Abstract: A component according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, a body, a wall extending inside of the body and a plurality of vortex promoting features arranged in a helical pattern along the wall.

Abstract: A blade for a gas turbine engine that includes a blade root having an asymmetric lobe.

Abstract: The invention concerns a transition duct for a multi-stage compressor of a gas turbine engine. Regions of the inner surface of the duct are provided with a predetermined and dissimilar surface roughness to optimise gas flow efficiency within the duct.

Abstract: A space filler for forming a fibrous preform may comprise an additively manufactured ceramic material. The additively manufactured ceramic material may define a plurality of pores. A shape of the additively manufactured ceramic material may complement a shape of a void formed by fibrous regions of the fibrous preform.

Abstract: A vane for use with a stator assembly is disclosed herein. The vane having: an upper mounting portion; a lower mounting portion; an airfoil body extending between the upper mounting portion and the lower mounting portion; a first integrally formed metal fillet located between the upper mounting portion and the airfoil body, the first integrally formed metal fillet defining a first mounting surface located between the upper mounting portion and first integrally formed metal fillet; and a second integrally formed metal fillet located between the lower mounting portion and the airfoil body, the second integrally formed metal fillet defining a second mounting surface located between the lower mounting portion and second integrally formed metal fillet.

Abstract: An apparatus for connecting an exhaust gas outlet of a first turbine housing with an exhaust gas inlet of a second turbine housing of a two-stage turbocharger system, which features a pocket that is situated in the area of a first flange on the first turbine housing and features a projection that is arranged in the area of a second flange on the second turbine housing and is able to be inserted into the pocket. The projection is designed such that, after the projection has been inserted into the pocket, the first and second turbine housings are able to be tilted in relation to each other in order to establish a flush connection between the first flange and the second flange.

Abstract: A rotor (10) for a turbomachine, in particular for an aircraft engine, having a rotor base body (12), on which at least one sealing fin (14), which is disposed on a base (16), is provided for cooperating with an associated sealing element (20) of the turbomachine; relative to an axial direction of the rotor (10), the base (16) having a base portion (16a) disposed upstream of the sealing fin (14) and a base portion (16b) disposed downstream thereof, for supporting masks during the coating of sealing fins; the upstream base portion (16a) and the downstream base portion (16b) having different radial distances (A1, A2) to a radially outer sealing tip (18) of the sealing fin (14). Also, a turbomachine having at least one such rotor (10).

Abstract: Turbine engine turbine sealing module extending about an axis and including a distributor fixed to a casing, and at least one blade connected to an outer platform. The turbine module further includes an impeller mounted rotating inside the casing and surrounded by a sealing ring fastened to this casing. The sealing ring includes an annular row of ring sectors arranged such that the circumferential end edges of two adjacent sectors are facing one another. Each sector includes a body configured to engage with at least one seal lip carried by the impeller and a hook which extends circumferentially which is configured to engage with a fastening rail of the casing. Each ring sector further includes a deflector which extends radially inwards and upstream with respect to the axis, such that the radially inward end thereof extends around a downstream end of the outer platform of the distributor.

Abstract: A method of machining a tip profile of a blade for a turbomachine includes coupling the blade to a component of the turbomachine; supporting the component on a machining apparatus, the machining apparatus being configured to remove material from the blade according to a cutting path defined within a coordinate system of the machining apparatus, wherein the component is supported such that a datum axial end face of the component is aligned with a datum of the coordinate system of the machining apparatus; and machining the blade according to the cutting path. A system for machining a tip profile of a blade for a turbomachine accomplishes the method.

Abstract: A compressor with a compressor housing in which a compressor wheel is arranged. The compressor additionally includes a cartridge which is arranged in the compressor housing in the area of a compressor inlet. The cartridge is designed to variably change the cross section of the compressor inlet.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide a valve controller configured to network with one or more other valve controllers in a water condition system, providing on-board communication between valves. The valve controller can provide, among other features, improved demand recall, user settings protection, dynamic addressing and automatic master unit selection, network settings push capabilities, and/or descriptive error log displays.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a fan case assembly for a gas turbine engine, the fan case assembly comprising a fan case and a fan liner, wherein the method comprises: providing a mounting ring configured to extend about an inner circumference of the fan case; providing a gasket at an axial end of the mounting ring, wherein the gasket extends around the inner circumference of the fan case; providing the fan liner at the axial end of the mounting ring with the gasket, wherein the fan liner extends around the inner circumference of the fan case; and heating the fan case assembly so as to cure a resin provided between the fan case and fan liner, wherein the heating causes the mounting ring to expand radially relative to the fan case such that the gasket is brought into engagement with the fan case and unwanted migration of resin away from between the fan case and fan liner is restricted.

Abstract: A system for a hot section dual wall component in a gas turbine engine is used to avoid blockage by minimizing particulate deposits. The system includes impingement apertures formed in first wall of a cooling passageway of the dual wall component, and posts included on a second wall of the cooling passageway. The impingement apertures and the posts are respectively aligned opposite each other in the cooling passageway in operative cooperation so that working fluid exhausting into the cooling passageway from the impingement apertures in a first direction is directed to flow in a second direction along the cooling passageway to provide a laminar flow of the working fluid through the cooling passageway in order to minimize deposition of particles.

Abstract: A guide vane for a turbomachine, having a blade airfoil and at least one platform, to which the blade airfoil is connected. A cooling channel system is provided for cooling the platform and the blade airfoil. The platform has, on the side thereof facing the airfoil, at least one sealing lip for sealing to a rotating system of the turbomachine. At least one cooling channel extends through the sealing lip, which cooling channel forms part of the cooling channel system.

Abstract: Disclosed is a lubricant supply system for a plurality of bearing dampers in a plurality of engine bearing compartments of a gas turbine engine, including a lubricant supply conduit, a first lubricant delivery conduit fluidly coupled to the supply conduit, the first delivery conduit including one or more lubricant delivery flow paths and delivering lubrication to engine components, a second lubricant delivery conduit fluidly coupled to the supply conduit, the second delivery conduit delivering lubricant to one or more of the plurality of bearing dampers, and an active oil flow management valve, selectively restricting lubricant flow in the first delivery conduit, increasing pressure in the second delivery conduit, based on an engine shaft rotational speed.

Abstract: A catch assembly is provided that includes a keeper, a guide and a catch. The catch includes a catch mount, a catch arm and a catch hook. The catch arm is cantilevered from the catch mount. The catch arm extends longitudinally away from the catch mount to a distal end of the catch. The catch hook is connected to the catch arm at the distal end. The catch is configured to bias the catch hook against the guide. The catch hook is configured to slide longitudinally along the guide from a first position to a second position where the catch hook engages the keeper.

Abstract: A blade containment structure surrounding a fan in a turbofan engine is disclosed. The blade containment structure includes a cellular material to absorb energy and contain fragments of a blade thrown outward; an inner shell; a ductile back sheet spaced radially outward from the inner shell, the ductile back sheet and inner shell cooperating to define a nesting area for the cellular material, wherein the cellular material is bound at its radially inner surface by the inner shell and at its outer surface by the ductile back sheet; and a containment blanket overlaid on the ductile back sheet, the containment blanket being of the type effective to contain fragments of the blade that penetrate through the ductile back sheet.

Abstract: There is disclosed an alignment tool for positioning an impact liner panel on a fan casing. The alignment tool comprises an attachment portion for attaching to the fan casing, a support surface for receiving a shim, and a magnet to magnetically retain a shim on the support surface. There is also disclose a tool kit for manufacturing a fan casing having an alignment tool and a shim. There is also disclosed a method of positioning an impact liner panel on a fan casing. It comprises attaching an alignment tool to the fan casing, magnetically retaining a shim on a support surface of the alignment tool; and positioning the impact liner panel against an abutment surface of the shim.

Abstract: A lifting jig can lift a rotor and a diaphragm of a steam turbine including a casing that covers the rotor that can be divided with a division surface and the diaphragm that can be divided into an upper half diaphragm and a lower half diaphragm with a division surface. A lifting jig has a diaphragm fixing unit that can be fixed to the upper half diaphragm, a first rotor supporting unit that is integrally formed with a diaphragm fixing unit and can support one end portion of the rotor in an axial direction, and a second rotor supporting unit that is integrally formed with the diaphragm fixing unit and can support the other end portion of the rotor in the axial direction.

Abstract: A steam turbine exhaust chamber includes a casing and a bearing cone disposed in the casing. The casing has a recess provided along at least a part of a circumference of the casing on a radially outer side of a downstream end of the bearing cone and recessed downstream in an axial direction with respect to the downstream end of the bearing cone.

Abstract: A power plant for generating electrical energy comprises at least a heat storage device (100) for storing electrical energy in heat energy, comprising: an electrical heater (10) for converting electrical energy in heat energy; a heat storage body (30, 31) for receiving and storing heat energy of the electrical heater (10); a heat exchanger (50) for receiving heat energy from the heat storage body (30, 31). The power plant further comprises a turbine (120) and a generator (123). A heat storage fluid circuit (130) connects to the heat exchanger (50) or the heat exchangers (50) and a working fluid circuit (140) connects to the turbine (120). A fluid circuit heat exchanger (131) transfers heat from the heat storage fluid to a working fluid in the working fluid circuit (140).

Abstract: Disclosed is a thermal storage solution which can operate without any internal tubing or mechanical pumping in the heat reservoir, and features a heat transfer technology based on evaporation and condensation of heat transfer fluids that will prevent hot and cold zones in the thermal storage reservoir. The main advantage is that the reservoir will have a much lower cost, have more degrees of freedom regarding the interplay between storage capacity, input and output power, and can operate without any mechanical or pressurized parts.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for data center cooling by vaporizing fuel using data center waste heat. The systems include, for instance, an electricity-generating assembly, a liquid fuel storage, and a heat transfer system. The electricity-generating assembly generates electricity from a fuel vapor for supply to the data center. The liquid fuel storage is coupled to supply the fuel vapor, and the heat transfer system is associated with the data center and the liquid fuel storage. In an operational mode, the heat transfer system transfers the data center waste heat to the liquid fuel storage to facilitate vaporization of liquid fuel to produce the fuel vapor for supply to the electricity-generating assembly. The system may be implemented with the liquid fuel storage and heat transfer system being the primary fuel vapor source, or a back-up fuel vapor source.

Abstract: The invention provides a cryogen engine, comprising a first rotor rotatable about a first axis and having at its periphery a recess bounded by a curved surface, and a second rotor counter-rotatable to said first rotor about a second axis, parallel to said first axis, and having a radial lobe bounded by a curved surface, the first and second rotors being coupled for intermeshing rotation, wherein the first and second rotors of each section intermesh in such a manner that on rotation thereof, a transient chamber of variable volume is defined, the transient chamber having a progressively increasing volume between the recess and lobe surfaces; a cryogen injector arranged to inject an amount of cryogenic fluid into the transient chamber once it has formed, such that expansion of the cryogen drives the engine. The invention also provides a method of operating an engine and a method of and system for liquefying air.

Abstract: A sliding member includes a base substrate and a coating layer formed on the base substrate. The coating layer includes a copper alloy part derived from a plurality of precipitation hardening copper alloy particles. The copper alloy parts are bonded to each other via interfaces between the copper alloy parts. The copper alloy part contains nickel and silicon as additive elements. The copper alloy part contains 2 to 5 percent by mass of nickel. A sliding member for an internal combustion engine includes the sliding member at a sliding part of the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A pre-assembled module for a variable-stroke valve drive of an internal combustion engine is provided. The module includes a base plate having at least one projecting guide plate, an e-linear actuator positioned on the projecting guide plate, and a longitudinally guided push rod with two adjusting fingers extending along a wall of the guide plate. Each respective adjusting finger has a contact surface for displacement of a transverse coupling slide of a switchable cam follower. A rocker arm, having first and second arms, is suspended on an underside of the base plate; the first arm in contact with an adjusting pin of the linear actuator; and, the second arm in contact with the push rod for displacement thereof in a first direction. A spring means for displacement of the push rod in a second direction is arranged between the push rod and the guide plate.

Abstract: A valve arrangement for supplying air to an internal combustion engine includes a first valve and a second valve arranged within the first valve. A valve guide for use in a valve arrangement is also provided.

Abstract: A valve opening-closing timing control device includes a valve case in which an inner space is formed in a direction along a rotational axis, and a valve unit accommodated in the inner space so as to be coaxial with the rotation axis and controlling fluid to and from an advance chamber and a retard chamber. The valve unit includes a check valve on an upstream side to which fluid is supplied. The check valve includes a valve seat in which a flow passage hole through which the fluid flows is formed, and a valve body including a closing portion that can close the flow passage hole. The valve seat includes a first projection portion to surround the flow passage hole. The check valve is closed by the closing portion contacting against the first projection portion, and is opened by the closing portion being separated from the first projection portion.

Abstract: An inlet check valve for controlling fluid from a supply into a variable cam timing phaser includes a double flapper check valve assembly with an open position and a closed position, which includes a housing having a body, at least one stopper, a flapper valve comprising at least two flexible flaps received within the housing and aligned with the stopper(s), and a valve seat received within the housing, the valve seat defining openings aligned with the at least two flexible flaps, axially opposite the two stoppers.

Abstract: A sliding member includes a base substrate and a coating layer formed on the base substrate. The coating layer includes an inorganic part derived from at least one type of inorganic particles selected from the group consisting of iron base alloy particles, cobalt base alloy particles, chromium base alloy particles, nickel base alloy particles, molybdenum base alloy particles, and ceramic particles, and a metal part derived from at least one type of metal particles selected from the group consisting of iron base alloy particles other than listed in the above group, copper particles, and copper alloy particles. The inorganic part is bonded to another inorganic part and/or the metal part via interfaces therebetween, and the metal part is bonded to another metal part and/or the inorganic part via interfaces therebetween.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine includes: an oil filter that is mounted to a mounting surface formed on a crankcase and clarifies an oil flowing in; an oil cooler that is disposed on a front side of the crankcase, cools the oil flowing in from the oil filter and returns the oil into a flow path in the crankcase; and a bracket formed on a front wall of the crankcase and having the mounting surface. An outflow port through which the oil flows out toward the oil cooler and an inflow port through which the oil flows in from the oil cooler are disposed in the bracket. Accordingly, in the internal combustion engine, routes of oil passages can be simplified as much as possible.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine includes: an engine main body demarcating a breather chamber that is partitioned from a crank chamber, disposed above the crank chamber, and has an inlet opening opened toward the crank chamber; a multistage transmission housed in the crank chamber and having speed change gear trains that are respectively supported by a pair of transmission shafts and mesh with each other; and a breather passage disposed above the transmission shafts and extending in an up-down direction from the crank chamber to the inlet opening of the breather chamber, the inlet opening being disposed above a half in a height direction of the breather chamber. Accordingly, the internal combustion engine can suppress the entry of splashed oil into the breather chamber more than ever before.

Abstract: A valve assembly for a vehicle exhaust system includes an exhaust component body defining an exhaust gas flow path and a flap mounted to pivot in the exhaust gas flow path between a minimum flow position and a maximum flow position. At least one bushing supports the flap for rotational movement relative to the exhaust component body about an axis. In one example, a damper is positioned radially between the bushing and the flap and defines an inner diameter that is smaller than an outer diameter of the bushing. In another example, a damper is attached to the flap such that a distal edge is free from attachment to a distal edge of the flap such that as the flap returns to the minimum flow position the damper first contacts the exhaust component body and then the flap contacts the damper.

Abstract: A controller for an exhaust-gas purification system of a vehicle, may be configured to activate a regeneration of a diesel particulate filter when an amount of exhaust particles inside the diesel particulate filter exceeds a predetermined threshold level, and to activate a regeneration of an NOx trap catalyst at least when an amount of NOx adsorbed to the NOx trap catalyst exceeds a predetermined NOx threshold value, and wherein the controller is further designed to activate the regeneration the NOx trap catalyst at least sometimes at a beginning of and/or during the regeneration of the diesel particulate filter. The present invention further provides a corresponding method of operating an exhaust-gas purification system of a vehicle.

Abstract: An exhaust gas cleaning catalyst that has: a substrate having a wall flow structure, wherein an entry side cell, in which the end part on an exhaust gas inflow side is open, and an exit side cell, in which the end part on the exhaust gas outflow side is open, are divided by a porous dividing wall; and a first catalyst layer that includes a metal catalyst and is disposed within the dividing wall so as to be in contact with the exit side cell and not in contact with the entry side cell, and no catalyst layer is provided in the region in contact with the entry side cell.

Abstract: Improved systems and methods for dosing agent injection adaptation for a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system of an engine of a vehicle involve an adaptation procedure that is generally divided into distinct phases based upon the requirement to obtain an accurate dosing adaptation. The phases themselves provide the specific functions of catalyst ammonia storage depletion, catalyst ammonia storage and NOx conversion stabilization, and adaptation value factor determination and verification.

Abstract: A selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system for treating exhaust gases in an exhaust passage is provided. The system comprises a first catalyst for converting urea to ammonia, the first catalyst being located in the passage and having an upstream face and a downstream face. The upstream face is at a right angle to an axial flow path (A) through the passage. The system further comprises a second catalyst for converting NOx to nitrogen gas and water in the presence of ammonia, with the second catalyst being located in the passage downstream of the first catalyst. A diesel exhaust fluid dosing unit is located upstream of the first catalyst. The dosing unit comprises a nozzle arranged so as to inject DEF directly onto the upstream face of the first catalyst.

Abstract: Various embodiments relate to a selective catalytic reduction system for treating exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine. The system includes an inlet section that receives exhaust gases from the engine. The system includes a tank storing diesel exhaust fluid (“DEF”), a pump, a valve, and an injector each in fluid communication with each other. The injector is coupled to the inlet exhaust pipe and configured to inject DEF into the exhaust gases flowing through the inlet exhaust pipe in a plurality of pulses. Each of the plurality of pulses injects a constant volume of DEF into the inlet exhaust pipe. The system further includes a controller configured to operate the pump and the valve such that a time interval between successive constant volume pulses of the plurality of pulses is varied based on a variable oxides of nitrogen content of the exhaust gases.

Abstract: A method for operating an electrically heatable catalytic converter in an exhaust tract of an internal combustion engine having at least one honeycomb body through which an exhaust-gas stream can flow, and having at least one electrically heatable heating conductor positioned upstream of the honeycomb body in a throughflow direction of the exhaust gas includes: applying an electrical current to the heating conductor such that the heating conductor is electrically heated in a manner dependent on an ambient temperature around the heating conductor; and electrically heating the heating conductor such that a dwell time of a temperature of the heating conductor is bounded in a temperature range defined by a first lower limit temperature TG1U and an upper limit temperature TG1O.

Abstract: A method for regenerating an exhaust gas filter for a vehicle includes the steps of confirming and monitoring the current remaining amount of soot based on information on the initial amount of soot and information on the removal amount of soot during the execution of the service regeneration control mode, comparing the current remaining amount of soot with a predetermined target remaining amount in the condition in which the time accumulated and counted after the execution of the service regeneration control mode does not reach a predetermined first allowable time, and maintaining the execution of the service regeneration control mode until the remaining amount of soot reaches the target remaining amount in the condition that the accumulated and counted time does not reach the first allowable time when the current remaining amount of soot exceeds the target remaining amount.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a method for the production of a sensor for an exhaust gas stream of an internal combustion engine, wherein the sensor comprises a first electrode and a second electrode. The method comprises: arranging a glass solder in a mold substantially between and substantially insulating the first electrode and the second electrode; arranging an insulating element in the mold in contact with a free surface of the glass solder; and finish molding the glass solder into a glass insulator together with the insulating element in a predetermined position relative to the first electrode and the second electrode. The insulating element shapes the glass insulator during the finish molding and at least partially isolates the glass insulator from the exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine during a measuring operation of the sensor.

Abstract: An outboard motor 10 includes an engine 16, a fuel tank 25, a propeller 17 which is configured to be driven by the engine 16, a case member 18 which rotatably supports the propeller 17, a recoil starter 29 which is configured to cause the engine 16 to start by manually rotating a crankshaft of the engine 16, and a cover member 16 which is mounted on the case member 18 so as to cover the engine 16, the fuel tank 25, and the recoil starter 29. The recoil starter 29 includes a recoil cover 34, which is formed with an air passage hole 34c.

Abstract: Disclosed is a driven turbocharger for an engine with dual stage compressors. In addition to the turbine and compressor on the main turbo shaft of the driven turbocharger, an additional compressor is coupled to a transfer gear of the driven turbocharger to provide two-stage compression for the engine. This enables higher boost pressures, which can help boost engine efficiency. The driven turbocharger retains the single turbine, so that no additional heat sinks are added to the exhaust to keep exhaust temperatures high for aftertreatment functionality.

Abstract: A method of operating an internal combustion engine, wherein the internal combustion engine has at least one combustion engine, a fresh gas line, and a compressor integrated in the gas line, which is associated with a trim controller, via which an edge-side portion of the inlet cross section of a compressor impeller of the compressor is coverable to a variable extent. In this case, in a release position of the trim controller, the edge-side portion of the inlet cross section is covered relatively little, and in a covering position of the trim controller, is mostly covered. It is provided that in a transition from a traction mode of the combustion engine, in which the trim controller is in the release position, the trim controller is adjusted to an overrun mode of the combustion engine into the covering position. As a result, a so-called discharge hissing can be prevented or minimized.

Abstract: A method of operating a motor vehicle having an internal combustion engine, wherein the internal combustion engine has at least one combustion engine which is connected by a rotary drive via a transmission and optionally a clutch with powered wheels of the motor vehicle, and further comprises a fresh gas line, and wherein in the fresh gas line, a compressor is integrated, which is associated with a trim controller, by means of which an edge-side portion of the inlet cross section of a compressor impeller of the compressor is coverable to a variable extent. In this case, in a release position of the trim controller, the edge-side portion of the inlet cross section is covered relatively little, preferably the least possible, and in a covering position of the trim controller, is mostly covered, preferably as much as possible.

Abstract: A method for operating an internal combustion engine is provided, wherein the internal combustion engine has at least one combustion engine and a fresh gas line and wherein a compressor, to which a trim adjuster is assigned, is integrated into the fresh gas line, said trim adjuster by which an edge section of the inlet cross section of a compressor wheel can be covered to a variable extent. In this case, the edge section of the inlet cross section is covered relatively little in a release position of the trim adjuster and covered relatively greatly in a covering position of the trim adjuster. It is provided that the trim adjuster is adjusted between the release position and the covering position, when substantially the same compressor pressure ratio and substantially the same fresh gas mass flow and substantially the same compressor efficiency are achieved in both operating positions.

Abstract: An electric supercharger includes a rotary shaft, a motor, a motor housing, a sealing plate, an impeller, a rolling bearing, and an oil injection portion. The rotary shaft extends in an axial direction thereof. The motor rotationally drives the rotary shaft. The motor housing accommodates the motor and has an opening. The sealing plate seals the opening. The impeller is fixed to the rotary shaft. The rolling bearing is disposed in the sealing plate or adjacent thereto. The oil injection portion injects lubrication oil to the rolling bearing. In the sealing plate, an oil discharge space is formed adjacent to the rolling bearing and a deflector portion protruded radially inward is formed over at least in part in a circumferential direction of the rotary shaft.

Abstract: A rotary engine includes an insert having a pilot subchamber defined therein and communicating with the internal cavity of the engine. A pilot fuel injector has a tip in communication with the pilot subchamber. An ignition element extends into an element cavity defined through the insert adjacent the pilot subchamber. The element cavity is in communication with the pilot subchamber through a communication opening defined in the insert between the element cavity and the pilot subchamber. The communication opening is smaller than a portion of the ignition element adjacent the communication opening such as to prevent the portion of the ignition element from completely passing through the communication opening upon breaking off of the portion of the ignition element from a remainder of the ignition element. An outer body for a rotary engine and a method of combusting fuel in a rotary engine are also provided.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine includes a reduction gear including: at one end thereof, a small-diameter gear in mesh with a one-way clutch gear; and at an opposite end thereof, a large-diameter gear in mesh with a drive gear of a starter motor. The starter motor has a driveshaft disposed below a rotation axis of the reduction gear and within a width of the large-diameter gear as viewed in an axial direction. Accordingly, in the internal combustion engine, it is possible to efficiently dispose components in a reentrant space formed between a crankcase and a cylinder block.

Abstract: A compression-ignition internal combustion engine includes a fuel injection nozzle including a tip end portion exposed in a combustion chamber and a nozzle hole formed at the tip end portion; and a passage forming member forming a flow guide passage through which fuel injected from the nozzle hole passes. The passage forming member includes a passage wall portion located radially outward of the flow guide passage. The passage wall portion includes a first layer that is a base portion connected to a cylinder head, and a second layer located radially outward or radially inward of the first layer. The toughness of the first layer is higher than the toughness of the second layer. The thermal conductivity of the second layer is lower than the thermal conductivity of the first layer.