract: A constant current driver circuit is provided for a vehicle light assembly having a plurality of light strings arranged in parallel with each other. Each light string in the plurality of light strings includes at least one light emitting diode (LED) electrically coupled in series with an LED driver. The driver circuit includes a bias circuit, a voltage regulator circuit and a sense circuit. The bias circuit is electrically coupled to each LED driver at a common node and, in absence of a trigger signal, operates to supply a bias voltage to each LED driver. The voltage regulator circuit is electrically coupled to the common node and regulates the bias voltage supplied by the bias circuit. The sense circuit is configured to detect on/off state of the voltage regulator and, in response to detecting an off state for the voltage regulator, provides a trigger signal to the bias circuit.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided herein for current regulation. An example system controller includes: a first controller terminal configured to receive an input voltage, the first controller terminal being further configured to allow a first current flowing into the system controller based at least in part on the input voltage in response to one or more switches being closed; a second controller terminal configured to allow the first current to flow out of the system controller through the second controller terminal in response to the one or more switches being closed; a fourth controller terminal coupled to the third controller terminal through a first capacitor, the first capacitor not being any part of the system controller; and an error amplifier configured to generate a compensation signal based at least in part on the current sensing signal, the error amplifier including a second capacitor.

Abstract: The invention provides a driver circuit, an LED lighting tube and a method for providing a controlled DC output power. An open loop control is used for controlling the DC output power in the case that a voltage of an AC input power is in a first voltage range. A closed loop control is used for controlling the DC output power in the case that the voltage of the AC input power is in a second voltage range.

Abstract: A single-stage AC-DC single-inductor multiple-output (SIMO) LED driver uses a single inductor (L) to drive multiple independent LED strings (341-34n) with Power Factor Correction (PFC). The driver uses a diode bridge (20) to achieve initial AC to DC conversion. The output of the bridge (20) is provided to a buck converter whose output is shared with multiple LED strings by a time division multiplex circuit. Feedback is used to separately control the current supplied to each LED string by using a separate reference for each string and controlling the width of the current pulse provided to a string. Current balancing in every LED string can be achieved with the same voltage reference without the need for additional circuitry.

Abstract: Apparatus and associated methods relate to providing a constant-brightness lighting power to one or more interconnected light strings. A light string power controller draws operating power from a power source that has a variable voltage. The light string power controller supplies constant-brightness lighting power to the one or more interconnected light strings connected thereto. The power controller can send a load-query signal the one or more interconnected light strings connected thereto. The connected light strings respond to the query with a load-response signal, which is indicative of a power level corresponding to an illumination value of the one or more interconnected light strings. The load-response signal can be indicative of a total number of lighting elements of the one or more interconnected light strings, for example. Similarly, the load-response signal can be indicative of a desired power level for a predetermined illumination level of the one or more interconnected light strings.

Abstract: In an LED control device, a first integration circuit changes a first reference signal to be different from a second reference signal in one cycle of a first light controlling signal, and a first control unit controls a first switching element by means of a first control signal Gate1 at a first operational frequency for turning on and off a first switching element, the first operational frequency being different from a second operational frequency for turning on and off a second switching element, in one cycle of a first light controlling signal.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure include a dimming device comprising a dimming signal interface module which includes an optical coupling module and an analog-digital converter module having its input terminal connected to the input terminal of the dimming signal interface module and its output terminal selectively connected to the optical coupling module. The dimming signal interface module may receive digital signals and analog signals. When the analog signals are received by the input terminal of the dimming signal interface module, the analog-digital converter module may convert the analog signals to square-wave signals and output the square-wave signals to the optical coupling module. When digital signals are received by the input terminal of the dimming signal interface module, the output terminal of the analog-digital converter module may be disconnected from the optical coupling module. The dimming device may be able to receive digital and analog control signals to be used for dimming.

Abstract: A lamp driving circuit for driving a lamp part, includes a correction part configured to receive a first control signal for driving the lamp part with a predetermined brightness, to receive duty information indicative of a ratio of a supply voltage for operating the lamp part and a voltage across the lamp part, and to correct the first control signal based on the duty information to generate a second control signal, and a control part configured to receive the second control signal from the correction part, and to drive the lamp part with the predetermined brightness based on the second control signal.

Abstract: A driving apparatus configured to drive a light emitting device includes a driving current source module operable to supply current to the light emitting device via a node during operation. A protection module coupled to the node and the driving current source module selectively injects current to the node during operation. The driving current source module is controlled based on a detection result of a voltage on the node.

Abstract: A light receiving device including: a light receiving element configured to receive at least a portion of light incident from an outside and output an output signal corresponding to amount of received light; a molded resin portion configured to seal at least a portion of the light receiving element; a temperature information acquiring unit configured to acquire temperature information; a humidity information calculating unit configured to calculate humidity information, based on information relating to at least either electrical characteristics or optical characteristics of the light receiving element and the temperature information; and a compensating unit configured to compensate the output signal, based on the temperature information and the humidity information.

Abstract: A control device may comprise a plurality of buttons, a plurality of light sources located behind the respective buttons and configured to illuminate the buttons, a light detector circuit configured to measure an ambient light level around the control device, and/or a control circuit configured to control the light sources to adjust surface illumination intensities of the respective buttons in response to the measured ambient light level. Each button may comprise indicia indicating a function of the button. The control circuit set the first button as active and the second button as inactive in response to an actuation of the first button. The control circuit may, based on the measured ambient light level, control the light sources to illuminate the first button to an active surface illumination intensity, and to illuminate the second button to an inactive surface illumination intensity that is less than the active surface illumination intensity.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a camera and a processor. The camera may be configured to capture video data of an area of interest. The processor may be configured to (A) process the video data, (B) generate control signals used to initiate an external stimulus and (C) execute computer readable instructions. The computer readable instructions may be executed by the processor to (a) stream the video data to an external server, receive facial recognition results from the external server and (c) if the facial recognition results cannot detect a face of a detected person, determine which of the control signals to generate. The external stimuli may be implemented to encourage a detected person to look in a direction of the camera sensor.

Abstract: A color-tunable lighting device and method is disclosed. The device includes a lighting component that has a first lighting element having a warm color temperature, and a second lighting element having a cool color temperature. The first and second lighting elements, together, have a combined color temperature and a combined lumen output. The device further includes a controller configured to apply a first power input to the first lighting element and a second power input to the second lighting element wherein the combined color-temperature of the first lighting element and the second lighting element may be tuned to a desired color temperature at a desired combined lumen output of the lighting component.

Abstract: A light source device is provided with: a plurality of surface light sources that have different wavelength bands; a multiplexing unit that multiplexes light beams emitted from the surface light sources; and an adjustment unit that adjusts, when an endoscope that serves as a reference endoscope is connected, the light amounts of light beams emitted from the surface light sources such that illumination light emitted from the reference endoscope has a predetermined color balance and that corrects, when an arbitrary endoscope is connected, the color balance on the basis of the ratio of the color balance of illumination light emitted from the connected endoscope and the color balance of illumination light emitted from the reference endoscope.

Abstract: A lighting system comprising a light source operable to emit a source light, a sensor operable to sense environmental light from an environment, and a controller operatively connected to each of the sensor and the light source and configured to analyze the environmental light sensed by the sensor to at least one of detect and generate data relating to a condition of the environment, the data being transmittable in a transmitted data light. The sensor is operable to sense the presence or absence of a dominant wavelength comprised by the environmental light. Additionally, the controller is operable to correlate the dominant wavelength with a substance.

Abstract: A lighting fixture is provided in which the lighting fixture includes a housing configured to receive a power supply and a plurality of light emitting components positioned near a lens of the lighting fixture. The lighting fixture can operate in a first illumination mode and a second illumination mode. For example, the lighting fixture may provide white in one of the illumination modes and may provide amber light in the other mode. The lighting fixture is also able to be switched between an illuminated state and a non-illuminated state in response to receipt of a user input. The light emitting components can be switched between the first illumination mode and the second illumination mode in response to a magnetized contact applied to the exterior of the housing, where switching between the illuminated state and the non-illuminated state is independent of switching between the first and second illumination modes.

Abstract: System controller and method for a power converter. For example, a system controller for a power converter includes a logic controller configured to generate a modulation signal, and a driver configured to receive the modulation signal, generate a drive signal based at least in part on the modulation signal, and output the drive signal to a switch to affect a current flowing through an inductive winding for a power converter. Additionally, the system controller includes a voltage-to-voltage converter configured to receive a first voltage signal, the modulation signal, and a demagnetization signal, and to generate a second voltage signal based at least in part on the first voltage signal, the modulation signal, and the demagnetization signal.

Abstract: A control system including a plurality of high voltage devices grouped into a plurality of zones including a first zone and a second zone, a plurality of low voltage devices, wherein a first low voltage device is associated with the first zone and a second low voltage device is associated with the second zone, and a central control module. The central control module includes a first low voltage connection for receiving at least one first control signal from at least one of the low voltage devices and a high voltage connection for providing at least one second control signal to at least one of the high voltage devices. The central control module is configured to determine a daylight conversion factor based on the at least one control signal. Wherein the at least one second control signal is based at least in part on the daylight conversion factor.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to staggered arrays of individually addressable light-emitting elements for sweeping out angular ranges. One example device includes an astigmatic optical element. The device may also include an array of individually addressable light-emitting elements arranged to emit light towards the astigmatic optical element. The astigmatic optical element may be arranged to focus light emitted from each individually addressable light-emitting element to produce a substantially linear illumination pattern at a different corresponding scan angle within an angular range. The example device may further include a control system operable to sequentially activate the individually addressable light-emitting elements such that the substantially linear illumination pattern sweeps out the angular range.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a vehicle lighting device includes a first circuit portion that has at least one light emitting element and a first resistor connected in series to the light emitting element; a second circuit portion that is connected in parallel to the first circuit portion and has at least a control portion; and a third circuit portion that is connected in series to the first circuit portion and the second circuit portion, and has at least one light emitting element. The control portion measures an input voltage and causes a current to flow through the third circuit portion in a case where the measured input voltage is a predetermined value.

Abstract: A controlling of a lighting network based on traffic monitoring comprises steps of determining plurality of coverage areas of set of luminaires, where each luminaire comprises at least one light source. Information related to a presence of users in said coverage areas is received. This may relate both outdoor or indoor areas and activity. A status of at least certain luminaire is then changed to a reserve status, when a last detected user exits the coverage area. Each coverage area or luminaire is providing with an expected value for the time of when the next user is expected to arrive in the coverage area of said luminaire, A set of luminaires [R] of said luminaires with the reserve status to be controlled, such as dimmed, is then defined and information related to demand response requests [D1, . . . , Dn] of an electric power grid is received.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a central unit of a bus system (10), to a bus system (10) and to a method for locating bus subscribers (2) in the bus system. The central unit (1) stores a generated address list containing the addresses of the bus subscribers (2). In a commissioning mode, a control unit (3) transmits control commands to the bus subscribers (2) according to the address list. A bus subscriber (2) is preferably a luminous means or has at least one luminous display. The sequential control commands are preferably such that, at any time, a selected bus subscriber (2) assumes a first luminous state which differs from a second luminous state of all other bus subscribers (2).

Abstract: Described herein is method for setting up a network of luminaires and their subsequent operation. A plurality of luminaires are located on a street (24, 29), and each luminaire comprises a control module (23, 28). The method for setting up the network comprises, for each control module, scanning the environment and providing environmental information to a central server, which, allocates the control modules and their associated luminaires into groups (A, B). A group controller (23?, 28?, 31, 32) is allocated for each group which has long-distance communication with the server and short-distance communication with control modules within its group. Each group controller and control modules within the group form a network which can operate autonomously or under the control of the server. Some of the control modules may include sensors (S1, S2) which provide signals indicative of changes in the environment allowing the network to adapt its operation in accordance with those changes.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an intelligent lighting control system configured for automated lighting adjustments. A light control module of the lighting control system receives a signal, such as an alarm signal, from an electronic device, such as a mobile electronic device. The light control module is configured to cause a transmission of a quantity of electrical energy to a lighting circuit of a light fixture electrically connected to the lighting control module. The light control module causes a quantity of electrical energy to be transmitted to a lighting circuit at a particular time of day determined based on the alarm signal.

Abstract: A multimode switch is provided that has a wireless transceiver, a line voltage switch, and a switch controller. The wireless transceiver is configured to transmit and receive messages over a wireless network. The line voltage switch is coupled to a line voltage and to one or more wireless devices. The switch controller, responsive to first messages received over the wireless network, is configured to direct the line voltage switch to provide the line voltage to, and subsequently remove line voltage from, the one or more wireless devices, and is configured to receive first identifying information and functional group designation for the one or more wireless devices in second messages over the wireless network, and is configured to thereafter control the one or more wireless devices according to the identifying information and functional group designation via transmission of third messages over the wireless network.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for creating functional lighting groups. The apparatus includes one or more wireless devices and a commissioning device. The one or more wireless devices are coupled together via a line voltage, and are configured to enter a grouping mode responsive to commands sent over a wireless network, and are configured to send messages over the wireless network indicating that they have been power cycled via the line voltage. The commissioning device is coupled to the one or more wireless devices over the wireless network, and is configured to send the commands, and is configured to receive the messages, and is configured to create a functional lighting group comprising the one or more wireless devices.

Abstract: In embodiments, a method and system is provided for streaming lighting effect data wirelessly to a peripheral input device in lighting effect arrays. A current lighting effect array is compared to a previous lighting effect array, and compression is applied to one or more zones of light emitters in the lighting effect array.

Abstract: A load control system may include one or more wireless control devices that may be associated via a programming device. An identifier for a first wireless control device may be determined in response to an actuation of a button on the first wireless control device. An association between the first wireless control device and a second wireless control device may be defined at the programming device. The identifier for the first wireless control device may be transmitted to the second wireless control device, which may cause the first wireless control device to enter a sleep mode. The first wireless control device may enter the sleep mode after an actuation of a button on the first wireless control device. The identifier may be determined in response to the actuation of the button on the first wireless control device and/or prior to the first wireless control device entering the sleep mode.

Abstract: An electric barrier to limit crossing of a border or perimeter. It consists of rows of vertical electrodes installed underground or above ground. It has two modes of operation. In an RF heating mode a generator powers electric fields to heat the ground in a pattern around the fence. A temperature may be reached which makes human occupation of tunnels untenable. Humans may also be subjected to RF radiation effects, especially if the frequency is tuned to a resonant frequency of tunnel cavities. Detection of a resonant frequency by suitable instrumentation may also indicate the presence of tunnels. In another mode occupants of a tunnel may be subjected to shock from an electric pulse, without heating, depending on small amounts of moisture to transmit the pulse through soil to the tunnel.

Abstract: X-ray pulse source (100) for generating X-ray pulses (1) includes electron pulse source device (10) including photo-emitter device (11) being configured for photo-induced creation of free electron pulses (2) and driver device (12) being configured for creating electromagnetic driver pulses (3) accelerating electron pulses (2) along acceleration path (7), and electromagnetic interaction device (50) comprising electromagnetic pulse source device (51) being configured for creating electromagnetic pulses (4) in interaction section (5) of electromagnetic interaction device (50), wherein electron pulse source device (10) and electromagnetic interaction device (50) are operable for generating X-ray pulses (1) by an interaction of electron pulses (2) and electromagnetic pulses (4), and driver device (12) includes THz driver pulse source (13), which is configured for creating single cycle or multi cycle THz driver pulses (3). Furthermore, a method of creating X-ray pulses (1) is described.

Abstract: A method of maintaining a supply of power to a load comprising operating a power generator connected to a mains voltage in a rated operating mode, generating a power signal by the power generator, feeding the power signal to the load, monitoring the mains voltage or a variable derived therefrom for an occurrence of a first specified event, and operating the power generator in a first predefined operating mode based on the occurrence of the first specified event, wherein the first predefined operating mode differs from the rated operating mode.

Abstract: A torch for use in inductively coupled plasma is described. In the torch, a torch tube has an angular accelerator where a flow of gas experiences an increase in angular velocity. The torch tube also has a conical end where the increased angular velocity of the gas is encouraged to accelerate into a cavity that can support the plasma. In various examples, the conical end of the torch tube comprising a conical gap that accelerates the axial velocity component of the gas flow.