Abstract: Systems and methods for viewing stereoscopic video images are disclosed. In one example, a stereoscopic video imaging and tracking system can include a first video camera to generate a first video feed of a subject; and a second video camera spaced a distance from the first video camera to generate a second video feed of the subject, wherein the first video camera and the second video camera are directed toward a convergent point to provide a stereoscopic image of the subject. The system can also include a tracking system to cause the first video camera and the second video camera to follow a tracking point to maintain stereopsis of the subject. A head mountable video display can be present to display the stereoscopic image.

Abstract: The systems, methods, and apparatus disclosed herein are directed to an exchangeable working channel for a surgical instrument comprising a proximal portion, a distal portion, and an instrument channel configured to receive the exchangeable working channel. The exchangeable working channel may comprise a shaft comprising a proximal region and a distal region; an inner surface defining a lumen extending through the shaft; and an outer surface configured to interface with the instrument channel of the surgical instrument. The exchangeable working channel may further comprise one or more locking members configured to releasably couple to the proximal portion or the distal portion of the surgical instrument. The exchangeable working channel may increase a service life of the surgical instrument as a worn working channel can be exchanged with a new one.

Abstract: Systems and methods for visualizing ablated tissue are disclosed. In some embodiments, a system for imaging tissue comprising: a catheter having a distal end and a proximal end; an inflatable balloon disposed about the distal end of the catheter; and an optical housing extending from the distal end of the catheter into the balloon, the optical housing being configured to position inside the balloon a light source for illuminating a tissue outside the balloon and a camera for imaging the illuminated tissue.

Abstract: An endoscope includes: an aperture portion having an opening to which light from an observation target site is incident; a filter unit that has a plurality of filters and selectively transmits light based on any one of the filters; a color separation prism that is formed by a plurality of separation prisms which separate light, which has transmitted through the filter unit, into beams of light having different color components from each other; a plurality of image sensors that are provided so as to respectively correspond to the separation prisms and capture an image based on the beams of light; a signal output unit that outputs image signals captured by the image sensors respectively; and a filter disposing unit that disposes any one of the plurality of filters so that the light is incident to the disposed one of the plurality of filters.

Abstract: Improved methods and devices for performing an endoscopic surgery are provided. Systems are taught for operatively treating gastrointestinal disorders endoscopically in a stable, yet dynamic operative environment, and in a minimally-invasive manner. Such systems include, for example, an endoscopic surgical suite. The surgical suite can have a reversibly-expandable retractor that expands to provide a stable, operative environment within a subject. The expansion can be asymmetric around a stabilizer subsystem to maximize space for a tool and an endoscope to each be maneuvered independently to visualize a target tissue and treat the target tissue from outside the patient in a minimally invasive manner.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for determining contact lens intolerance in contact lens wearer patients based on tear film characteristics analysis and dry eye symptoms are disclosed. In embodiments herein, imaging of the ocular tear film is performed during contact lens wear. An analysis of the image of the ocular tear film is performed to determine one or more tear film characteristics of the ocular tear film. The tear film characteristics can be used to determine the effect or possible effect of contact lens wear on the ocular tear film, and thus be used to determine contact lens intolerance of the patient. The tear film characteristics used to analyze contact lens intolerance based on images of the ocular tear film involving contact lens wear may include dry eye symptoms, including but not limited to tear film (e.g., lipid and/or aqueous) thickness, tear film viscosity, and tear film movement rate in the eye.

Abstract: A medical diagnostic device and method, the device including: (a) an alternating current source, adapted to produce an alternating current; (b) an electrode arrangement having at least first and second electrodes, separated by an electrically insulating region, the arrangement having an at least semi-rigid region that fixes the electrodes in a spaced-apart manner, the arrangement adapted to contact the soft tissue on the inner surface of the eyelid; and (c) a processor, associated with the electrode arrangement, said electrodes electrically connected to the alternating current source; wherein, when the electrode arrangement is provided with the alternating current, and is disposed against the soft tissue, the soft tissue electrically bridges between the electrodes to form an electrical circuit, wherein an electrical signal is produced by the alternating current electrically passing between the electrodes via the soft tissue; wherein the processor is adapted to receive in-vivo based electrical information orig

Abstract: An image processing apparatus includes a storage unit configured to store a plurality of names associated with depth ranges, a selection unit configured to select one name from the plurality of names, an acquisition unit configured to acquire a plurality of tomographic images of a subject's eye, a generation unit configured to generate a projection image on which a plural pieces of motion contrast data generated based on the plurality of tomographic images is projected in a depth range associated with the selected name, and a control unit configured to display the generated projection image on a display unit.

Abstract: A method and a device for stimulating accommodation of at least one eye of a test person. There is a reliable possibility for determining a set of ophthalmological data relating to at least one eye of the test person and particularly for measuring refractive error of the test person and for determining a corresponding optical correction. The device for determining a set of ophthalmological data relating to at least one eye of a test person, in particular a device for objectively determining refraction comprises: an accommodation stimulating device which is designed to project a virtual target having a spherical effect and having an adjustable cylindrical effect into the at least one eye of the test person; and a measuring device for determining ophthalmological data relating to the at least one eye of the test person.

Abstract: A system or method for measuring human ocular performance can be implemented using an eye sensor, a head orientation sensor, and an electronic circuit. The device is configured for measuring vestibulo-ocular reflex, pupillometry, saccades, visual pursuit tracking, vergence, eyelid closure, dynamic visual acuity, retinal image stability, foveal fixation stability, focused position of the eyes or visual fixation of the eyes at any given moment and nystagmus. The eye sensor comprises a video camera that senses vertical movement and horizontal movement of at least one eye. The head orientation sensor senses pitch and yaw in the range of frequencies between 0.01 Hertz and 15 Hertz. The system is implemented as part of an impact reduction helmet that comprises an inner frame having interior pads configured to rest against a person's head and one or more shock absorption elements attached between the inner frame and the spherical shell that couple the spherical shell to the inner frame.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a double-reflecting contact lens for viewing the anterior chamber and the anterior chamber angle of an eye, the eye having an optical axis, includes a lens body having a contact end defining at least a portion of a first surface for contacting an eye and a viewing end defining at least a portion of a second surface, a first reflecting surface disposed adjacent the lens body, wherein the first reflecting surface is a planar surface extending from the viewing end to a middle region in the body between the viewing end and the contact end, and a second reflecting surface disposed adjacent the lens body, wherein the second reflecting surface is a planar surface extending from the viewing end to the contact end, the second reflecting surface opposing the first reflecting surface at an angle relative to the first reflecting surface.

Abstract: To make it possible to improve user convenience, provided is a control device including: a control unit configured to control a position and an attitude of a microscope unit by driving an arm unit that supports the microscope unit on the basis of a captured image of an operating site photographed by the microscope unit during an operation so that a position and attitude condition set before the operation is satisfied. The position and attitude condition is a condition that prescribes a position and an attitude of the microscope unit with respect to the operating site to obtain a desired captured image corresponding to the position and attitude condition.

Abstract: Examples of devices and method for quantifying opacities in an eye are shown. Examples include analysis of still images or video images. In one example a cross section area of opacities within a visual axis are quantified. Opacities in the vitreous of an eye, such as “floaters” can vary in severity from little or no reduction in vision, to bothersome, to high reduction in visual function. It is desirable to be able to quantify a level of severity of visual obstruction within a patient's eye and proceed with a level of treatment to match the condition.

Abstract: Methods and systems for automated monitoring are described herein. In various embodiments, image data of an enclosed area captured by an imaging device (102), audio data captured from the enclosed area by a sound sensor (104), and odor data captured from the enclosed area by an odor sensor (106), may be obtained by a computing device (HO). Based on the image, audio, and odor data, a determination (400) of an activity taking place within the enclosed area may be made. In various embodiments, one or more objects or persons in the enclosed area may be identified by performing image processing on the image data. The determined activity may be compared with corresponding data and parameters previously stored in a rules and schedules database (120). Based on the comparison and a decision generated by the rules and schedules database, an action may be selected to be performed.

Abstract: A patient support apparatus includes a first transceiver adapted to wirelessly communicate with a second transceiver of a headwall interface that is positioned off of the patient support apparatus. A communication link is automatically established between the first and second transceivers without requiring a user of the patient support apparatus to activate a designated control and without requiring the user to identify the headwall interface. The first transceiver includes a unique identifier assigned to the headwall interface in its messages to the headwall interface. The first transceiver may also automatically transmit a disconnect signal to the headwall interface indicating the termination of the communication link is not accidental. The disconnect signal is sent based on one or more of the following: (1) a brake being off, (2) an A/C power cord being unplugged; and/or (3) a signal strength between the transceivers decreasing.

Abstract: This document relates to receiving and processing signals during cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) treatment. This document further relates to establishing a localized, patient-specific network for communication of information from one or more sensors to a computing device.

Abstract: Methods are proposed to improve axial resolution in optical coherence tomography (OCT). In one aspect, the method comprises: obtaining a k-space interferogram of an OCT spectral image; uniformly reshaping the k-space interferogram to a quasi-stationary interferogram by extracting a source envelope; fitting a spectral estimation model to the quasi-stationary interferogram; and calculating an axial depth profile using the fitted spectral estimation model.

Abstract: A medical system may include a shaft member and a structure physically coupled to the shaft member. A portion of the shaft member may be sized to be delivered through a bodily opening leading to a bodily cavity. The structure may include at least two flexible couplings, each flexible coupling extending transversely from an intermediate portion of a respective one of at least two elongate members of the structure. The flexible coupling extending transversely from the intermediate portion of a first one of the at least two elongate members forms at least a part of a first closed loop arranged to receive a portion of the flexible coupling of a second one of the at least two elongate members therethrough to limit a spacing between the intermediate portions of the first and the second ones of the at least two elongate members.

Abstract: In embodiments of wearable device heart monitor systems, a wearable device has electrical contacts integrated in a housing base of the wearable device as electrodes designed to contact skin of a user while wearing the wearable device. A housing bezel of the wearable device designed as an additional point of contact on the wearable device. The wearable device includes an electromyography (EMG) system to receive electrical signals from at least two of the electrodes and detect muscular movement of the user. Further, the wearable device includes an electrocardiogram (ECG) system to receive and combine the electrical signals from the electrodes when the user touch contacts the housing bezel while wearing the wearable device to complete an ECG loop between the electrodes and the housing bezel for a heart rate reading of the user.

Abstract: The invention provides a signal synchronization device, which obtains electrocardiographic, heart sound signal calibration factors by performing time domain and frequency domain transformations for an electrocardiographic signal and a heart sound signal, and thereby performs calibration for the electrocardiographic signal and the heart sound signal to synchronize the electrocardiographic signal and the heart sound signal in time domain, such that a diagnosis rate for cardiovascular disease is increased. Moreover, the invention further provides a stethoscope with signal synchronization processing, an auscultation information output system and a symptom diagnosis system capable of signal synchronization.

Abstract: A cover is configured to be removably attached to and at least partially cover a hearing aid earpiece. The removable cover includes light transmissive material in at least one portion thereof that is configured to guide light from at least one optical emitter associated with the hearing aid earpiece to a region of a body of a subject wearing the hearing aid earpiece and/or guide light from the body of the subject to at least one optical detector associated with the hearing aid earpiece. The removable cover may include at least one alignment member that facilitates stability of the hearing aid earpiece when inserted within an ear of the subject. The removable cover may include at least one lens region, at least one light diffusion region, and/or at least one luminescence region in optical communication with the light transmissive material.

Abstract: Wearable apparatus for monitoring various physiological and environmental factors are provided. Real-time, noninvasive health and environmental monitors include a plurality of compact sensors integrated within small, low-profile devices, such as earpiece modules. Physiological and environmental data is collected and wirelessly transmitted into a wireless network, where the data is stored and/or processed.

Abstract: Catheter systems and methods for determining blood flow rates based on temperature measurements by thermodilution. The catheter may include a fluid lumen defined between inner and outer tubular members for delivering an indicator fluid, and a guidewire lumen defined by the inner tubular member. The catheter may include fluid infusion openings at the distal end region of the outer tubular member configured to permit the indicator fluid to exit the catheter from the fluid lumen, and a fluid hole located at the distal end region of the inner tubular member configured to permit the indicator fluid to pass from the fluid lumen into the guidewire lumen. A temperature sensor positioned on a guidewire may be positioned within the guidewire lumen to measure the temperature of the indicator fluid entering the guidewire lumen through the fluid hole. A blood flow rate may be calculated based on the measured temperature.

Abstract: A method for vector analysis of an electrocardiogram for assessment of risk of sudden cardiac death includes receiving data about electrical activity of heart of a subject recorded on electrocardiogram device, generating a vector cardiogram based on the data, analyzing the vector cardiogram to determine arrhythmogenic right ventricular dys-plasia/cardiomyopathy to identify a presence of a micro-scar in a three-dimensional vector loop of the vector cardiogram, determining a risk of SCD for the subject based on the identification of the presence of a micro-scar, and storing the risk in a database.

Abstract: A first-aid device for detecting myocardial infarction, including a wearable textile, a first alarm detection unit, a second detection alarm unit, and a charging first-aid unit for actively detecting and alerting to myocardial infarction, instantly supplying crucial medicine, and providing a charging function. In particular, the wearable textile put on a patient carries the first alarm detection unit actively detecting myocardial infarction, the charging first-aid unit instantly provides the user medicine to alleviate painful symptom, and at the same time, the second detection alarm unit serves as a spare part while the first alarm detection unit is charged by the charging first-aid unit. As a result, the first alarm detection unit and the second detection alarm unit are alternatively used for actively and ceaselessly detecting myocardial infarction assuring first-aid for the patient.

Abstract: A method for non-invasively resolving electrophysiological activity in sub-cortical structures located deep in the brain by comparing amplitude-insensitive M/EEG field patterns arising from activity in subcortical and cortical sources under physiologically relevant sparse constraints is disclosed. The method includes a sparse inverse solution for M/EEG subcortical source modeling. Specifically, the method employs a subspace-pursuit algorithm rooted in compressive sampling theory, performs a hierarchical search for sparse subcortical and cortical sources underlying the measurement, and estimates millisecond-scale currents in these sources to explain the data. The method can be used to recover thalamic and brainstem contributions to non-invasive M/EEG data, and to enable non-invasive study of fast timescale dynamical and network phenomena involving widespread regions across the human brain.

Abstract: A system is provided for isolating the value of a signal hidden within a composite electrical signal. The system comprises an input, a processor, and a memory configured to store instructions executable by the processor. The instructions cause the processor to estimate that portion of a received composite electrical signal that represents a hidden signal by subtracting a known first signal from the composite signal.

Abstract: A method for obtaining an electroencephalogram (EEG) of a user is disclosed. A reference sensor is attached to the user by connecting a first component of the reference sensor to a second component of the reference sensor, at least a portion of the first component being sub-dermally implanted on or adjacent to a mastoid process of the user. At least one active sensor is attached to the user. A first signal is detected from the reference sensor simultaneously as a second signal is detected from the at least one active sensor. The EEG is obtained based on the first signal and the second signal.

Abstract: Exemplary methods and systems may image an object of interest using one or more waveguide assemblies including gated elements. The gated elements may be configurable in a transmission state, a reception state, or a passive state. The exemplary methods and systems may deliver electromagnetic energy (e.g., microwave energy) to an object of interest using a gated element of a waveguide assembly configured in a transmission state and sample scattered field using a gated element of another waveguide assembly configured in the reception state while the remainder of gated elements are configured in the passive state.

Abstract: A method is described for determining biological tissue type based on a complex impedance spectra obtained from a probe with a conducting part adjacent a tissue region of interest, wherein the impedance spectra includes data from a number of frequencies. The method may include: obtaining, from the complex impedance spectra, a first data set representative of impedance modulus values, or equivalent admittance values, at one or more frequencies, obtaining, from the complex impedance spectra, a second data set representative of impedance phase angle values, or equivalent admittance values, at one or more different frequencies, applying a first discrimination criterion to the first data set, applying a second discrimination criterion to the second data set, and thereby determining if the tissue region of interest is a tissue type characterised by the discrimination criteria.

Abstract: A wound sensor comprising at least one electrode (10a, 10b) and a non-adherent porous layer (25) proximate at least part of the electrode.

Abstract: One embodiment of an apparatus for analysis of body composition and hydration status by detecting resistance of the human subject at zero and infinite frequency including a method for measuring indirectly extracellular water mass, intracellular water mass, lean body mass, and body fat mass; daily changes of extracellular water mass, intracellular water mass, lean body mass, and body fat mass; and acute changes of extracellular water mass and intracellular water mass; and for individualized calibration of these indirect measurements.

Abstract: Systems and methods for detecting lameness in a limb of an animal are described herein. In an embodiment, a lameness detection system comprises a plurality of wearable footwear elements. Each of the footwear elements comprises a housing that is configured to fit snugly on a paw of the animal during ordinary gait. Each of the footwear elements comprise a sensor or matrix of sensors that is configured to detect and generate data representative of pressure or force exerted by the paw on a ground surface. Each footwear element additionally comprises a wireless transceiver that is configured for short-distance communication of the data captured by the sensors. The system further comprises a computing device with a wireless transceiver configured to communicate with the transceivers of the footwear elements and instructions which, when executed by the computing device, cause the computing device to analyze lameness in a limb of the animal based on data received from the sensors.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein are directed to non-invasive detection of peripheral arterial disease. For example, a measuring apparatus is used to measure a patient's calf circumference. The measuring apparatus has text feature(s) or indicator(s) printed thereupon that indicate the likelihood that the patient has peripheral arterial disease based on the measured calf circumference. The assessment may be further refined by using a software application that assesses the likelihood of the patient having peripheral arterial disease using at least the calf circumference measurement, along with other information/data. Based on the assessment, a healthcare practitioner may prescribe a walking program for the patient to follow. A software application may track compliance of the walking program and provide escalating reminders to the patient if the patient continues to fail to comply with the prescribed walking program.

Abstract: A method of providing information according to a gait posture and an electronic device for the same are provided. The method includes collecting sensor values detected using a plurality of sensors located at the surrounding of a user's feet, determining a user's gait posture by using the detected sensor values, and outputting at least one of information on the user's gait posture, information on muscle fatigue of the user according to the gait, information on joint fatigue of the user according to the gait, and information on a recommended exercise for the user based on the determined user's gait posture.

Abstract: Embodiments of systems and methods determine one or more gait parameters using acceleration readings generated by an accelerometer coupled to a user. Gait parameters determined by various embodiments may include step length, step width, step time, single limb support time, or double limb support time. The accelerometer may be coupled to one of the user's arms. Exemplary systems may comprise an accelerometer, a processor, and a non-transitory computer readable medium (NTCRM). The processor may process acceleration readings from the accelerometer according to instructions stored on the NTCRM to determine the one or more gait parameters. The processor may communicate the one or more gait parameters to a receiving device. Some embodiments of the system may function as self-contained units and some embodiments may present information corresponding to gait parameters or recommendations regarding gait.

Abstract: A data processing method performed by a computer for determining breathing signal data which represents a breathing cycle of a patient, comprising the steps of: —acquiring image data representing a sequence of training thermal images of at least a part of the surface of the patient's body over time, the sequence covering at least one half breathing cycle and being captured by a thermographic camera; and —tracking at least one tracked point in the image data over the sequence of training thermal images to find a trajectory of the tracked point as the breathing signal data, wherein the tracked point is a point on the surface of the patient's body.

Abstract: A device and method for noninvasively monitoring biofluids of an animal provides measuring physical parameters of an analyte with a device located within an oral cavity of the animal.

Abstract: Systems and methods for processing sensor analyte data are disclosed, including initiating calibration, updating calibration, evaluating clinical acceptability of reference and sensor analyte data, and evaluating the quality of sensor calibration. The sensor can be calibrated using a calibration set of one or more matched sensor and reference analyte data pairs. Reference data resulting from benchtop testing an analyte sensor prior to its insertion can be used to provide initial calibration of the sensor data. Reference data from a short term continuous analyte sensor implanted in a user can be used to initially calibrate or update sensor data from a long term continuous analyte sensor.

Abstract: Optical spectroscopic devices, apparatus, systems and methods useable for physiological monitoring from intraosseous, subosseous, epidural, subdural, intraventricular, intramuscular, sub-adipose and other subcutaneous locations.

Abstract: Embodiments herein include implantable medical systems, devices and methods including chemical sensors. In an embodiment, an implantable medical device system includes a chemical sensor; a fluid state sensor such as a posture sensor; an activity sensor; and/or a respiration sensor. The implantable medical device system can further include normalization circuitry receiving data from the chemical sensor and the fluid state sensor and normalizing the chemical sensor data based on data from the fluid state sensor. In an embodiment, a method of operating an implantable medical device system is included. The method can include measuring the amount of a chemical analyte using a chemical sensor, measuring the fluid status in a patient using a fluid state sensor, and normalizing the measured amount of the chemical analyte as indicated by the chemical sensor using normalization circuitry based on data from the fluid state sensor. Other embodiments are also included herein.

Abstract: This disclosure relates generally to stress classification and quantification, and more particularly to system and method for classification and quantitative estimation of cognitive stress from analysis of keystrokes and signals derived from physiological sensors. In one embodiment, a method includes obtaining, while a user is engaged in performance of a task, physiological signals from physiological sensors accessible to the user. Feature sets are identified from the physiological signals which correlate with cognitive stress experienced by the user. Using a regression model, a stress indicator metric comprising a quantitative estimate of the cognitive stress is predicted. The regression model is trained using the feature sets and independently determined quantitative estimates of cognitive stress used as a ground truth to output the value of the stress indicator metric.

Abstract: A method for predicting an arousal level used by a computer of an arousal level prediction apparatus that predicts an arousal level of a user includes obtaining current biological information regarding the user detected by a first sensor, calculating a current arousal level of the user on the basis of the current biological information, obtaining current environment information indicating a current environment around the user detected by a second sensor, predicting a future arousal level, which is an arousal level a certain period of time later, on the basis of the current arousal level and the current environment information, and (i) issuing a notification to the user or (ii) controlling another device, on the basis of the future arousal level.

Abstract: Systems, methods, sensors, and software for providing enhanced measurement and detection of patient pain response are provided herein. In a first example, a measurement system is provided that includes a capacitive system configured to measure a capacitance signal of tissue of the patient using a capacitive sensor applied to the tissue of the patient. The measurement system also includes a patient monitor configured to measure an electrical signal representing brain activity of the patient using a brain activity sensor applied to the tissue of the patient. The measurement system also includes a processing system configured to determine pain metrics based at least on the capacitance signal and the electrical signal, and determine a pain response of the patient based at least on the pain metrics and pain calibration information for the patient.

Abstract: A medical system is disclosed, which can be useable in particular for monitoring and/or controlling at least one bodily function of a user. The medical system comprises a control device and at least one medical user element embodied separately from the control device. The medical user element and the control device are designed to exchange data wirelessly. The medical system is designed to enable an automatic assignment step, wherein an exchange of personal data between the medical user element and the control device is enabled by the automatic assignment step. The medical system is furthermore designed to automatically initiate the automatic assignment step by means of an assignment coupling between the medical user element and the control device. The medical system is furthermore designed to enable a separation of the assignment coupling for medical operation of the medical system after the assignment step.

Abstract: A method for generating a clinical effects map for electrical stimulation using an electrical stimulation lead includes receiving at least one clinical response for stimulation using each of multiple first sets of stimulation parameters where each clinical response is associated with at least one therapeutic effect or side effect. The method also includes determining, using the clinical responses and the first sets of stimulation parameters, a spatial relationship between the electrical stimulation lead and at least one effect region, where each effect region is associated with at least one of the therapeutic effects or side effects; estimating, based on the spatial relationship, at least one clinical response for each of multiple second sets of stimulation parameters; and generating and presenting a clinical effects map illustrating at least the estimated clinical response for one or more of the second sets of stimulation parameters.

Abstract: A prosthetic implant includes a cavity that opens at an outer face of the prosthetic implant, the cavity forming a housing for receiving: a printed circuit including a radio tag; and a cover which closes the cavity at least partially when positioned on the implant in a so-called closed position, the radio tag and printed circuit being removably housed in the cavity.

Abstract: A palpation assisting apparatus includes a synchronization controller configured to synchronize a timing of acquiring pressure data output from a pressure sensor attached to a position in contact with a lesion part with a timing of acquiring positional information of a marker attached to a position corresponding to the pressure sensor, and an entering part configured to store, in a storage part, the pressure data and the positional information of the marker that are acquired at the synchronized timing in association with time information indicating a time at which the pressure data and the positional information are acquired.

Abstract: A surgical system includes at least one light emitter generating light at a first intensity and an array of light sensors including a least one row of light sensors, individual light sensors in the row of light sensors adapted to generate a signal including a non-pulsatile component. The system also includes a controller coupled to the array of light sensors, the controller including an analyzer to determine the magnitudes of the non-pulsatile components at the individual light sensors in the row of light sensors, to determine if the non-pulsatile component transitions from a higher magnitude to a lower magnitude and from a lower magnitude to a higher magnitude, and if so, to determine if the first intensity should be changed to a second intensity.

Abstract: The present invention involves systems and methods for determining nerve proximity, nerve direction, and pathology relative to a surgical instrument based on an identified relationship between neuromuscular responses and the stimulation signal that caused the neuromuscular responses.