Abstract: This free-cutting copper alloy contains 75.0%-78.5% Cu, 2.95%-3.55% Si, 0.07%-0.28% Sn, 0.06%-0.14% P, and 0.022%-0.25% Pb, with the remainder being made up of Zn and inevitable impurities. The composition satisfies the following relations: 76.2?f1=Cu+0.8×Si?8.5×Sn+P+0.5×Pb?80.3, 61.5?f2=Cu?4.3×Si?0.7×Sn?P+0.5×Pb?63.3. The area ratios (%) of the constituent phases satisfy the following relations: 25???65, 0???1.5, 0???0.2, 0???2.0, 97.0?f3=?+?, 99.4?f4=?+?+?+?, 0?f5=?+??2.5, 27?f6=?+6×?1/2+0.5×??70. The long side of the ? phase does not exceed 40 ?m, the long side of the ? phase does not exceed 25 ?m, and the ? phase is present within the ? phase.

Abstract: Provided is a wrought aluminum alloy including 5.5 to 6.0 wt % of Zn, 2.0 to 2.5 wt % of Mg, 0.2 to 0.6 wt % of Cu, 0.1 to 0.2 wt % of Cr, at most 0.2 wt % (and more than 0 wt %) of Fe, at most 0.2 wt % (and more than 0 wt %) of Mn, at most 0.2 wt % (and more than 0 wt %) of Si, at most 0.1 wt % (and more than 0 wt %) of Ti, and at most 0.05 wt % (and more than 0 wt %) of Sr, with the remainder being Al.

Abstract: An aluminum alloy composition includes, in weight percent: 0.5-0.7 manganese; 0.05-0.15 iron; 0.3-0.5 silicon; 0.020 max nickel; 0.05-0.15 titanium; 0.01 max copper; and 0.10 max zinc, with the balance being aluminum and unavoidable impurities. The alloy may also have a combined amount of manganese and silicon of at least 0.8 wt. % and/or a Mn/Si ratio of 2.25 or less. The alloy may tolerate higher nickel contents than existing alloys, while providing increased corrosion resistance, as well as similar extrudability, strength, and performance. Billets or other intermediate products formed of the alloy may be homogenized at 500-595° C. and controlled cooled at 400° C. per hour or less. The homogenized billet may be extruded into an extruded product, such as an aluminum alloy heat exchanger tube.

Abstract: To provide a manufacturing process of a Ni based superalloy and a member of the Ni based superalloy which achieves both of excellent workability in a manufacturing step of the Ni based superalloy of the precipitation strengthening type which contains much amount of the gamma prime phase and excellent high temperature strength of the Ni based superalloy. The manufacturing process of a Ni based superalloy includes a step for softening the Ni based superalloy and improving the workability, in which the step for softening the Ni based superalloy and improving the workability is a step for precipitating the gamma prime phase that is incoherent with a gamma phase that is a matrix by 20 vol % or more.

Abstract: A substrate processing apparatus includes a chamber, a susceptor to receive a substrate and provided in the chamber, a gas supply source to supply a predetermined gas into the chamber, and a high frequency power source to treat the substrate by plasma. The susceptor includes a first ceramics base member including a flow passage to let a coolant pass through, a first conductive layer formed on a principal surface and a side surface on a substrate receiving side of the first ceramics base member, and an electrostatic chuck stacked on the first conductive layer and configured to electrostatically attract the wafer received thereon. A volume of the flow passage is equal to or more than a volume of the first ceramics base member. The high frequency power source is configured to supply high frequency power to the first conductive layer.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a vapor deposition mask (100) including a resin layer (10), and a magnetic metal body (20) formed on the resin layer (10), the method including the steps of: (A) providing a magnetic metal body (20) having at least one first opening (25); (B) providing a substrate (60); (C) forming a resin layer (10) by applying a solution including a resin material or a varnish of a resin material on a surface of a substrate (60), and then performing a heat treatment thereon; (D) securing the resin layer (10) formed on the substrate (60) on the magnetic metal body (20) so as to cover the at least one first opening (25); (E) forming a plurality of second openings (13) in a region of the resin layer (10) that is located in the at least one first opening (25) of the magnetic metal body (20); and (F) after the step (E), removing the substrate (60) from the resin layer (10).

Abstract: In a method for using a sputtering target, by making an ion collide with the sputtering target, a sputtered particle whose size is greater than or equal to 1/3000 and less than or equal to 1/20, preferably greater than or equal to 1/1000 and less than or equal to 1/30 of a crystal grain is generated.

Abstract: The present invention presents a method for manufacturing tight and porous coatings from metallic, ceramic and organic materials by utilizing composite targets manufactured of two or several materials, which are disintegrated, and producing in this way material flow towards the object to be coated by utilizing short laser pulses directed to the target material. With the method it is possible to produce material structures in a controlled manner, minimizing the needed energy of the laser pulses and heat generation, and with the method it is also possible to improve productivity by correctly choosing the components for the target material.

Abstract: A method for depositing a coating of a source material onto a panel is disclosed. The method includes providing a cathodic arc, the cathodic arc including a target surface, the target surface disposed along a target deposition axis and able to emit the source material as a generally cloud of source material vapor and a generally conical stream of liquid particles of the source material. The method further includes positioning the panel relative to the target surface based on a deposition angle, the deposition angle being between the target surface and an outer limit of the generally conical stream of liquid particles o the source material. The method may further include emitting the source material from the target surface as the generally conical cloud of source material vapor and coating the edge with the cloud of source material vapor to provide an edge coating.

Abstract: A sputtering target and/or a coil disposed at a periphery of a plasma-generating region for confining plasma are provided. The target and/or coil has a surface to be eroded having a hydrogen content of 500 ?L/cm2 or less. In dealing with reduction in hydrogen content of the surface of the target and/or coil, a process of producing the target and/or coil, in particular, conditions for heating the surface of the target and/or coil, which is believed to be a cause of hydrogen occlusion, are appropriately regulated. As a result, hydrogen occlusion at the surface of the target can be reduced, and the degree of vacuum during sputtering can be improved. Thus, a target and/or coil is provided that has a uniform and fine structure, makes plasma stable, and allows a film to be formed with excellent uniformity. A method of producing the target and/or the coil is also provided.

Abstract: A method for reducing the adhesion of dirt to a substrate is provided, where a thin, incompletely closed layer of a material is deposited on at least one surface area of the substrate by means of a vacuum deposition process, and then said surface area is acted upon by accelerated ions.

Abstract: A gas delivery substrate for mounting gas supply components of a gas delivery system for a semiconductor processing apparatus is provided. The substrate may include a plurality of layers having major surfaces thereof bonded together forming a laminate with openings for receiving and mounting first, second, third and fourth gas supply components on an outer major surface. The substrate may include a first gas channel extending across an interior major surface that at least partially overlaps a second gas channel extending across a different interior major surface. The substrate may include a first gas conduit including the first gas channel connecting the first gas supply component to the second gas supply component, and a second gas conduit including the second channel connecting the third gas supply component to the fourth gas supply component. Also disclosed are various techniques for manufacturing gas delivery substrates.

Abstract: A substrate processing apparatus is provided. The substrate processing apparatus includes a substrate chuck, a shower head structure over the substrate chuck, and a gas distribution apparatus connected to the shower head structure. The gas distribution apparatus includes a dispersion container including a first dispersion space and a gas inlet section on the dispersion container. The gas inlet section includes a first inlet pipe including a first inlet path fluidly connected to the first dispersion space and a second inlet pipe including a second inlet path fluidly connected to the first dispersion space. The second inlet pipe surrounds at least a portion of a sidewall of the first inlet pipe.

Abstract: A heat treatment apparatus includes: a vertically-extended reaction tube for accommodating a substrate holder with substrates are vertically stacked therein; a gas supply duct integrally formed with the reaction tube to extend in a longitudinal direction of the reaction tube; gas supply holes formed in a region of an outer circumferential wall of the reaction tube and configured to bring an interior of the gas supply duct and an interior of the reaction tube into communication with each other; a preheating duct communicating with the gas supply duct, integrally formed with the reaction tube to extend along the longitudinal direction of the reaction tube up to a predetermined position of a predetermined height existing in the vicinity of an upper end of the outer circumferential wall of the reaction tube; and a pressure-resistant container for covering the reaction tube, the gas supply duct and the preheating duct.

Abstract: A plasma processing device processes a substrate by generating plasma using a surface wave formed on a surface of a shower plate by a supplied microwave, which includes a plasma generating antenna equipped with the shower plate for supplying first and second gases into a processing vessel, and a drooping member installed to protrude downward from a lower end surface of the shower plate. An outer surface of the drooping member spreads outward as it goes from a top end to a bottom end thereof. The shower plate includes first and second gas supply holes through which the first and second gases are supplied into the processing vessel, respectively. The first gas supply holes are disposed inward of the outer surface of the drooping member. The second gas supply holes are disposed outward of the outer surface of the drooping member.

Abstract: The present invention provides a gas-phase growth apparatus in which an upper part of a circular susceptor 13 on the upper surface of which a substrate 17 is arranged is provided into a circular opening 12a formed at a bottom wall of the flow channel 12, while rotating the susceptor, the substrate is heated by a heater 14 provided under the susceptor through the susceptor, a reaction gas is supplied into the flow channel, and a thin film is produced on the substrate, wherein a rotation driving device 18 for rotating the susceptor is arranged in a state of surrounding the heater, and includes a cylindrical rotation member 19 for supporting the circumferential edge of the susceptor by the top end.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention may generally provide a method and apparatus that is used to prepare new and used substrate support assemblies for use in typical semiconductor processing environments. Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to a method of coating a new substrate support assembly or a used substrate support assembly that is being refurbished. The deposited coating may include a surface enhancement and/or protective material that is configured to protect one or more of the components exposed to the processing environment during a semiconductor process. The substrate support assembly may be coated with a protective material and during the coating process, the substrate support assembly is maintained at a temperature that is less than or equal to 150° C. by flowing a coolant through channels formed in a base of the substrate support assembly.

Abstract: Systems, methods and an apparatus used for delivery of chemical precursors, and more particularly to an ampoule for containing chemical precursors are provided. In one implementation, an apparatus for generating a chemical precursor used in a vapor deposition processing system is provided. The apparatus comprises a canister comprising a sidewall, a top, and a bottom surface encompassing an interior volume therein, an adhesion layer disposed over an outside surface of the sidewall and bottom surface, a thermally conductive coating disposed over the adhesion layer, an insulator layer disposed over the thermally conductive coating, wherein the thermally conductive coating over the bottom surface remains exposed and an inlet port and an outlet port in fluid communication with the interior volume.

Abstract: A plated material includes a base metal made from Cu or an alloy containing Cu as a main raw material, an underlayer made from Ni formed on the base metal, and an Ag plated layer formed on the underlayer. A thickness of the underlayer is 0.1 ?m to 1.0 ?m. A thickness of the Ag plated layer is 1.0 ?m or less.

Abstract: An organic resin-covered surface-treated metal sheet having formed on at least one surface of a metal sheet a surface-treatment coating and an organic resin film on the coating. The surface-treatment coating contains a polyvalent metal compound and a poly-carboxylic acid type polymer containing not less than 60 mol % constituent units derived from at least one polymerizable monomer selected from acrylic acid, maleic acid, methacrylic acid, and itaconic acid. The surface-treatment coating measured for its infrared-ray absorption spectra has a peak height ratio (?/?) of a maximum absorption peak height (?) in a wave number range of 1660 to 1760 cm?1 and a maximum absorption peak height (?) in a wave number range of 1490 to 1659 cm?1 is from 0.37 to 2.35. Also disclosed is a can body made from the organic resin-covered surface-treated metal sheet and a can lid made from the organic resin-covered surface-treated metal sheet.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to membranes for use in electrolysis systems. The teachings thereof may be embodied in a method for checking a membrane of an electrolyzer comprises two volumes separated by the membrane and produces two product gases from a starting liquid. The method may include: detecting an electrolysis current strength during electrolysis, measuring a liquid flow rate of the starting liquid between the two electrolyzer volumes, calculating a ratio of the measured liquid flow rate and the detected electrolysis current strength, and using the calculated ratio as an indication of membrane leaktightness.

Abstract: The invention comprises methods and apparatuses for the electrorefining of Mg from Al or Mg alloy scrap. The invention utilizes the density and charge features of Mg present in a melted alloy to continuously extract Mg and Mg alloys from a melted Al alloy feed.

Abstract: A container structure having one or more sections and a method for manufacturing such a structure is provided. Using an additive manufacturing process, a mold material is applied to produce a shaped substrate in the form of the desired sections and/or structure. Multiple reinforcement members are disposed within the substrate and extend between and are at least partially exposed at the inner and outer substrate surfaces. A coating material is applied to the inner and outer substrate surfaces and bonds to the exposed portions of the reinforcement members. The mold material is removed and replaced with another material among the reinforcement members between the substrate coatings.

Abstract: A method for producing round stock (10) which is provided with at least one inscription and/or marking (16), at least the surface (12) of the round stock (10) consisting of a metallic material, in particular of chromium or steel, for example of hardened steel, chromium-plated steel or stainless steel.

Abstract: This disclosure relates generally to the discovery of improved methods of reducing corrosion on metals and metal alloys without using hexavalent chromium reagents. More particularly, the disclosure relates to preparing corrosion resistant metals using doped conducting polymers such as polyaniline (PANI) on metal alloys such as aluminum alloys.

Abstract: In assembly of a conventional plating apparatus, a position of a processing tank is adjusted so that the processing tank is disposed at an ideal position. This adjustment takes time and effort to assemble a plating apparatus, and assembly of the plating apparatus requires a high cost. The invention provides a substrate transporting apparatus provided with a substrate holder for holding a substrate, a holder griping mechanism that grips the substrate holder, a substrate transporting section that transports the substrate holder, a rotation mechanism that rotationally moves the holder griping mechanism around a vertical direction as an axis, and a linear motion mechanism that linearly moves the holder griping mechanism in a direction perpendicular to a plane defined by a transporting direction of the substrate holder by the substrate transporting section and a vertical direction.

Abstract: A method for electropolishing a metal substrate comprises submerging at least part of the metal substrate in an electrolyte solution and applying electrical current to the metal substrate to form an electrical circuit where the metal substrate is the anode. The electrolyte solution comprises phosphoric acid and at least one acrylic monomer and/or acrylic polymer.

Abstract: A system for growing a crystal ingot from a melt includes a crucible assembly configured to contain the melt and a susceptor configured to support the crucible assembly. The crucible assembly includes a substantially transparent crucible. The system further includes a heating system for generating thermal energy and disposed to supply thermal energy to the susceptor via thermal radiation. The susceptor enables transfer of thermal energy to the melt via radiation through the transparent crucible.

Abstract: Methods of growing organometallic halide structures such as AMX3 single crystal organometallic halide perovskites, using the inverse temperature solubility.

Abstract: Provided are a high resistance CdTe-based compound single crystal with miniaturized Te precipitates and a method for producing the same. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a CdTe based compound single crystal is provided including a precipitate having a particle size of less than 0.1 ?m obtained from an analysis by a light scattering tomography method. In the CdTe based compound single crystal, resistivity may be 1×107 ?cm or more. In addition, in the CdTe based compound single crystal, a precipitate having a particle size of 0.1 ?m or more obtained from the analysis by the light scattering tomography method is not detected. In the CdTe based compound single crystal, the precipitate may be a Te precipitate.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides instrumentation and automated methods for creating cell surface display libraries, where the cells of the library display engineered peptides on their cell surfaces for identification of antigens that bind to T-cell receptors. The engineered peptides may be putative antigens or binding regions of the T-cell receptors.

Abstract: A method for making a fiber reinforcement with variations in transverse cross section is disclosed. The method includes forming a fiber comprising polymeric material and exposing the fiber to a heat treatment, such that at least a portion of the polymeric material at or near said surface of said fiber is at or above the melting point temperature and substantially all of the polymeric material at or near the core is below the melting point temperature. The method further includes cooling the fiber to a temperature below the melting point temperature.

Abstract: The present invention provides a belt for a textile machine capable of reducing running noise caused during belt running. A canvas core used in the belt is constituted by a woven fabric based on a twill weave texture in which a warp crosses a plurality of wefts and aggregates (19) of weave points at which the warp crosses the wefts are regularly shifted in one longitudinal direction (L) of the belt to form a twill line (17), and some of the aggregates (19) in the twill line (17) are shifted at a predetermined interval in the opposite direction to the one longitudinal direction.

Abstract: Composite fibers having a structure comprising a core component and sheath component, wherein each of the core component and the sheath component independently include a polymer and a disclosed cooling composition. In various further aspects, this application pertains to single-covered yarn including a core yarn comprising a disclosed composite fiber including a core component and a sheath component, and a first fiber including a cellulosic fiber, such that the first fiber is wrapped or surrounds the core fiber. In still further aspects, this application pertains to a woven or knit fabric including a disclosed single-covered yarn.

Abstract: One variation of a method for producing a smart yarn includes: aligning a set of sensing elements offset along a lateral axis in a magazine, wherein each sensing element in the set of sensing elements includes a sensor, a first conductive lead extending from a first side of the sensor along a longitudinal axis perpendicular to the lateral axis, and a second conductive lead extending from a second side of the sensor opposite the first side and along the longitudinal axis; wrapping a set of fibers into a yarn within a wrapping field; feeding a leading end of a first sensing element, in the set of sensing elements, from the magazine into the wrapping field; releasing the first sensing element from the magazine into the wrapping field; encasing the first sensing element between the set of fibers within the yarn; and repeating this process for the set of sensing elements.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer-readable media are disclosed for covers for electronic display elements with improved visibility. In one embodiment, an example cover for an electronic device may include a first fiber segment, a second fiber segment coupled to the first fiber segment, where the first fiber segment and the second fiber segment together form an opening in the cover, and an optically clear adhesive. A first portion of the optically clear adhesive may be disposed in the opening. The optically clear adhesive may have a refractive index value of between about 1.3 and about 1.6, and a first thickness of the first portion may be less than a second thickness of the cover. The cover may be transmissive to visible light.

Abstract: A woven textile is provided, including at least two blocks connected with each other. Each of the two blocks has an upper layer and a lower layer which are woven and fixed by a binding thread, and the upper layer and the lower layer are respectively composed of woven braids which extend meanderingly. The textile braid of the upper layer and the textile braid of the lower layer define a plurality of meshes, and the textile braids of the two blocks have different diameters so that the meshes on the two blocks have different dimensions.

Abstract: The woven cloth includes a plurality of first threads, a plurality of second threads, and a plurality of third threads. Each first thread and each second thread are woven by a plurality of filaments respectively. Each first thread is interwoven with and ties the plurality of second threads and is interwoven with and ties at least part of the plurality of third threads. The third threads are not interwoven with the plurality of the second threads.

Abstract: A moldable composite sheet having improved thermal and mechanical property characteristics. In one aspect, the composite sheet may be a porous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic resin comprising discontinuous mineral reinforcing fibers, and one or more skin layer materials. Generally, the composite sheet may have a void content or porosity from about 5% to about 95% by volume of the sheet, an areal weight between about 400 g/m2 to about 4000 g/m2 (gsm), a mineral fiber content from about 20% to about 80% by weight, and a thermoplastic resin content from about 20% to about 80% by weight of the composite sheet. The composite sheet can be molded via low pressure processes, such as thermoforming, match metal molding on stops, vacuum forming and pressure forming, to produce durable automotive interior trim parts and construction articles having improved thermal and mechanical properties in addition to other beneficial characteristics.

Abstract: Provided is a sewing machine including: a cylinder unit 3 configured to support two materials Fi and Fo having annular edges by being inserted therethrough while they are stacked, with one being located on the inner wheel side and the other being located on the outer wheel side; a stitch plate 12 configured to support the material Fi on the inner wheel side supported by the cylinder unit 3 by abutting it from below; a material presser 13 configured to press the material Fo on the outer wheel side supported by the cylinder unit 3 above the stitch plate 12; and a material sandwiching unit 41 provided on the near side of the stitch plate 12 and the material presser 13 and configured to sandwich, from above and below, the two materials Fi and Fo stacked, with the material Fi on the inner wheel side being located on the lower side and the material Fo on the outer wheel side being located on the upper side.

Abstract: A laundry treatment apparatus including a cabinet defining an external appearance, a drum rotatably provided inside the cabinet to accommodate laundry, and a door assembly pivotably provided at the cabinet to open or close an opening in the drum. The door assembly includes a door body configured to open or close the cabinet, a control panel provided on an inner surface of the door body to receive an input related to operation from a user and to display operation of the laundry treatment apparatus, and a control panel cover separably provided on a rear surface of the control panel to define a rear surface of the door assembly. The control panel includes an input unit configured to receive the input related to operation from the user, a display unit configured to display the input received from the input unit, and a PCB configured to control the control panel.

Abstract: A collapsible drying rack for drying wet garments is provided. The drying rack preferably includes a right and a left frame, with each frame including a top and a bottom leg. Crossbars on which garments may be hung connect the left and right frames to one another. The top and bottom legs of each frame are engaged to one another at a joint that that allows the legs to be placed at a variety of angles relative to one another. Each joint also may include a locking member that keeps the legs at a particular angle relative to one another, including a 0° angle so that the rack can be collapsed and compactly stored when not in use.

Abstract: An appliance that includes an additive delivery assembly is provided. The additive delivery assembly includes features that deliver a controlled amount of additive to a chamber of an appliance. Methods for delivering an additive to a chamber of an appliance are also provided.

Abstract: A dryer appliance and a method of operating the same to detect blockages are provided. The dryer appliance includes an exhaust conduit that defines a flow restriction and is in fluid communication with a drying chamber. A differential pressure sensor is operably coupled to the exhaust conduit at the flow restriction and a controller is configured for using a measured pressure differential to obtain an air flow rate and determine whether a blockage is present in the exhaust conduit, e.g., by comparing the measured flow rate to a baseline, zero-blockage flow rate.

Abstract: A ironing machine (1) comprising: an axially-rotatable ironing drum (4); a motor assembly adapted to drive the ironing drum (4) into rotation about the drum longitudinal axis (A); an ironing chest (7) which is arranged adjacent to the ironing drum (4), locally substantially parallel to the peripheral surface (4p) of said ironing drum (4); a supporting assembly (9) adapted to keep the ironing drum (4) and the ironing chest (7) adjacent to one another; and an induction device (10) which is located adjacent to the ironing chest (7) and is adapted to heat up, via electromagnetic induction, the ironing chest (7); said ironing chest (7) comprising a platelike member (13) which extends beside the ironing drum (4), is substantially C-bent so as to extend locally substantially parallel to the peripheral surface (4p) of said ironing drum (4), and has a multilayer structure that includes: a main supporting sheet (14) which is substantially C-bent and is made of a metal material having a given thermal conductivity; and a

Abstract: A method for coloring of cellulose in a supercritical CO2 medium by an uncharged hydrophobic dye, including at least the steps including of: (i) provision of cellulose fibers, (ii) placing the cellulose fibers in the presence of: a) an effective quantity of at least one uncharged mono organo-urea primer of formula R—NH—CO—NH2, where R represents a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, hydrocarbon chain possessing at least 3 carbon atoms, or a saturated or unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon radical, which is bonded directly or via a methylene or ethylene group to a nitrogen atom, and if appropriate substituted under conditions conducive to the forming of a covalent carbamatic bond between the cellulose and the molecules of the organo-urea; and b) at least one hydrophobic dye in a supercritical CO2 medium, under conditions conducive to the immobilization of the dye on the fibers.

Abstract: A treatment liquid composition for use in ink jet pigment textile printing and used by attaching it to fabric contains a cationic compound, at least one compound selected from polyvinylpyrrolidones, polyethylene oxides, carboxymethyl celluloses, hydroxyethyl celluloses, and polyvinyl alcohols, and water. The fabric contains polyester.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a hoisting rope, comprising the steps of providing a plurality of elongated composite members, which composite members are made of composite material comprising reinforcing fibers in polymer matrix; and arranging the composite members to form an elongated row of parallel composite members, which row has a longitudingal direction, a thickness direction and a width direction, and in which row the composite members are positioned side by side such that they are parallel to each other, and spaced apart from each other in width direction of the row; and directing plasma treatment on the outer surface of the composite members; and embedding the composite members in fluid polymer material; and solidifying the polymer material wherein the composite members are embedded. The invention relates also to a hoisting rope obtained with the method and an elevator comprising the hoisting rope.

Abstract: The present specification discloses papermaking additive compositions, articles of manufacture, containers or kits comprising such compositions, and methods and uses to increase separation of cellulose fibers from a pulp, to remove one or more impurities and/or one or more contaminates from a pulp and/or a paper material and to remove an ink from a pulp and/or a paper material.

Abstract: The problem of runaway smelt explosions due to a sudden influx of smelt into a dissolving tank is mitigated by a system comprising an ultrasonic transducer configured to emit ultrasonic waves toward the dissolving tank at a frequency above 20 kilohertz. A system comprising the ultrasonic transducer may further comprise sensors and a data processor configured to regulate the properties of the ultrasonic waves in response to process conditions affecting the smelt flow.