Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a display panel; a base utilized to support the display panel; and a split-type backlight module disposed corresponding to an incident surface of the display panel. The split-type backlight module includes a backplate, a light source plate, a diffusion plate, and an optical film. Light emitted from the light source plate passes through the diffusion plate and the optical film to form a uniform surface light source projected onto the display panel.

Abstract: A deformed liquid crystal display device including a cover bottom; a backlight unit on the cover bottom; the backlight unit including: a LED assembly including a plurality of LEDs; a reflector comprising a bottom surface, and side portions bent upward from edges of the bottom surface; a diffuser, disposed above and spaced apart from the plurality of LEDs and the bottom surface of the reflector; a liquid crystal panel disposed on the backlight unit, wherein the reflector has at least one corner having an acute angle formed by two adjacent side portions, wherein a brightness enhancing portion is disposed at the corner having the acute angle.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes: a backlight unit including: a light-emitting diode (LED) assembly including a plurality of LEDs, a glass diffuser above the LEDs, and a reflector under the LEDs, a liquid crystal panel above the glass diffuser, a portion of a back edge thereof being attached to the glass diffuser by a first adhesive member having a first width, a main frame surrounding a side of the liquid crystal panel and the backlight unit, the main frame including: a vertical portion, and a guide bar, the guide bar protruding from the vertical portion, and a bottom frame including a lower surface under the backlight unit, wherein the glass diffuser is above the main frame, and wherein the main frame is attached to a portion of the glass diffuser by a second adhesive member having a second width greater than the first width.

Abstract: A backlight module having a bearing plate and a light module is provided. The bearing plate has a bearing surface, which includes a trough, a first groove, a first inner stage, and a first outer stage. The first groove is disposed close to the trough. The first inner stage is between the trough and the first groove while the first outer stage is on the side of the first groove opposite to the first inner stage. The light module is disposed on the bearing surface and corresponds to the trough. Comparing to the first inner stage, the first outer stage is more protruding toward the light module.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a display panel, a light guide plate disposed under the display panel, a first reflective sheet disposed under the light guide plate, an edge type backlight including a plurality of light emitting diodes disposed on at least one side surface of the light guide plate, a top view type backlight including at least one light emitting diode disposed under the light guide plate at a position corresponding to a partial area of the display panel, and a processor configured to turn on one of the edge type backlight and the top view type backlight according to a display mode, wherein an area corresponding to the top view type backlight of the first reflective sheet is formed of a material having a greater refractive index than the light guide plate.

Abstract: A light source device includes: a substrate; a plurality of light sources disposed on the substrate; a wavelength conversion member disposed to face the plurality of light sources; and a diffusion member disposed between the wavelength conversion member and the plurality of light sources, and configured to uniformize distribution of traveling direction angle of incident light.

Abstract: A backlight unit and a display device including the same are provided. The backlight unit includes a light source; a mold frame configured to accommodate the light source and having a window frame shape with an opening therein; and a supporting member disposed on the mold frame and comprising an optical pattern, wherein the mold frame comprises a first sidewall, and an inclined surface protruding obliquely downward and inward from an inner side surface of the first sidewall, and wherein the supporting member is disposed on the inclined surface of the mold frame.

Abstract: A quantum dot film includes a plurality of sealed microcells. The microcells may be formed within a layer of polymeric material and sealed with a sealing material. Also, the microcells may contain a dispersion of a solvent and a plurality of quantum dots. A method of making a quantum dot film includes providing a layer of polymeric material having a plurality of open microcells, filling the plurality of open microcells with a dispersion of a solvent and plurality of quantum dots, and sealing the microcells.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid crystal display device comprising an array substrate and an opposite substrate arranged facing the array substrate, and further comprises a liquid crystal composition located between said array substrate and the opposite substrate, wherein said array substrate comprises elongated and evenly spaced slit electrodes and electrode gaps between the slit electrodes, with the slit electrodes and the electrode gaps said being located in the same layer structure; said array substrate comprises a bulk electrode below the slit electrodes; and said array substrate further comprises an insulating layer between the slit electrodes and the bulk electrode. The liquid crystal display device has a higher light transmittance, such that more backlight passes through the liquid crystal display device, resulting in the liquid crystal display device having a higher luminance.

Abstract: A device is disclosed, which may include a color-filter layer and a thin-film transistor (TFT) layer. The TFT layer may have an alignment layer. The device may have spacers, between the color-filter layer and the TFT layer, that form space between the color-filter layer and the TFT layer for liquid crystals. The device may include a scratch-resistant coating on the alignment layer of the TFT layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal lens, a manufacturing method and a corresponding curved display device are disclosed. The liquid crystal lens is configured to be adhered over a flat display device for achieving curved display, and includes liquid crystals, a first electrode and a second electrode for driving the liquid crystals, and an elevation layer. The first electrode includes a plurality of independent electrodes separate from each other, each independent electrode being arranged on the elevation layer. The elevation layer is further configured such that each independent electrode is located in a different position along a thickness direction of the elevation layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes: a first base substrate; a first electric field generating electrode disposed on the first base substrate; a liquid crystal layer disposed on the first electric field generating electrode and including liquid crystals; and a first wavelength absorbing layer disposed between the first electric field generating electrode and the liquid crystal layer, and configured to absorb a portion of an incident light wavelength.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a liquid crystal display panel, an operating method thereof, and a liquid crystal display device. A liquid crystal display panel comprises: A liquid crystal display panel comprising: a first substrate including light-shielding portions and light-transmitting portions; an electrode layer including a plurality of discrete electrodes; a liquid crystal layer; wherein the liquid crystal layer is adaptable to form an array of liquid crystal optical elements according to voltages of the electrodes, and wherein the voltages of the electrodes are configured such that the array of liquid crystal optical elements formed in the liquid crystal layer guides light to the light-shielding portions of the first substrate, to perform a dark-state (L0) display, wherein the light is incident onto the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer, a plurality of first regions and a plurality of second regions. The first regions and the second regions are formed on the first substrate and the second substrate. In a narrow viewing mode, the luminous flux of the first regions along a first viewing direction is different from that of the first regions along a second viewing direction opposite to the first viewing direction, and the luminous flux of the second regions along the first viewing direction is substantially different from that of the first regions along the first viewing direction.

Abstract: A display device including: a display cell that includes a first substrate and a second substrate that are arranged to be opposing, includes a wiring region that is wider than the first substrate on the second substrate, and includes an electrode in the wiring region; a wiring substrate in which at least a portion is arranged to be opposing the wiring region and which is electrically connected to the electrode; a front panel that is provided on a front surface of the first substrate; and a desiccating bonding agent that fixes the front panel to the first substrate while covering from at least a portion of a side surface of the first substrate to a connection portion between the electrode and the wiring substrate.

Abstract: The image display device of the present invention includes a substrate. The substrate includes: a first metal layer, a first insulating layer, a second metal layer, a second insulating layer, and a third metal layer stacked in the stated order; a scanning signal line; and a gate driver. The gate driver includes a unit circuit including an output control transistor. The scanning signal line is provided in the second metal layer in the display region. The substrate includes a first additional line electrically connected to a gate electrode of the output control transistor. The first additional line includes a first additional line portion provided in the first metal layer in the display region. The first additional line portion overlaps the scanning signal line in the display region via the first insulating layer.

Abstract: A display apparatus comprises: a display panel comprising driving elements to drive pixels and a first terminal group electrically connected to the driving elements; a supporting member comprising a surface on which the display panel is to be placed, and comprising wirings and a second terminal group connected to the wirings; and a holding member provided along an edge of the display panel. The holding member comprises a connector provided with contactors, and is adhered to the surface to hold the display panel. Each of the contactors is positioned in such a way as to face each terminal of the first terminal group. Each of the contactors is connected to each terminal of the second terminal group. The edge of the display panel is coupled with the connector. Each terminal of the first terminal group is electrically connected to each of the wirings via each of the contactors.

Abstract: A display apparatus is provided. The display apparatus includes a flat display panel; a light deflector, the light deflector being located in a light emergent direction of the display panel, the light deflector being configured to converge light emitted from the display panel in a direction toward a center plane, the center plane being perpendicular to the display panel, and a vertical center line of the display panel being located in the center plane.

Abstract: A display device and a method of manufacturing the display device are capable of enhancing arrangement condition of a switching element, a color conversion layer, and a pixel electrode, and increasing an aperture ratio of a pixel. The display device includes: a first substrate; a switching element and a color conversion layer on the first substrate; a polarization pattern overlapping the color conversion layer and connected to the switching element; and a pixel electrode overlapping the polarization pattern and connected to the polarization pattern.

Abstract: To provide a semiconductor device, a liquid crystal display device, and an electronic device which have a wide viewing angle and in which the number of manufacturing steps, the number of masks, and manufacturing cost are reduced compared with a conventional one. The liquid crystal display device includes a first electrode formed over an entire surface of one side of a substrate; a first insulating film formed over the first electrode; a thin film transistor formed over the first insulating film; a second insulating film formed over the thin film transistor; a second electrode formed over the second insulating film and having a plurality of openings; and a liquid crystal over the second electrode. The liquid crystal is controlled by an electric field between the first electrode and the second electrode.

Abstract: The embodiments of the present disclosure provide an array substrate, display panel and display apparatus. The array substrate comprises a plurality of gate lines extending in a row direction; a plurality of data lines extending in a column direction; and an array comprising a plurality of pixels. Each column of pixels of the plurality of pixels are coupled to two data lines of the plurality of data lines, the two data lines are configured to provide same data signal for displaying an image to the column of pixels, a first data line of the two data lines and a second data line of the two data lines are arranged at both sides of the column of pixels along the row direction, respectively. The array substrate, display panel and display apparatus according to the embodiments of the present disclosure can greatly reduce coupling capacitance between a pixel electrode and a data line, thereby an effect of reducing crosstalk can be achieved.

Abstract: A display device including a first resin substrate having flexibility, a second resin substrate having flexibility facing the first resin substrate, an electro-optical layer between the first resin substrate and the second resin substrate, a semiconductor layer included in a transistor between the first resin substrate and the electro-optical layer, a plurality of wiring layers between the first resin substrate and the electro-optical layer, the plurality of wiring layers including a metal layer below the semiconductor layer, a first inorganic insulating layer between the metal layer and the first resin substrate, and a second inorganic insulating layer arranged in the second resin substrate between the electro-optical layer and the second resin substrate, a thickness of the second inorganic insulating layer being different from a thickness of the first inorganic insulating layer.

Abstract: A display device includes: a display region and a sealing region; a first substrate; a second substrate opposite to the first substrate; a sealing member in the sealing region between the first substrate and the second substrate; and a first conductive member overlapping the sealing member and passing through the first substrate and the sealing member.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel (100) according to the present invention includes a plurality of spacers configured to hold a gap between a first substrate (10) and a second substrate (30). The plurality of spacers include a plurality of first spacers in a display region and a plurality of second spacers (55) in a non-display region. The first substrate includes a first metal layer (12) and a second metal layer (16), a first transparent conductive layer (22) formed on the second metal layer and in direct contact with the second metal layer, a second inorganic insulating layer (23) formed on the first transparent conductive layer, and an organic insulating layer (25) formed on the second inorganic insulating layer. When viewed from the normal direction of the first substrate, each of the plurality of spacers overlaps with the first transparent conductive layer and the second inorganic insulating layer, and overlaps with the first metal layer and/or the second metal layer.

Abstract: A display substrate, a display device and a driving method thereof are provided. The display substrate includes a plurality of gate lines and a plurality of data lines. The plurality of gate lines crosses the plurality of data lines to define a plurality of sub-pixel regions. Each of the plurality of sub-pixel regions includes a TFT connected to one of the plurality of data lines. Two rows of sub-pixel regions are arranged between every two adjacent gate lines, and two data lines of the plurality of data lines are arranged between every two adjacent columns of sub-pixel regions. TFTs in two adjacent rows of sub-pixel regions at two sides of one gate line of the plurality of gate lines are connected to the gate line and connected to different data lines.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer, and a plurality of columnar spacers. The pixel arrangement is a stripe arrangement including red, green and blue pixel columns. The first substrate includes TFTs, one for each pixel, wherein each TFT includes an oxide semiconductor layer. The second substrate includes a color filter layer and a light-blocking layer. The light-blocking layer includes a plurality of first shading portions extending along the column direction, and a plurality of second shading portions extending along the row direction. Each of the columnar spacers is aligned with one of the second shading portions.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device (LCD) includes from the viewing side: a first electrode layer; a viewing side first liquid crystal (LC) alignment layer; an LC layer; a non-viewing side second LC alignment layer; and a second electrode layer; wherein one of the electrode layers is a common electrode layer and the other of the electrode layers is a segmented electrode layer, and at least one of the first and second LC alignment layers is a bistable alignment layer that is switchable between a first alignment state and a second alignment state. The LCD is operated by applying a first voltage pulse to the segmented electrode layer and applying a second voltage pulse to the common electrode layer (Vcom pulse), the first and second voltage pulses combining to form a resultant voltage pulse. The bistable alignment layer switches from the first alignment state to the second alignment state when a magnitude of the resultant voltage pulse exceeds a switching voltage threshold.

Abstract: The invention relates to devices that provide a color change under the influence of an electric voltage, in particular to an electrochromic device and a method for manufacturing such a device. Disclosed is the method for manufacturing an electrochromic device comprising at least two electrodes that are flexible and optically transparent with a hermetically closed space between the electrodes filled with an electrochromic composition that may contain transparent and insoluble microparticles that function as spacers.

Abstract: An electrochromic multi-layer stack is provided. The multi-layer stack includes an electrochromic multi-layer stack having a first substrate, a first electrically conductive layer, a first electrode layer, an ion conductor layer, a second substrate, a second electrically conductive layer, and a second electrode layer. The multi-layer stack includes a redox element, wherein the redox element is electrically isolated from the first and second electrically conductive layers and the first and second electrode layer and is laterally adjacent to either the first electrically conductive layer and the first electrode, or the second electrically conductive layer and the second electrode layer. A method for controlling an electrochromic device is also provided.

Abstract: An electrochromic device includes a light transmissive first substrate, a working electrode disposed on the first substrate, a light transmissive second substrate facing the first substrate, a counter electrode disposed on the second substrate, and a lithium-rich anti-perovskite (LiRAP) material disposed between the first and second substrates. The LiRAP material includes an ionically conductive and electrically insulating LiRAP material.

Abstract: Provided is an optical modulator in which an optical modulation element is accommodated in a housing. A plurality of lead pins, which are electrically connected to the optical modulation element through wire bonding, are fixed to the housing in a manner of protruding at least a part of each of the plurality of lead pins into the housing. In the plurality of lead pins, lengths of the lead pins are set to be different from each other so that a natural frequency of at least partial lead pins is different from a natural frequency of the other lead pins.

Abstract: An optical modulator having a substrate having an electro-optic effect, an optical waveguide formed in the substrate, and a signal electrode and ground electrodes formed on the substrate so as to interpose the optical waveguide, in which the signal electrode and the ground electrodes respectively have a plurality of electrode layers, and an interval between the signal electrode and the ground electrode is larger than a mode field diameter of the optical waveguide in a first layer of the electrode layers closest to the substrate and is smaller than the interval in the first layer of the electrode layers in at least any one of second and upper layers of the electrode layers.

Abstract: A system passively images a scene using an antenna for collecting electromagnetic energy from the scene and directing the electromagnetic energy toward a single pixel sensor. A spatial light modulator includes a flexible tape that supports a series of blocking patterns along its length. The tape moves through the electromagnetic energy in an exposure region as the energy travels from the antenna to the sensor and the tape moves on a transport path that is nonlinear outside of the exposure region. A processor captures a set of output values from the sensor to form an image of the scene based on the set of output values. Two blocking pattern structures, either rigid or flexible, can be superimposed in an exposure region between an antenna and a sensor.

Abstract: An apparatus has N optical structures positioned on a two-dimensional lattice defining a plane. The N optical structures are configured to redirect light out of the plane. The N optical structures are collectively arranged in a configuration that includes select elements on the two-dimensional lattice. N optical waveguides are integrated in the plane to individually supply optical power to each of the N optical structures.

Abstract: An object is to provide, for example, a method for manufacturing an optical wavelength conversion device having a structure that enables efficient formation of crystal regions on the surface of, or inside, an amorphous material. An amorphous main body is intermittently irradiated with a first laser beam for generating a high-density excited electron region inside the main body and a second laser beam for heating the high-density excited electron region, with respective focus regions of the first and second laser beams overlapping each other. During the intermittent irradiation with the first and second laser beams, the relative position of the main body and the overlapping focus region of the first and second laser beams are varied. This enables part of the main body where the overlapping focus region moves to serve as a heat source for forming a crystal region.

Abstract: A frequency conversion device and method is disclosed. In one aspect, a frequency device includes an array of mutually spaced semiconductor islands composed of at least one III-V semiconductor compound. The semiconductor islands are configured so that electromagnetic radiation of a first wavelength incident upon the semiconductor islands causes them to emit electromagnetic radiation of a second wavelength shorter than the first wavelength by a nonlinear frequency conversion process. The frequency device further includes a transparent support supporting the semiconductor islands. The transparent support is substantially transparent to radiation of the second wavelength, so that at least the radiation of the second wavelength passes through the transparent support.

Abstract: Resistance feedback control of drive signals for plural SMA actuator wires in an SMA actuation arrangement is performed. Target resistance values are set representing a desired position of a movable element with respect to the support structure. Measures of resistance of each SMA actuator wire are detected. Errors are derived from the target resistance values and the detected measures of resistance, the errors being adjusted by offsets. The powers of the drive signals supplied to SMA actuator wires are controlled. in accordance with the adjusted errors. The offsets have values selected to adjust the actual position of the movable element to match the desired positions represented by the target resistance values.

Abstract: A focusing method includes determining an initial search direction based on a present position of a lens. The focusing method also includes controlling the lens to perform a focusing process in the initial search direction.

Abstract: Provided is an interchangeable lens including: a lens position detection unit configured to detect a position of a lens; a motor configured to move a movable lens frame to which the lens is fixed; a driving state detection unit configured to detect a driving state of the motor; and a control unit configured to decide a driving speed of the motor based on a difference between a target speed, which is based on a difference between a target position of the lens acquired from an imaging device and the position of the lens detected by the lens position detection unit, and a speed according to the driving state detected by the driving state detection unit.

Abstract: A method capable of performing an automatic focus function upon a specific movable object in a real-time manner, the method being applicable to a photographic apparatus with the automatic focus function, includes: capturing real-time image within a field of view (FOV) of a lens; comparing images of a plurality of image areas of the real-time image with a feature image of the specific movable object to identify an image area corresponding to the feature image of the specific movable object; and, performing automatic focus on the identified image area.

Abstract: A camera housing includes four walls configured to enclose and secure a camera: a top wall, a bottom wall, a right wall, and a left wall. The bottom wall includes a first segment and a segment coupled by a latching mechanism. The latching mechanism comprises a tongue component coupled to the second segment and a groove component coupled to the first segment. The tongue and groove components are configured such that the tongue component securely couples the second segment to the first segment when the camera frame is in the closed configuration. In the open configuration, the first and second segment can decouple and the left wall and second segment rotates upwards relative to the top wall such that a camera can be inserted or removed from the camera system. The camera housing also includes a button interface, an input/output interface, and a mounting mechanism.

Abstract: The herein described invention is a camera mounting system where the user can safely install a camera high in a tree without having to leave the ground. The camera mounting system is comprised of a tree attachment, ball mount, and camera mount. The system is installed by using an extension pole with releasable capture means for installation and removal of the system. Once installed, a camera can be accurately aimed by using a laser attachment and standard laser pen light. This system is further comprised of a saw attachment, which can be used to clear branches from the installation area of the tree being utilized.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for mobile phone photography which comprises a bottom member, a reflective member, a support member and a mounting member. The bottom member comprises opposing first and second faces. The reflective member mounted to the first face of the said bottom member. A side portion of the support member is mounted to the second face of the bottom member. An angle ? having a range between 70 degrees and 110 degrees is formed between the support member and the bottom member and the mounting member is further mounted to the support member.

Abstract: There is disclosed a surveillance apparatus comprising: —a retractable support member; the retractable support member comprising an upper section and lower section, wherein at least one of the upper or lower sections are constructed from at least one deformable material, wherein upper and lower sections are arranged to form a substantially rigid cavity throughout their length, and are retained by a retaining means, wherein said retractable support member comprises a first end and a second end; a housing; a spooling mechanism mounted at the housing, and being rotatable relative to the housing, and being attached to the second end of the retractable support member, the spooling mechanism being: operable to rotate in a first direction to convert the retractable support member from a spooled condition to an extended condition and thereby pay-out the retractable support member from the housing, operable to rotate in a second direction opposite to the first to convert the retractable support member from the exte

Abstract: A novel spatial light modulator (SLM) includes a cover glass, and modulation layer, and a plurality of pixel mirrors, and separates unwanted, reflected light from desired, modulated light. In one embodiment, a geometrical relationship exists between the cover glass and the pixel mirrors, such that light that reflects from the cover glass is separated from light that reflects from the pixel mirrors and is transmitted from the SLM. In one example, one of the cover glass or the pixel mirrors is angled with respect to the modulation layer. In another example embodiment, the cover glass has a particular thickness, which introduces destructive interference between light that reflects from the top and bottom surfaces of the cover glass. In another embodiment antireflective coatings are disposed between optical interfaces of the SLM. In another embodiment, light from the SLM is directed through an optical filter to remove unwanted light.

Abstract: A projection apparatus for producing a pixel-based illumination pattern has a laser light source for producing coherent laser light and a micromirror array with a multiplicity of mirrors. The mirrors are implemented so as to be controllable in terms of their position, for setting a brightness and/or color of a respective pixel of the pixel-based illumination pattern. The laser light source emits the laser light towards the micromirror array. A beam-shaping element splits the laser light from the laser light source into a multiplicity of partial beams and each of the partial beams is oriented toward one of the mirrors of the micromirror array.

Abstract: A cooling device includes a heat receiving unit, a working fluid, a radiator, and a pump. The heat receiving unit includes a first member, a second member, an inlet housing, and an outlet housing. The first member receives heat. The second member is disposed to face the first member. The inlet housing is connected to the pump and disposed between the first member and the second member. The outlet housing is connected to the radiator and disposed on a side of the second member facing away from the inlet housing. The first member and the second member are disposed at a predetermined distance away from each other. A vaporization space portion is disposed between the first member and the second member. An outlet space portion is disposed on a side of the second member facing away from the vaporization space portion.

Abstract: A color wheel module includes a fixing bracket, a carbon-iron alloy bracket, a motor, an optical filter, a first damper, and a second damper. The carbon-iron alloy bracket is fixed to the fixing bracket. The motor is fixed to the carbon-iron alloy bracket, and the motor is connected with the optical filter, so as to drive the optical filter to rotate between the motor and the fixing bracket. The first damper is disposed between the carbon-iron alloy bracket and the fixing bracket. The second damper is disposed between the motor and the carbon-iron alloy bracket.

Abstract: In one aspect, a light assembly configured to be installed in a movie theatre projector includes an emitter housing with an LED emitter plate that emits a beam of light and a lens assembly. The light assembly also includes a cooling assembly configured to dissipate heat from the LED emitter plate. The a cooling assembly includes a cooling fluid jacket coupled to the LED emitter plate, where the cooling fluid jacket comprises a metal layer enclosing a hollow path for cooling fluid, and where the cooling fluid jacket is configured to allow the cooling fluid to pass through cooling fluid jacket, thereby drawing heat from the LED emitter plate. The light assembly also includes a heat sink and a cooling fan. The cooling assembly further includes cooling sections to cool the cooling fluid that flows out of the cooling fluid jacket.

Abstract: A wavelength conversion device is provided. The wavelength conversion device includes a light-transmissive substrate that includes an incidence surface and an emission surface opposite the incidence surface. The light-transmissive substrate is configured to receive, by the incidence surface, excitation light and emit, from the emission surface, the excitation light. A phosphor layer is configured to emit fluorescent light when excited by the excitation light emitted from the emission surface. The phosphor layer includes a first phosphor layer and a second phosphor layer. The first phosphor layer includes first phosphor particles. The second phosphor layer includes second phosphor particles configured to emit fluorescent light including a peak wavelength longer than a peak wavelength of fluorescent light emitted by the first phosphor particles. The first phosphor layer includes a refractive index different from a refractive index of the second phosphor layer.