Abstract: A vehicle control apparatus accumulates a history of timings of avoidance operations performed by a driver of with respect to objects that are at prescribed distances ahead of a host vehicle, and calculates a distribution of the timings of the avoidance operations. Based on the distribution of the timings of the avoidance operations, the vehicle control apparatus sets the output timing of a warning to the driver such that interference does not occur between the avoidance operation and an avoidance operation that is actually performed by the driver, and furthermore the vehicle control apparatus judges the risk of a collision with the host vehicle, with the judgement based on the position of an object that is ahead of the host vehicle, and changes the output timing of the warning based on results of the judgement of risk.

Abstract: A vehicle computer includes a memory and a processor programmed to execute instructions stored in the memory. The instructions include determining a first lane center, autonomously operating a host vehicle relative to the first lane center, detecting a change in the first lane center to a second lane center, selecting a filter, and applying the filter while transitioning autonomous operation of the host vehicle from the first lane center to the second lane center.

Abstract: A vehicle control device is configured such that if, during an automatic driving mode in which a vehicle is automatically driven regardless of operations by a driver, such automatic driving mode is temporarily stopped by a prescribed operation by the driver and a normal driving mode in which the vehicle is driven in accordance with the operations of the driver is entered, and thereafter the automatic driving mode is returned to from the normal driving mode, specific control is implemented in the post-return automatic driving mode, such control being determined on the basis of the driving state of the vehicle during the normal driving mode before the return.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for controlling a host vehicle relative to a first vehicle positioned immediately ahead of the host vehicle, including, detecting a second vehicle driving behind the host vehicle and in the same lane as the host vehicle. The method including detecting a braking operation initiated by the vehicle system of the host vehicle. The braking operation causes the host vehicle to decelerate based on an acceleration control rate in order to maintain a preceding headway reference distance with the first vehicle. The method includes, determining a relative rear headway distance between the host vehicle and the second vehicle with respect to a rear headway reference distance and modifying the acceleration control rate based on the relative rear headway distance and the rear headway reference distance. Further, the method includes controlling the vehicle system according to the modified acceleration control rate.

Abstract: A method for ascertaining data of a traffic situation with a first vehicle and at least one second vehicle trailing the first vehicle, the method including a) ascertaining at least one defined parameter of the first vehicle, b) ascertaining a traffic situation in front of the first vehicle by the first vehicle and/or by the second vehicle, c) evaluating the information ascertained in steps a) and b) in a defined manner, and providing the information evaluated in step c) to the second vehicle at least at the start of a passing maneuver of the first vehicle conducted by the second vehicle.

Abstract: A control system of a wheel of a vehicle includes: a wheel speed sensor configured to measure a wheel speed of wheels of the vehicle; a data storage configured to store data relating to a plurality of abnormal patterns based on a slip state or a lock state of each wheel; and a controller configured to extract wheel speed pattern data using wheel speeds measured from the wheel speed sensor, to compare the extracted wheel speed pattern data with the stored data relating to the plurality of abnormal patterns, to determine an abnormal pattern among the plurality of abnormal patterns most similar to the extracted wheel speed pattern data according to the comparison, and to detect an abnormal wheel among the wheels of the vehicle based on the determined abnormal pattern.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems for modifying a standard automobile in order to perform an automated driver's exam on a driver of the modified automobile, which monitor the driver, the automobile, and the surroundings of the automobile during the driver's exam, and compare the monitored data to benchmark data in order to determine whether the driver's exam is passed. The systems may monitor the behavior of the driver, such as eye movement, head position, posture, or the like; the motion of the automobile, such as speed, acceleration, braking, or the like; the configuration of the automobile, such as the wheel position, turn signal switch position, or the like; the surrounding of the automobile, such as road conditions, positions of other vehicles, obstacles, signs, signals, or the like. The systems may also provide feedback during automated driving exams or practice exams by proving a display and speaker.

Abstract: A self-position estimation method includes: detecting a relative position of a target existing around a moving body relative to the moving body; estimating a movement amount of the moving body; correcting the relative position on a basis of the movement amount of the moving body and accumulating the corrected relative position as target position data; detecting a behavior change amount of the moving body; selecting, from among the accumulated target position data, the target position data of the relative position detected during a period in which the behavior change amount is less than a threshold value; and collating the selected target position data with map information indicating a position on a map of the target to estimate a present position of the moving body.

Abstract: A device of estimating a slip angle of vehicle wheel has an attitude-toward-road surface estimation section that uses a series of distances to measurement points on a road surface to estimate vehicle-body-road-surface coordinate conversion information (VCCI) for conversion from a vehicle-body coordinate system to a road-surface coordinate system, an on-road-surface inertia quantity calculation section that removes a gravity acceleration component from the vehicle-body inertia quantity to obtain inertia quantity caused by motion of a vehicle body and uses the VCCI to convert from the inertia quantity caused by the motion of the vehicle body to the road-surface coordinate system, and a wheel slip angle estimation section that estimates a sideslip angle of the vehicle wheel on the basis of a difference between a wheel acceleration vector and the acceleration vector converted to the road-surface coordinate system.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and non-transitory computer-readable media can determine sensor data captured by at least one sensor of a vehicle while navigating an environment over a period of time. Information describing one or more agents associated with the environment during the period of time can be determined based at least in part on the captured sensor data. A schema-based encoding describing the environment during the period of time can be generated based at least in part on the determined information and a scenario schema, wherein the schema-based encoding provides a structured representation of the environment during the period of time.

Abstract: A computer is programmed to receive, in a vehicle, an instruction, via an ultra-short-range transceiver that is mounted underneath a vehicle exterior surface, and actuate a vehicle component based on the received instruction.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus to extricate a vehicle from a stuck condition, apparatus, systems and articles of manufacture are disclosed. An example apparatus includes: a user interface to receive a command to place a vehicle in an autonomous control mode of the vehicle; and a stuck mode controller to autonomously shift a transmission of the vehicle alternately between a reverse gear and a forward gear of the vehicle when in the autonomous control mode to autonomously rock the vehicle back and forth. A timing of the shifting of the transmission is based on a ratio of a velocity of the vehicle to an acceleration of the vehicle.

Abstract: A computer implemented process is carried out by identifying a metric that characterizes an event associated with the operation of an industrial vehicle. Information about the metric is transmitted to an industrial vehicle. Further, the process includes receiving event data that characterizes a response of the industrial vehicle to the event. The process also includes updating a score for the instance of the metric associated with the vehicle operator by deriving a raw score value based upon the received event data, aggregating the derived raw score value to previously derived raw scores for the metric, and computing a modified score by applying a filter to the aggregate of raw score values. The process also includes comparing the computed modified score with a predetermined modification criteria, and sending a command back to the industrial vehicle to modify the industrial vehicle based upon the comparison.

Abstract: A system and a method for error-correction code (“ECC”) error handling is described herein. In one aspect, the system and method may operate an ECC function on raw data. The ECC function may include generating ECC syndrome data by an ECC syndrome data generating module. The ECC syndrome data may be derived from the raw data. The system and a method may further inject a fault based on the ECC syndrome data or the raw data. The system and a method may further determine whether the ECC error detected by the ECC checker corresponds to a malfunction of the ECC function or the fault injected based on the ECC syndrome data or the raw data.

Abstract: A self-driving vehicle includes a plurality of operation members for the driver to operate and a controller. The plurality of operation members includes a steering operation member, a brake operation member, and an accelerating operation member. The controller has, as control modes thereof, an automatic operation mode and a manual operation mode. The operation member that is predefined as a trigger for the shift from the automatic operation mode to the manual operation mode differs depending on states of the vehicle in the automatic operation mode. The self-driving vehicle enables the driver to shift the control mode from the automatic operation mode to the manual operation mode with a simple operation.

Abstract: A control apparatus including: a unit configured to communicate with on-vehicle control devices via a communication line; a storage unit configured to store therein a reference table that defines whether each of the on-vehicle control devices is a permitted or unpermitted device; a monitoring unit configured to monitor whether there is a user operation that instructs start of an engine; and a determination unit configured to determine whether to permit start of the engine according to user operation, on the basis of the reference table and a state of update of a control program in the on-vehicle control device when user operation is detected. The permitted device is an on-vehicle control device for which start of the engine during update of the control program is permitted, and the unpermitted device is an on-vehicle control device for which start of the engine during update of the control program is not permitted.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cross member for articulating a body of a rail vehicle to the bogie thereof; the upper face of the cross member is connected to the body, and a bogie pin-supporting plate comprising a bogie pin is secured to the lower face of the cross member with the aid of fastening means, the bogie pin being movably mounted in a bogie pin receptacle on the bogie in order to transmit pulling and braking forces.

Abstract: A wheelset guide for a rail vehicle, which has a bogie frame, includes at least one longitudinal support, and includes a wheelset bearing for a wheelset of the rail vehicle, wherein the wheelset bearing is connected to the bogie frame and includes a rocker that is pivotably attached to the bogie frame via an elastic rocker bearing, and a pin guided by the rocker bearing, where the bogie frame forms a receptacle for the rocker bearing, which is configured such that the force is introduced into the bogie frame via the rocker bearing itself, and the rocker bearing is positioned in the receptacle in order to improve the strength and stability of the attachment of the rocker to the bogie frame or to the longitudinal support with an open profile.

Abstract: A backing ring assembly for a railcar axle is provided. According to various aspects, the backing ring assembly may include a main body and a ring. The main body may include an inner surface configured to abut a fillet of a railcar axle and a receiving element on an inboard radial face of the main body. The ring may be engaged in the receiving element and may be configured to protrude over a cylindrical surface of a shoulder on the railcar axle. The ring may include an inner face having a recess and a generally flat outer face.

Abstract: A voltage estimating device for a power supply line according to one aspect of the present disclosure includes a voltage detector, a current detector, a voltage calculator. The voltage calculator calculates a magnitude of alternating primary voltage that a primary winding in a transformer receives from a power supply line based on a magnitude of tertiary voltage in the transformer detected by the voltage detector, a magnitude of output current in the transformer detected by the current detector, and correlation information. The correlation information indicates a correlation between a voltage ratio and the magnitude of the output current, and the voltage ratio represents a ratio of the magnitude of the primary voltage to the magnitude of the tertiary voltage.

Abstract: A method for controlling a train (10) of railway working vehicles (11) comprising at least two railway working vehicles (11) forming a railway train (10); each of said at least two railway working vehicles (11) comprises a multifunction vehicle bus MVB (20), and a wired train bus WTB (12), which enables connection of said multifunction vehicle buses MVB (20) of said at least two railway working vehicles (11); said multifunction vehicle bus MVB (20) comprises: a train-communication-network TCN port (14)7 which connects said wired train bus WTB (12) to said multifunction vehicle bus MVB (20); a traction control (22) of the means; and a translator (21), which connects said TCN port (14) to said traction control (22); said method being characterized in that: each vehicle of the train writes its own maximum speed on its own TCN port (14); the maximum speed of the train is defined as the lowest of the maximum speeds defined on the TCN ports (14) by the individual vehicles; the master vehicle activates the traction

Abstract: A system and method for inspecting a railway track. The system preferably includes: a processor; at least one sensor oriented to capture data of the railway track; a data storage device in electronic communication with the processor; and computer executable instructions stored on a computer readable storage medium in communication with the processor operable to: determine an elevation of a surface of a rail head of a rail located on the railway track based on a distance to the rail head from the at least one sensor, determine an elevation of a surface of a crosstie of the railway track based on a distance to a top surface of the crosstie from the at least one sensor, estimate a total rail height and underlying rail support, and calculate a crosstie wear value based on the determined rail head surface elevation, crosstie surface elevation, and estimated total rail height and underlying rail support.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a manually operable carriage and working attachments that may be employed with the carriage. The attachments may include a plow, a logging clamp, or other implements.

Abstract: A beach cart includes a frame mounted on rollers, and a sun shade integrally secured in a non-detachable manner, to at least one other element of the beach cart. The beach cart can also include at least one seat carried by the frame. The seat can be operable between a retracted storage position and a deployed extended use position.

Abstract: The assembled-type traveling carriage includes: the telescopic cylindrical body being an extendable telescopic cylindrical body rotatably provided with a first screw at each end thereof, and incorporating an actuator configured to extend and withdraw a nest; a joint block provided with a second screw; a traveler rotatably provided with the first screw and attached a driving device thereto; and a coupling rod rotatably provided with the first screw on each end thereof. A first planar frame body is assembled by screwing joint blocks to four of the telescopic cylindrical bodies, screwing the travelers to the joint blocks such that the travelers are positioned on extension lines of the telescopic cylindrical bodies, and coupling one ends of the four telescopic cylindrical bodies to one another by the coupling rods through the joint blocks.

Abstract: A motor vehicle steering wheel assembly may include a ring-shaped member comprising a slot and an internal recess, wherein the slot and internal recess extend circumferentially about the ring-shaped member, the slot being provided in a surface of the ring-shaped member and forming an aperture into the internal recess; a support portion configured to be coupled to a vehicle support structure, the support portion extending through the slot; and a guide portion coupled to the support portion, the guide portion being slidably disposed in the internal recess such that the ring-shaped member is rotatable.

Abstract: A cover which may be useful for preventing irradiation of a steering wheel. The cover includes a cover-face, a lip, and a radiant barrier. The cover-face is flat, is constructed of a flexible material, and may be defined by a diameter. The lip is affixed to the cover-face and is rounded away from the cover-face, being shaped to deform about and grasp the curved outer surface of a steering wheel. The lip may be sufficiently flexible to be expanded in diameter up to one inch, such that it may be bent about a steering wheel during installation. The radiant barrier is attached to the cover face. The radiant barrier is able to reflect ultraviolet radiation, thereby preventing irradiation of the steering wheel when the cover is installed.

Abstract: A steering wheel for controlling steering movement of a vehicle has a steering wheel hub for mounting the steering wheel on a vehicle, a steering wheel rim, and at least two spokes, which connect the steering wheel rim to the steering wheel hub. The spokes can be telescoped by a drive and the steering wheel rim can thereby be slid relative to the steering wheel hub toward the axis of rotation of the steering wheel. The drive has a single drive motor for controlling at least two spokes.

Abstract: A steering device includes: an inner tube; an outer tube that fixes the inner tube by fastening the inner tube from an outer side, and has a first slit extending in an axial direction; a pair of clamp brackets that is disposed so that the clamp brackets face each other with the first slit therebetween; and a reinforcing member that is connected to one of the clamp brackets and also connected to a connection region that is a region of an outer circumferential surface of the outer tube and located farther on one side in the axial direction than an end of the first slit on the one side in the axial direction.

Abstract: The disclosure concerns a crumple element for a steering column. In order to provide a reliable, structurally simple steering column, according to the disclosure, it is provided that the crumple element has first and second connecting portions arranged axially at an end to connect adjacent steering column parts, and an interrupted crumple portion arranged in between the first and second connecting portions, and is able to deform by a threshold force acting axially, while the connecting portions are deformation-resistant to the threshold force. The crumple element is made integrally by additive production from metal. An end region of the first connecting portion facing the crumple portion has a first portion that protrudes axially relative to a second portion lying opposite the first portion transversely to the axial direction.

Abstract: A motor vehicle steering system is disclosed. The system includes a steering spindle consisting of spindle members which are non-rotatably connected to one another. One end of a spindle member has a spline shaft profile and is introduced into a sleeve-like intermediate piece which is arranged on the other spindle member and, on the inner periphery, has a negative-shaped spline shaft profile with respect to the spline shaft profile such that the spindle member is plug-connected to the intermediate piece. In order for the spindle members to be able to be connected to each other with minimal effort even in the event of visual inaccessibility, a circumferential guide contour pointing toward the intermediate piece is formed on the spindle member. The guide contour is upstream of the spline shaft profile toward the intermediate piece and is perforated by grooves of the spline shaft profile to form convex guide segments.

Abstract: Automatic steering and four-wheel steering are configured on an agricultural machine so that when automatic steering is enabled, a control system selectively activates and deactivates four-wheel steering depending on sensed turning or non-turning states of the machine. When automatic steering is enabled, the machine can automatically steer, such as according to a prescription map. In straightaway paths, corresponding to non-turning states, the control system can activate two-wheel steering. However, in the headlands of fields, corresponding to turning states, the control system can activate four-wheel steering. Such turning states can be determined based on the machines location on the map. Alternatively, such turning states can be determined based on sensed turning of the wheels.

Abstract: A vehicle with two front wheels includes an EPS that makes it difficult for a rider to feel a sensation of physical disorder while realizing a vertical angle suppression function. The EPS is configured to apply an assisting force to a steering effort transmission mechanism. The vehicle further includes an EPL configured to apply a turning effort to a cross member of a link mechanism to turn the cross member relative to a vehicle body frame, and a control unit configured to control the EPS and the EPL. The control unit determines an EPS command value that determines a magnitude of output torque of the EPS and an EPL command value that determines a magnitude of output torque of the EPL according to a physical quantity including at least a vehicle speed and a vertical angle, and controls a ratio of the EPL command value to the EPS command value.

Abstract: One of objects of the present invention is to provide a power steering apparatus capable of improving accuracy of abnormality detection. A power steering apparatus includes a steering mechanism configured to transmit a rotation of a steering wheel to a turning target wheel, an electric motor configured to provide a steering force to the steering mechanism, a torque sensor configured to detect a steering torque generated on the steering mechanism, and a control unit configured to calculate, based on the steering torque, an instruction signal for controlling driving of the electric motor and output the instruction signal to the electric motor.

Abstract: A steer torque manager (STM) for an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) of a road vehicle and a method therefor. A driver in the loop functionality determines when to hand over control to a driver. A wheel angle controller uses an ADAS wheel angle request to produce an overlay torque request to be added to a torque request from an electrical power assisted steering. The STM is arranged to receive an assistance torque related signal. When driver assistance is provided by the ADAS, the STM is arranged to feed forward and subtract from the overlay torque request a feed forward signal scaled to be a scaled version of the assistance torque related signal, using a scale factor in the range from 0 to 1 that assumes a lower value if a measure of driver activity indicates high driver activity and a higher value if the measure indicates low driver activity.

Abstract: A steering system for a motor vehicle comprises an electric servomotor, as well as a water ingress detection device, at least one phase line of said servomotor being connected to a detection line for detecting the water level in a water-collecting area.

Abstract: A hydraulic steering arrangement (2) is described having a main flow path (8) with a flow meter (9) and an amplification flow path (10) opening into the main flow path (8) at a connecting point (11) located between the flow meter (9) and a working port arrangement (L, R). Such a steering arrangement should have in a simple way a large flow of the hydraulic fluid to the working port arrangement. To this end pressure increasing means (17) are arranged in the main flow path (8) upstream the connecting point (11).

Abstract: The invention relates to a driving assistant adapted for active control of a vehicle based on predictions of a behavior of a detected object. A method aspect of the invention comprises accepting a first prediction of a behavior associated with the detected object from a first prediction subsystem and a second prediction from a second prediction subsystem; determining a control signal based on a combination of the first prediction and the second prediction; and initiating active control of the vehicle based on the control signal.

Abstract: An object is to provide an attitude control system that can suppress an understeering characteristic when a vehicle such as an automobile travels in a medium-speed or low-speed range. A vehicle drives front wheels, and controls steering angles of the front wheels and steering angles of rear wheels. In an attitude control system to be mounted on the vehicle, a control amount detecting unit detects an operation amount of an accelerator pedal operated by a driver of the vehicle. A driving force estimating unit estimates a driving force generated on the front wheels based on the operation amount of the accelerator pedal. A rear-wheel steering angle determining unit determines a rear-wheel steering angle instruction value for controlling steering angles of the rear wheels based on an estimated front-wheel driving force that is the driving force estimated by the driving force estimating unit.

Abstract: Steerable knuckle apparatus and related methods are disclosed. An apparatus includes a steerable knuckle for a vehicle. The knuckle has a first portion to be movably coupled to a yoke of the vehicle and a second portion removably coupled to the first portion. The second portion receives a wheel hub of the vehicle. The apparatus also includes a first aperture disposed on the first portion to receive a first joint for movably coupling the knuckle to the yoke.

Abstract: An apparatus for manipulating in-vehicle devices using a steering wheel includes a reference signal input unit for inputting a reference signal to a driver through a charged plate, a touch sensor for receiving the reference signal through human body communication and for detecting a touch of the driver, and a controller for generating a control signal on the basis of the results detected by the touch sensor.

Abstract: A steer torque manager for an advanced driver assistance system of a road vehicle and a method therefor. The steer torque manager includes a driver in the loop functionality for determining when to hand over control to a driver, and a wheel angle controller for providing, from an advanced driver assistance system wheel angle request, an overlay torque request to be added to a torque request from an electrical power assisted steering. The steer torque manager is configured to receive an assistance torque related signal and arranged to scale, in a scaling functionality the bandwidth of the wheel angle controller based on a measure of driver activity, such that the bandwidth is reduced if the measure of driver activity indicates high driver activity and increased if the measure of driver activity indicates low driver activity.

Abstract: A vehicle driving assist apparatus of the invention does not execute a road end line departure prevention control when a next lane vehicle traveling in a next lane is acquired as a road end line and an amount of an operation input to a steering wheel of an own vehicle to cause the own vehicle to move into the next lane, is larger than or equal to a predetermined operation amount.

Abstract: A surroundings monitoring apparatus according to embodiments, as an example, includes a control unit causing a display device to display a display image where an indicator which indicates a towed vehicle coupled to a towing vehicle is superimposed on a vehicle surrounding image including the towing vehicle and surroundings of the towing vehicle based on a captured image obtained by being imaged by an imaging unit which images the surroundings of the towing vehicle, the control unit acquiring towed vehicle information related to the towed vehicle and changing a display mode of the indicator based on the towed vehicle information. Thus, according to the surroundings monitoring apparatus of the embodiments, the towed vehicle may be easily imagined from the display image.

Abstract: C-notch systems and methods for providing additional clearance or travel between the frame rail and the axle of a vehicle. Exemplary C-notch systems include a bottom brace, an outer brace, an inner brace, an outer fastener, an inner fastener, a front bottom fastener, and a rear bottom fastener. The outer brace and the inner brace can each have a notch that receives at least a portion of a vehicle bed rail.

Abstract: A vehicle comprising: at least one electric motor configured for driving the vehicle; a battery pack configured to supply the electric motor with electric power for driving the vehicle; a vehicle body frame structure configured to form a main supporting structure of the vehicle; and a collision energy absorbing system configured to absorb collision energy in the event of an accident. The collision energy absorbing system comprises a first absorbing structure that is positioned between the battery pack and a front of the vehicle, wherein the first absorbing structure is configured to, in case the vehicle is subject to a head-on collision with an object, act against the object and absorb all or most of a collision energy of the battery pack without transferring the battery pack collision energy to the vehicle body frame structure.

Abstract: In the front part of the front sub-frame (5), provided are a sub-crash can attachment part (12) and a tension rod supporting part (14); a front vehicle body attachment part (13) is provided between the two parts; the sus-cross member (73) is provided in the front vehicle body attachment part (13) and the tension rod supporting part (14); the front-side vehicle body attaching portion (13) includes a sub crash can load transmitting member (30); and the upper face portion (21) of the front vehicle body attachment part (13) and the partition wall (33) of the sub-crash can load transferring member (30) are spaced apart in the vertical direction and extend in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle.

Abstract: A vehicle body side part structure includes a side sill extending in a front-rear direction of a vehicle body, a center pillar outer provided to extend upward from the side sill, a center pillar inner disposed on an inner side in a vehicle width direction of the center pillar outer, and a partition member disposed in a hollow section formed by the center pillar outer and the center pillar inner. In this structure, the center pillar inner has an opening for arrangement of a seatbelt member in the hollow section, and the partition member has a folding part formed into a foldable shape that allows the partition member to pass through the opening.

Abstract: A front pillar structure includes a first skeleton portion, a second skeleton portion extending along the first skeleton portion with a gap therebetween, and a connecting member. A cross-section of the first skeleton portion is a hollow closed cross-section and a width of the first skeleton portion in a horizontal direction orthogonal to a gaze direction of a driver seated in a driver's seat is equal to or less than a standard pupillary distance. A cross-section of the second skeleton portion is a hollow closed cross-section and a width of the second skeleton portion in the horizontal direction orthogonal to the gaze direction is equal to or less than the standard pupillary distance. The connecting member is transparent and is disposed between the first skeleton portion and the second skeleton portion.

Abstract: A vehicle side section structure includes a framework member with a closed cross-section structure that is provided at a vehicle width direction outer end of a vehicle body and that extends along a vehicle front-rear direction so as to configure vehicle framework; and a pillar that extends in a vehicle vertical direction, at least one of an upper end or a lower end of the pillar being joined to the framework member; and a joining structure including a provisional holding member and a fastening member with greater joining strength than the provisional holding member, the joining structure mechanically joining the framework member and the pillar.