Abstract: Various structures for catalytic convertors are disclosed herein. The device includes an outer housing enclosing a catalytic core. The catalytic core can be formed in a myriad of ways. Flow paths through the core are constructed so that they are not straight-line paths from the inlet of the device to the outlet of the device. Pleated conformations and stacked core arrays are described that maximize the catalytic surface area in a given volume of housing. The application of the core to exhaust from diesel engines is also disclosed.

Abstract: An injection apparatus includes an injection mixing platform located within an exhaust pipe; wherein the injection mixing platform includes two or more mixing blades extending radially from a common central hub, at least one of the mixing blades being coupled to a DEF inlet to receive DEF from an external tank, wherein each of the two or more mixing blades includes at least one nozzle to eject the DEF into an exhaust stream, the two or more mixing blades being statically mounted to an inner surface of the exhaust pipe.

Abstract: A mixer assembly for a vehicle exhaust system includes an inner wall surface and a flow diverter with a flow directing surface that is spaced apart from the inner wall surface to provide an exhaust gas inlet area. The flow directing surface terminates at a distal end that is spaced apart from the inner wall surface to provide an orifice between the distal end and the inner wall surface through which exhaust gas flow accelerates and is directed to flow along the inner wall surface. A vehicle exhaust component assembly that includes the mixer and a method for mixing injected fluid spray into the mixer are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method is described for monitoring an exhaust aftertreatment system of a combustion engine, with a pressure difference sensor that captures a first pressure difference between a first sampling point and a second sampling point. A second pressure difference between the second sampling point and the environment is captured. A defect is detected based on the second pressure difference.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for monitoring effectiveness of a three-way catalytic converter of a gasoline engine. The method includes detecting emissions of the gasoline engine by an NOX sensor arranged within the three-way catalytic converter or downstream of the three-way catalytic converter in an exhaust-gas flow direction and transmitting values measured by the NOX sensor together with operating variables of the gasoline engine and/or of the three-way catalytic converter to a processor. The processor is configured to execute a simulation model and thereby calculate emissions values of a reference catalytic converter on the basis of the operating variables. The method further includes comparing the calculated emissions values with the values measured by the NOX sensor.

Abstract: A method and control device for monitoring the function of a particulate filter in an exhaust gas duct of an internal combustion engine. A soot emission in the exhaust gas duct downstream from the particulate filter is determined with a particle sensor, an expected soot emission after a limit particulate filter at the location of the particle sensor is simulated and a comparison value is ascertained. A good particulate filter is found if the measured soot emission is less than the comparison value of the simulated soot emission. A defective particulate filter is found if the measured soot emission is higher than the comparison value of the simulated soot emission. The simulated soot emission is determined as being a simulated soot particle concentration at the installation site of the particle sensor such that a basic soot concentration in a soot concentration model is corrected at least with an oxygen correction.

Abstract: Described herein is an exhaust air pollution elimination device configured for attachment to an exhaust pipe of an internal combustion engine for removing pollutants from an exhaust flow. The device comprising multiple stages configured to both power the operation of the device and treat the exhaust flow. The device configured for installation in line with existing exhaust piping and through a pair of connecting rings. The multiple stages of the device including an electrostatic precipitator, a thermoelectric generator, an electromagnetic induction device, and a second container including a UV light source and micro fibrous mesh containing titanium dioxide.

Abstract: The present application discloses an exhaust gas after-treatment mixing device including a first plate, a second plate and a mixer. The mixer includes a first space, a second space and a third space located between the first space and the second space. Top portions of the first space and the second space are in communication with the third space. The mixer includes a first raised portion protruding into the third space and a second raised portion located below the first raised portion. A fourth space is formed between the first raised portion and the second raised portion. As a result, the distance and time of urea evaporation is increased and the mixing uniformity is improved. Besides, a package with the exhaust gas after-treatment mixing device is also provided.

Abstract: A process manufactures an exhaust gas treatment device including a tubular circumferential wall (14) elongated along a longitudinal axis (L) with two axial end areas, an exhaust gas treatment unit (52) arranged in the circumferential wall and a closing element (20, 38) connected to the circumferential wall at the two axial end areas. The exhaust gas treatment unit is held at the circumferential wall by a supporting material layer (54) enclosing the exhaust gas treatment unit and supporting same in relation to the circumferential wall. The process includes arranging a first of the two closing elements at one of the axial end areas of the circumferential wall, pushing the exhaust gas treatment unit enclosed by the supporting material layer into the circumferential wall from the other axial end area (18), and arranging a second of the closing elements at the other axial end area of the circumferential wall.

Abstract: An engine and cabin thermal management system for use with a vehicle having an engine, a cabin heating system configured to thermally heat a cabin of the vehicle, a coolant system operably coupled to the engine and to the cabin heating system to thermally manage a temperature of the engine and a temperature of the cabin. The coolant system having one or more coolant thermal storage units fluidly coupled with a radiator and heater core of the coolant system forming a coolant loop. The system further having a control system configured to monitor and maintain at least a predetermined coolant temperature at the cabin heating system even during a coolant temperature decrease at the engine stops.

Abstract: The integrated flow control valve according to the present disclosure is a cam-lift type integrated flow control valve, and an additional valve is integrally formed with at least one of a plurality of valves, this additional valve is configured to be moved upward and downward in response to vertical movement of the corresponding valve to open and close an additional outlet except for a plurality of outlets which are opened and closed by the plurality of valves. In an engine system according to the present disclosure, a flow of coolant flowing into a heater, an oil cooler, a radiator and an exhaust gas heat exchanger in the engine system is integratedly controlled through control of the above described integrated control valve, so that it is possible to effectively control a flow rate of coolant as well as a temperature of coolant.

Abstract: In a spark-ignition internal combustion engine in which a protrusion including an intake-side inclined surface and an exhaust-side inclined surface is formed on a top surface of a piston, and a cavity is formed in the protrusion at a position associated with a spark plug, the intake-side inclined surface and the exhaust-side inclined surface are formed in such a way that an inclination angle of the exhaust-side inclined surface is smaller than an inclination angle of the intake-side inclined surface, and a difference in inclination angle between the intake-side inclined surface and the exhaust-side inclined surface is 4 degrees or larger.

Abstract: An air cooling system for a vehicle engine includes an air intake configured to receive intake air for delivery to the engine, a first coolant loop thermally coupled to the air intake to provide cooling to the intake air, and a second coolant loop thermally coupled to the air intake to provide further cooling to the intake air.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine includes: a turbocharger including a compressor and an exhaust turbine; a wastegate valve for allowing a part of exhaust gas to bypass the exhaust turbine and flow into a downstream side of the exhaust turbine, wherein the exhaust gas is to be brought into the exhaust turbine; and an exhaust adjustment mechanism for adjusting a quantity of the exhaust gas. A control method includes operating a first one of the wastegate valve and the exhaust adjustment mechanism with higher priority to a second one of the wastegate valve and the exhaust adjustment mechanism in response to a condition where an intake air quantity is to be varied along with a variation in engine load or air fuel ratio, wherein operation of the first one allows thermal energy to be recovered more efficiently under the condition than that of the second one.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a combustion engine system and a method of operation thereof. The combustion engine system includes a pollutant conversion system and an exhaust gas turbocharger that includes a variable turbine geometry and a waste gate valve. The variable turbine geometry includes adjustable guide elements surrounding the turbine wheel in a circumferential direction and are arranged to define an overall cross-section in their respective position for the exhaust gas. In a control mode where the pollutant conversion system comprises a temperature above a threshold temperature, the guide elements are adjusted such that the overall cross-section is between a control minimum value and a control maximum value. In a heat-up mode at temperatures of the pollutant conversion system below the threshold temperature, the guide elements are moved to a heat-up position where the overall cross-section is smaller than the control minimum value.

Abstract: The two-stroke internal combustion engine has an engine crankcase including a sealing mechanism that, at all times and under all circumstances, confine the oil in the lower crankcase. The two-stroke engine uses a gaseous fuel based on dihydrogen and dioxygen, and releases only water vapor charged with unused gaseous fuel. A device for recycling the exhaust gases serves to recover the unused gaseous fuel and to reinject it at the intake opening, or the exhaust opening.

Abstract: A fuel and water injection system includes: an injector having a needle which is movable upwardly and downwardly by a solenoid coil, a nozzle orifice which is opened and closed by upward and downward movements of the needle, and a pressure chamber communicating with the nozzle orifice; a fuel pump supplying fuel to the pressure chamber; a water pump supplying water to the pressure chamber; a solenoid shut-off valve disposed on a water supply pipe connecting the water pump and the injector; an engine control unit (ECU) controlling the fuel pump and the injector; and a water supply controller controlling the water pump and the solenoid shut-off valve.

Abstract: A process of operating a spark-ignited internal combustion engine (SI-ICE) with improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions including under steady state and under lean-operating conditions at high overall air to fuel (AFR) ratios. A first supply of high octane hydrocarbon fuel, such as gasoline or natural gas, and a first supply of oxidant are fed to a fuel reformer to produce a gaseous reformate with a reforming efficiency of greater than 75 percent relative to equilibrium. The gaseous reformate is mixed with a second supply of oxidant, after which the resulting reformate blended oxidant is fed with a second supply of high octane hydrocarbon fuel to the SI-ICE for combustion. Steady state fuel efficiency is improved by more than 3 percent, when the reformate comprises from greater than about 1 to less than about 18 percent of the total volume of reformate blended oxidant fed to the engine.

Abstract: A length-adjustable connecting rod for a reciprocating piston machine, which may be a reciprocating piston internal combustion engine, is disclosed as well as a reciprocating piston machine and a vehicle. The connecting rod comprises a hydraulic length-adjusting device for adjusting an effective connecting rod length and a control device that can switch between two switching states, for controlling the length-adjusting device.

Abstract: An installation for cleaning a motorization system includes an injector, a diagnostic device, and a controller. The injector executes a cleaning sequence for cleaning the motorization system. It does so by injecting a cleaning fluid into one of the inlets. The diagnostic device determines a soiling level as a function of a defect level. The soiling level is indicative of a level of soiling of the motorization system and the defect level is indicative of a level of defectiveness of the first moving part. The controller is configured to supply cleaning parameters to the injection devices for execution of the cleaning sequence. These cleaning parameters depend on the soiling level.

Abstract: A method for predictive maintenance of components of an internal combustion engine by a structure-borne sound sensor includes: recording vibrations of the components of the internal combustion engine by at least one structure-borne sound sensor; and during operation of the internal combustion engine, continuously checking a release for diagnosing a wear condition of the components of the internal combustion engine. The one or more structure-borne sound sensors, which are arranged at one or more positions on the internal combustion engine, record measurement signals and forward them to evaluation electronics. The measurement signals are time-synchronized to a characteristic state of the internal combustion engine or the measurement signal recording is time-triggered. The time-synchronized or triggered measurement signals are decoded into measurement data. The decoded measurement data is subjected to a signal transformation. One or more spectrograms are generated from the signal transformation.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed for operating an engine that includes a knock control system that may determine contributions of individual noise sources to an engine background noise level. The contributions of the individual noise sources may be the basis for establishing the presence or absence of knock in one or more engine cylinders.

Abstract: A compressed air energy storage power generation device includes an inert gas source for supplying an inert gas, an inert gas flow path system, and a flow path switching unit. The inert gas flow path system fluidly connects the gas phase portion of the high temperature heat storage unit, the gas phase portion of the low temperature heat storage unit, and the inert gas source. The flow path switching unit switches the inert gas flow path system to at least a state in which the inert gas source is in communication with both the high temperature heat storage unit and the low temperature heat storage unit and a state in which the inert gas source is blocked from both the high temperature heat storage unit and the low temperature heat storage unit.

Abstract: Inlet air heating systems for combined cycle power plants and combined cycle power plants including inlet air heating systems are disclosed. The inlet air heating systems may include a plurality of heating coil assemblies partially positioned within an inlet housing of a gas turbine system, and a vent valve in fluid communication with each of the heating coils. The inlet air heating system may also include a supply line in fluid communication with the heating coils to provide water to the heating coils, and a hot water line in fluid communication with the supply line and a component positioned downstream of a condenser of the combined cycle power plant. The hot water line may provide hot water from the combined cycle power plant to the supply line. Additionally, the inlet air heating system may include a drain line in fluid communication with the heating coils and the condenser.

Abstract: A fluid valve is provided including an inner shell and an outer shell. The inner shell includes a sidewall having a first opening and an interior surface defining an inner chamber. The outer shell includes a sidewall having a second opening and an exterior surface defining an outer chamber. The inner shell is positioned within the outer shell and the inner shell is movable relative to the outer chamber between a first position and a second position by a change in fluid conditions of a fluid supplied to the fluid valve. The first opening and the second opening overlap to define a passageway extending from the interior surface of the inner shell to the exterior surface of the outer shell. Relative movement of the inner shell from the first position toward the second position reduces a cross-sectional area of the passageway.

Abstract: A method of designing a gas turbine engine includes locating purge openings in fluid communication with a first stage cavity. At least one of a cover plate or a rotor disk is positioned adjacent the first stage cavity and radially inward from the purge openings. A portion of a rotor blade is positioned radially outward from the purge openings. A mass flow rate of cooling air through the purge openings is selected based on a radial location of the purge openings to create an air barrier between a radially inner side of the purge openings and a radially outer side of the purge openings.

Abstract: A method for improving the performance of a gas turbine, in which a hub annually surrounding a rotor is machined when the rotor is in the non-stacked state and hot shield elements that are arranged on the hub are exchanged. The method includes a) dismantling of the rotor together with the surrounding hub from the gas turbine; b) horizontal mounting of the rotor in the non-destacked state; c) removing of all heat shield elements of the row which is arranged as the last row in the flow downstream direction; d) mechanical machining, in particular complete removing of the hub projection; e) machining of at least some of the existing cooling air bores and/or producing of new cooling air bores, and f) mounting of new heat shield elements, the design of which differs from that of the heat shield elements which were removed in step c).

Abstract: A method of modifying an existing valve assembly has the step of placing a supplemental sleeve within a housing. The housing has a housing inlet window and a housing outlet window, and the supplemental sleeve has a sleeve inlet window and a sleeve outlet window. The method includes the step of placing an existing piston/sleeve set within the supplemental sleeve. A spool valve is also disclosed.

Abstract: The disclosure describes a system that includes an engine having a shaft that rotates around an axis of rotation, an engine controller configured to control the engine, an electric machine mechanically coupled to the shaft of the engine, and an electrical controller. The engine controller is configured to control the engine using control techniques configured for a mechanical device having a target moment of inertia around the axis of rotation. The electric machine has an actual moment of inertia around the axis of rotation that is different from the target moment of inertia. To supplement control of the engine due to the difference in moments of inertia, the electrical controller is configured to receive a rotational speed of the shaft, determine a torque for the shaft based on the speed of the shaft, and control the electric machine to apply the torque to the shaft.

Abstract: An aspect includes a dirt mitigation system for a gas turbine engine. The dirt mitigation system includes a plurality of bleeds of the gas turbine engine and a control system configured to determine a particulate ingestion estimate indicative of dirt ingested in the gas turbine engine. The control system is further configured to determine one or more operating parameters of the gas turbine engine and alter a bleed control schedule of the gas turbine engine to purge at least a portion of the dirt ingested in the gas turbine engine through one or more of the bleeds of the gas turbine engine based on the particulate ingestion estimate and the one or more operating parameters.

Abstract: An aspect includes a system for a gas turbine engine. The system includes one or more bleeds of the gas turbine engine and a control system configured to check one or more activation conditions of a dirt rejection mode in the gas turbine engine. A bleed control schedule of the gas turbine engine is adjusted to extend a time to hold the one or more bleeds of the gas turbine engine partially open at a power setting above a threshold based on the one or more activation conditions. One or more deactivation conditions of the dirt rejection mode in the gas turbine engine are checked. The dirt rejection mode is deactivated to fully close the one or more bleeds based on the one or more deactivation conditions.

Abstract: A control device for an internal combustion engine includes an intake channel with an inlet and an outlet, a control element, an exhaust gas recirculation channel with an opening, a recirculation channel, and a shaft having the control element eccentrically mounted thereon. The exhaust gas recirculation channel enters the intake channel. The opening of the exhaust gas recirculation channel is a valve seat for the control element. The shaft acts as an axis of rotation for the control element. A rotation of the shaft moves the control element between a first end position where the control element throttles the intake channel and a second end position where the control element contacts the valve seat at the opening of the exhaust gas recirculation channel. The axis of rotation is arranged in a plane which passes through the valve seat at the opening of the exhaust gas recirculation channel.

Abstract: An airflow control valve structure includes a metal connecting shaft and a plastic valve body. The connection shaft includes an embedded portion. The connecting shaft is configured to rotate about a rotation axis. The embedded portion is embedded so that the valve body rotates integrally with the connecting shaft. The airflow control valve structure further includes a rotation restriction portion and a movement restriction portion. The rotation restriction portion is located on the embedded portion and restricts rotation of the embedded portion relative to the valve body. The movement restriction portion is located on the embedded portion and restricts movement of the embedded portion relative to the valve body in a direction along the rotation axis.

Abstract: A throttle control system and methods are disclosed that provide a driver of a vehicle with greater control over engine functions and vehicle performance. The throttle control system processes input signals from a throttle pedal of the vehicle and sends modified throttle position signals to a throttle body of the vehicle so as to increase throttle responsiveness of the vehicle. The throttle control system includes a control module, a wiring harness, and a signal adjuster. The wiring harness electrically couples the control module with the throttle pedal and the throttle body. The control module sends signals directly to the throttle body of the engine, bypassing an electronic control unit of the vehicle. The signal adjuster includes a rheostat that enables manual adjustment of the throttle responsiveness of the vehicle. A control dial coupled with the rheostat facilitates hand operation of the rheostat.

Abstract: A controller increases an actual oil pressure up to a transient oil pressure (an actuating oil pressure) and then supplies oil adjusted to have the transient oil pressure (the actuating oil pressure) to valve stopping mechanisms to actuate the valve stopping mechanisms. The controller, when actuating the valve stopping mechanisms, starts increase in an intake filling amount when the actual oil pressure increases up to a predetermined determination value set at the transient oil pressure (the actuating oil pressure) or lower.

Abstract: When a required pressure ratio RP* is less than or equal to a calculation switching pressure ratio RPwot, an engine control unit calculates, as a target opening degree TA*, a throttle opening degree TA at which a throttle upstream-downstream pressure ratio RP is the required pressure ratio RP*. When the required pressure ratio RP* exceeds the calculation switching pressure ratio RPwot, the engine control unit obtains a switching point opening degree TAwot, a switching point load factor KLwot and a maximum load factor KLmax, and calculates the target opening degree TA* as a value that has a linear relationship with the required load factor KL* between the switching point opening degree TAwot and the maximum opening degree TAmax.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine includes combustion chambers, each having a first intake port, and first and second exhaust ports. An intake manifold is connected to the first intake port of each combustion chamber, a main pressure booster upstream of the intake manifold. An exhaust discharge arrangement includes a main exhaust manifold connected to the first exhaust port of each combustion chamber, the exhaust discharge arrangement connected to the second exhaust port of a first subset combustion chambers, and an exhaust recirculation manifold connected to the second exhaust port of a second subset combustion chambers and connected to an upstream side of the main pressure booster. The engine operates in high load and low load modes, which vary how the engine evacuates the exhaust gas of the second subset combustion chambers to the exhaust recirculation manifold. A related method is also disclosed.

Abstract: A system and methods for a turbo-boost control system are disclosed for providing a driver of a vehicle with greater control over vehicle performance. The turbo-boost control system instructs an electronic control unit of the vehicle to increase the manifold pressure to a higher level before releasing the pressure through a waste gate so as to provide a greater power output of the engine. The turbo-boost control system includes a control module, a wiring harness, and a signal adjuster. The wiring harness couples the control module with a turbo inlet pressure sensor, a manifold absolute pressure sensor, and an electronic control unit of the vehicle. The control module sends signals to the electronic control unit based on input readings from the turbo inlet pressure sensor and the manifold absolute pressure sensor. The signal adjuster includes a rheostat that enables manual adjustment of the power output of the engine.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine includes a crankcase that rotatably supports a crankshaft, a case cover that liquid-tightly covers a side of the crankcase, a cylinder block that is joined to the crankcase and divides a plurality of cylinders in a V-type arrangement in which the cylinders are disposed above a virtual horizontal plane including a rotational axis of the crankshaft and intersect each other at a bank angle, a to-be-detected body that rotates integrally with the crankshaft, and a detection sensor that is mounted from the outside on the crankcase at a position higher than the virtual horizontal plane and is made to face a trajectory of the to-be-detected body to generate a pulse signal in response to movement of the to-be-detected body. This provides, in a so-called V-type internal combustion engine, a structure for disposing a detection sensor that can detect the angular velocity of a crankshaft with high precision.

Abstract: In the start control, the first and second discharge actions of the ignition apparatuses are controlled. The first discharge action is performed to ignite the mixed gas in the multiple cylinders. The second discharge action is performed to generate the ozone. The first discharge action is performed immediately after the start of the cranking. The first discharge action is performed in the cylinders which belongs to the first and second cylinder groups. The second discharge action is performed before the start of the cranking. The second discharge action is performed in at least one cylinder which belongs to the second cylinder group. The multiple cylinders belong to the first or second cylinder group. The multiple cylinders are classified into the first or second cylinder group based on the crank angle section SCA set for each cylinder.

Abstract: A controller for an internal combustion engine includes processing circuitry. The processing circuitry is configured to execute an inflow process when an oxygen storage amount of the catalyst is greater than or equal to a predetermined amount. The inflow process includes operating the fuel injection valve to cause a fluid containing oxygen and unburned fuel to flow into the catalyst. An amount of the unburned fuel is greater than or equal to an ideal amount of unburned fuel that reacts with all of the oxygen. The processing circuitry is configured to execute, based on a detection value of the air-fuel ratio sensor obtained during an execution of the inflow process, a deviation amount calculation process that calculates a deviation amount indication value that indicates a deviation amount of a detection value of the air-fuel ratio sensor.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed for operating an engine that includes a knock control system. The method and system may increase opportunities to learn one or more engine knock background noise levels via changing poppet valve timing and/or fuel injection timing. The method and system may also improve knock detection if knock sensor degradation is suspected.

Abstract: A method for testing power of an electric drive system includes setting the electric motor of the electric drive system to a desired speed and applying a brake load to the system. The method also includes increasing the brake load until an engine of the electric drive system is fully loaded. After the engine is fully loaded, the method includes maintaining the brake load until the acceleration remains between the upper predetermined threshold and the lower predetermined threshold for the predetermined period of time, which indicates that the engine has stabilized at full power. Once the engine is at full power, the commanded power of the electric drive system required for stabilizing the engine at full power is averaged, and the average power is compared to a predetermined pass/fail threshold to determine if the electric drive system has sufficient power.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a diagnosis method for an ethanol sensor of a flexible fuel vehicle, the diagnosis method including: a) the fuel refilling detection step of detecting whether fuel is filled to a fuel tank; b) the maximum changeable content range calculation step of calculating a content range of ethanol in the fuel stored in the fuel tank; c) the ethanol sensor value acquirement step of determining whether the data detected from an ethanol sensor converges into a given value; d) the oxygen sensor value acquirement step of determining whether the data detected from an oxygen sensor converges into a given value; and e) the ethanol sensor abnormality determination step of determining that an error is generated from the ethanol sensor if the data acquired at the ethanol sensor value acquirement step or the data acquired at the step is not a value in the calculated range.

Abstract: A control support device for supporting control of a vehicle using a learned model obtained by machine learning, includes: a data acquisition unit acquiring sensor information, which is related to a state of an inside or an outside of a supplying vehicle that supplies parameters to be used for the machine learning; a learning unit generating a learned model by performing the machine learning using an input/output data set, which is the sensor information acquired by the data acquisition unit and is data including input parameters and an output parameter of the learned model; and a transmission unit Transmitting at least one of the generated learned model and an output parameter calculated by inputting sensor information of the vehicle, control of which is supported, to the generated learned model as an input parameter.

Abstract: A solenoid valve drive control circuit includes: a timing generator circuit that outputs a timing signal for controlling a driver circuit, in accordance with a solenoid valve opening and closing instruction signal; and a valve closing detector circuit that detects a valve closing timing after the timing generator circuit outputs the timing signal for instructing a solenoid valve to close, by monitoring a solenoid valve outflow terminal voltage in the solenoid valve as a signal voltage. The valve closing detector circuit includes a measurement circuit that (i) detects each timing signal reaching a threshold voltage sequentially outputted from a threshold voltage selector circuit, and (ii) outputs a signal indicating the valve closing timing when a change in a measurement value that is obtained through measurement of a time interval of each timing satisfies a predetermined condition.

Abstract: In a cylinder head according to an example of the present disclosure, a pair of intake ports communicating with the common combustion chamber are formed so that the wall thickness of the port walls on opposing sides is relatively small and the wall thickness of the port walls on reversing sides is relatively large. Herein, the opposing side is the side on which the port walls of the pair of the intake ports face each other. The reversing side is the side opposite to the opposing side. That is, the reversing side is the side on which the port walls of the pair of the intake ports face away from each other. An inter-ports flow path for flowing the cooling water is formed between the port walls on the opposing sides of the pair of the intake ports.

Abstract: An exhaust port liner, which may include a superalloy and may be manufactured by an additive manufacturing process, includes a monolithic structure including an outlet disposed an angle relative to an inlet, and a sidewall defining a cavity to provide enhanced thermal performance in reciprocating internal combustion engines. A cylinder head of an internal combustion engine may include a cylinder head frame, and the exhaust port liner may be disposed proximate the frame inner mounting surface, with an outer surface of the exhaust port liner conforming to an inner mounting surface of the cylinder head frame.

Abstract: The cylinder head includes an intake port communicating with a cylinder of a cylinder block, a cylinder head main body having an exhaust port communicating with the cylinder, and a rocker housing integrally formed on the cylinder head main body and an inner side of which is defined as a valve-system accommodating space. The rocker housing includes a lateral wall having a lateral wall main body and a base end portion which extends along a lower end of the lateral wall main body, connects the lateral wall main body to the cylinder head main body, and has a thickness thicker than that of the lateral wall body. A flow path which extends in an extending direction of the base end portion and through which a fluid flow is formed in the base end portion.

Abstract: A piston of an internal-combustion engine may include a piston head and a piston skirt, a cooling duct circulating in the piston head, a boss for receiving a piston pin, and a feed hopper for supplying cooling oil into the cooling duct. The feed hopper may be fastened to another component of the piston via a retaining lug by at least one of a material closure, a force closure, and a positive closure.