Abstract: The present application provides a method for producing a film. In the present application, for example, a method for producing a film which can be applied to production of a heat-dissipating material such as a heat pipe can be provided.

Abstract: The metal powder producing apparatus includes: a first gas jet nozzle that includes jet holes disposed in a bottom surface of a gas jet device so as to form first rings each, and jets gas against molten metal flowing down through the liquid nozzles; a second gas jet nozzle that includes jet holes disposed in the bottom surface of the gas jet device so as to form second rings each on an outer side of a corresponding one of the first rings, and jets gas to prevent scatter of metal particles; and a third gas jet nozzle that includes jet holes disposed in the bottom surface of the gas jet device so as to form a third ring on an outer side of the second gas jet nozzle, and jets gas against an inner wall surface of the spray chamber.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for preparing vanadium or vanadium alloy powder from a vanadium-containing raw material through a shortened process, including: calcinating a mixture of a vanadium-containing raw material and an alkali compound for oxidation to form a water-soluble vanadate; purifying the vanadate followed by vanadium precipitation to produce an intermediate CaV2O6 with high purity; dissolving CaV2O6 in a molten-salt medium together with other raw materials to form a uniform reaction system; and introducing a reducing agent to the system followed by separation, washing and drying to produce vanadium or vanadium alloy powder having a particle size of 50-800 nm and a purity of 99.0 wt % or more. The method can continuously process vanadium-containing raw materials to prepare vanadium or vanadium alloy powder.

Abstract: A coated tool may include a base member including a first surface, and a coating layer located at least on the first surface of the base member. The coating layer may include a first layer and a second layer. The first layer may be located on the first surface and may include a titanium compound. The second layer may be contactedly located on the first layer and may include aluminum oxide. The coating layer may include a plurality of voids located side by side in the first layer in a direction along a boundary between the first layer and the second layer in a cross section orthogonal to the first surface.

Abstract: Provided are: a method for producing a high-speed tool steel material capable of increasing carbides in the structure of a high-speed tool steel product; a method for producing a high-speed tool steel product; and a high-speed tool steel product. The method for producing a high-speed tool steel material is provided with: a casting step for casting molten steel to obtain a steel ingot; a blooming step for heating the steel ingot obtained in said casting step to a temperature higher than 1120° C. and thereafter hot-working same to obtain an intermediate material; and a finishing step for heating the intermediate material obtained in the blooming step to a temperature of 900-1120° C. and thereafter hot-working same to obtain the high-speed tool steel material. Further, said method for producing a high-speed tool steel material is provided with an annealing step for annealing the high-speed tool steel material obtained in said finishing step.

Abstract: A parting-off insert for relatively high feed includes a rake surface including a reinforced front sub-edge extending between two convex corner sub-edges. A cutting width WC is defined between distal points of the first and second convex corner sub-edges. The cutting width WC fulfills the condition: WC?6 mm. The front sub-edge including a minimum front sub-edge thickness TF fulfilling the condition: TF>0.20 mm.

Abstract: A tool body includes a damping apparatus for damping vibrations in a machining tool having, besides the tool body, a member with at least one cutting edge to be secured to the tool body. The damping apparatus is arranged in an internal room of the tool body and includes a damper mass body with an axial bore and a central tube extending through the bore and which is rigidly secured to the damper mass body inside the through bore. A central tube is also at both ends thereof rigidly connected to a tool body fixed part and the central tube is made of a material with a spring property allowing the damper mass body to oscillate in the internal room perpendicularly to the longitudinal extension of the central tube.

Abstract: A drilling aid system which comprises a body with a first cavity, a shaft mounted to be able to rotate within the first cavity, a slider which has a proximal end mounted to be able to move in translation within the first cavity, where the slider has a second cavity which extends the first cavity, a collar that is able to move in translation on the shaft, a first compression spring having a first stiffness and pressing against the collar and against the proximal end of the slider, and a second compression spring having a second stiffness greater than the first stiffness, and pressing against the collar and against the proximal end of the body. A system of this kind makes it possible to make the user perceive that the end of the drilling operation is nigh and that therefore the force applied to the drill should be reduced.

Abstract: The invention relates to a tool for forming a drilled hole (B), comprising a shank that is rotatable or rotates about a tool axis (A), at least one first portion, which is rotatable or rotates about the tool axis (A), for producing and/or widening a drilled hole (B) by chip cutting, and a second portion, which rotates about the tool axis (A), for widening a drilled hole (B) without chip cutting, wherein the second portion is arranged behind the first portion in a direction of advance (V) of the tool. The invention additionally relates to a method for producing a drilled hole (B).

Abstract: A device for detaching a burr from an opening of a transverse borehole of a workpiece includes an elongate shank for positioning in a longitudinal borehole of the workpiece and a fillet to avoid the elongate shank colliding with a drill for drilling the transverse borehole. In an example embodiment, the device has an aperture to further avoid the elongate shank colliding with the drill. In an example embodiment, the elongate shank has a cutting section with a cutting edge for detaching the burr from the opening of the transverse borehole.

Abstract: A method for milling a workpiece by way of at least one substantially polygonal cutting insert, which is arranged in a tool holder. A spindle axis of the tool holder encloses an angle of more than 0° with a plane normal to a machined workpiece surface. An effective lead angle between a main cutting edge of the cutting insert and the machined workpiece surface lies between 0° and 20°.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for machining an eyewear frame. One method includes receiving a coupon of material for making the eyewear frame, the frame comprising a perimeter, a front portion and a rear portion; cutting the coupon along the perimeter of the eyewear frame, the cut being from the rear portion of the frame to a predetermined depth from the front portion of the frame; and creating a plastic seam around the frame by further cutting the coupon from the front portion of the eyewear frame.

Abstract: A clamp is disclosed for a key making machine. The clamp may have an anvil, and a door movable toward the anvil to sandwich a key blank therebetween. The clamp may also have a gate pivotally connected to the door and configured to engage the key blank.

Abstract: A single-sided four-way indexable cutting insert includes a positive basic shape, a rake surface, a peripheral surface including four side abutment surfaces, a base bearing surface and a screw hole connecting the rake and base bearing surfaces. The insert has an imaginary square frustum which defines a square base containing the cutting insert's base bearing surface, and further defines four isosceles trapezoid side surfaces respectively containing the cutting insert's four side abutment surfaces. A material volume VF of the cutting insert and a void volume VS of the insert fulfill the condition VS/VF?0.25.

Abstract: A mobile machine tool, namely a manually-operated machine tool (10) or semi-stationary machine tool (10), for machining a workpiece (W), wherein the machine tool (10) has a plate-like guide element (30) with a guide surface (32) for guiding the machine tool (10) on the workpiece (W) or the workpiece (W) on the machine tool (10), wherein the machine tool (10) has a drive unit (11) with a drive motor (13) for driving a tool holder (14) arranged on the drive unit (11), wherein the machine tool (10) is provided with a tool sensor arrangement (61, 62) for detecting a workpiece contact region in which a work tool (15) arranged on the tool holder (14), is in contact with the workpiece (W). The tool sensor arrangement (61, 62) comprises at least two tool sensors (61, 62), the detection ranges of which (EB1, EB2) are assigned to different partial workpiece contact regions (WK1, WK2) of the workpiece contact region.

Abstract: A wood cutting band saw blade includes a band having a continuous band portion and having on at least one length-wise edge a plurality of teeth. The plurality of teeth extend upward from the continuous band portion, and the length-wise edge extends in a horizontal direction. Each tooth includes a cutting edge and a back angle edge defining a tip. Each tooth also includes a gullet having a forward edge extending upward from a location at a lowest extent of the gullet to the back angle edge. The gullet further includes a rearward edge extending upward from a vertical level at the lowest extent of the gullet to a cutting edge of an adjacent tooth. The location at the lowest extent of the gullet is closer to the tip than to a tip of the adjacent tooth.

Abstract: A reamer head for a reamer includes one or more blades separated by flutes. Each flute has a front core region proximate a front end of the cutting portion, a rear portion proximate a rear end of the cutting portion and the middle core region therebetween. The front core region has a thickness, T1, the middle core region has a thickness, T2, and the rear core region has a thickness, T3. The thickness, T2, of the middle core region is greater than the thickness, T1, of the front core region and the thickness, T3, of the rear core region. A method of making the reamer head is also disclosed.

Abstract: Method for the chip-producing machining of a gear wheel workpiece in a machine using a cutting tool having at least two geometrically defined cutting edges, which produce material in chip form on the gear wheel workpiece during chip-producing machining, wherein the chip-producing machining is defined by method parameters, the method including computer-assisted analysis of the production of chips on the multiple cutting edges of the cutting tool; computer-assisted ascertainment of relative forces which will occur on the multiple cutting edges of the cutting tool during the production of chips; optimizing the chip-producing machining to prevent the relative forces from exceeding a predetermined limiting value or reaching a limiting range, wherein adapted method parameters are provided in the scope of the optimization by an adaptation of at least one of the method parameters, and carrying out the chip-producing machining of the gear wheel workpiece using the adapted method parameter(s).

Abstract: A welding or additive manufacturing wire drive system includes a first drive roll and a second drive roll. One or both of the drive rolls has a circumferential groove for simultaneously driving both of a first wire electrode and a second wire electrode located between the drive rolls in the circumferential groove. A sensor device generates a signal or data corresponding to a consumed or remaining amount of one or both of the wire electrodes. The first wire electrode contacts the second wire electrode within the circumferential groove. The first wire electrode further contacts a first sidewall portion of the circumferential groove. The second wire electrode further contacts a second sidewall portion of the circumferential groove. Both of the wire electrodes are offset from a base portion of the circumferential groove, said base portion extending between the first sidewall portion and the second sidewall portion of the circumferential groove.

Abstract: A conductive electrode wire for use in an electric discharge machine (EDM) is provided, comprising a core wire comprised of one single metal or an alloy of multiple metals with a coating deposited by the electro-plasma process, wherein such coatings are alloys of zinc and nickel. A process for treating a surface of an electrically conductive workpiece, such as a core wire, is also provided.

Abstract: A wire electrical discharge machine includes an upper wire guide and a lower wire guide supporting a wire electrode, a probe provided on an upper guide block having the upper wire guide, an offset storage unit for storing an offset amount from the upper wire guide to the probe, a position shift drive unit for changing the relative position between the table, and the upper and lower wire guides, a drive controller for controlling the position shift drive unit, a contact position calculator for calculating a contact position that is a position of the probe when it comes in contact, and a machining start position calculator for calculating a machining start position of the wire electrode, based on at least two contact positions and the offset amount. The drive controller controls the position shift drive unit so that the position of the wire electrode becomes the machining start position.

Abstract: A wire disconnection prediction device includes: a data acquisition part configured to acquire data relating to machining of a workpiece during machining of the workpiece by a wire electric discharge machine; a preprocessing part configured to create, based on the data acquired by the data acquisition part, machining condition data, machining member data and machining state data, as state data indicating a state of the machining; and a machine learning device configured to execute, based on the state data created by the preprocessing part, processing relating to machine learning using a learning model indicating correlation between a machining state in the wire electric discharge machine and presence/absence of a possibility of disconnection occurrence of a wire electrode in the wire electric discharge machine and a disconnection cause by a plurality of class sets.

Abstract: A resistive soldering system, includes a first electrode; a second electrode; a support cylinder; a resistive soldering joint which is adapted to raise or lower the first electrode, the second electrode and the support cylinder; and a power supply unit which is connected with the first and second electrodes and adapted to supply power and a heating current to the first and second electrodes.

Abstract: A method for providing a welded joint includes: providing a first metal sheet having a first melting point; providing a second metal sheet having a second melting point, the second melting point being lower than the first melting point; providing a weld material; and joining the first metal sheet and the second metal sheet together by means of the weld material, thus defining a first joining interface between the first metal sheet and the weld material and a second joining interface between the second metal sheet and the weld material. The joining includes heating the second metal sheet at the second joining interface to a temperature higher than the second melting point, but lower than the first melting point.

Abstract: A method for plating a stainless steel substrate is provided. According to one embodiment, the method comprises sandblasting at least one joint surface of a stainless steel substrate and treating the joint surface of the stainless steel substrate with an aqueous solution (acid bath) which contains sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid. The stainless steel substrate is then rinsed with hydrochloric acid. The method further includes galvanic deposition of a nickel plating on the joining surface of the stainless steel substrate and the subsequent deposition of a tin layer on the nickel-coated joining surface of the stainless steel substrate.

Abstract: An apparatus for automation of weld seams machining of a wind turbine tower is provided. The apparatus includes an automated arm; a machining tool fixed to the automated arm; a compensator system fixed to the machining tool or being part of the automated arm; a joint visor that identifies and locates the weld seam; and a control unit to coordinate the movement of the machining tool with the compensator system and the joint visor. A method of performing a welded circular seam machining in a wind turbine tower with the apparatus is also provided.

Abstract: Disclosed is a hybrid additive manufacturing system that includes a laser system and an additive manufacturing tool, such as an arc welding type torch. The tool is configured to receive a metallic electrode wire, which is heated by a power supply to create droplets for deposition to create the part by building up successive layers of metal. The additive manufacturing system operates through coordination of the laser system to generate a laser beam, which is applied to a weld bead, and an arc welding process, which provides material for the part. A threshold value of laser intensity and/or power can be applied to the weld puddle to stabilize the arc. Through the laser beam, an arc cone position can be manipulated such that the energy into the molten pool can be redistributed.

Abstract: A welding rod assembly has a seat, a chuck, and a welding rod. The chuck has a socket for the welding rod. The seat has a passageway having an inlet and an outlet, and a fluid conduit through the seat. The apparatus that has a power supply having a main control unit, and a welding electrode. It has synthetic discharge signal generator programmed to produce DC discharges as output electrical signals from said power supply. Each discharge has a voltage, charge, starting time and polarity. The discharges defines a synthetic AC output. It has an output polarity reversing switch. The apparatus includes three output terminals, a first of said output terminals being connected to said welding electrode, a second of said output terminals and a third of said output terminals having respective workpiece connections.

Abstract: A gas tungsten arc welding system includes a welding power source including a controller comprising a memory storing a plurality of parameters that at least partially define a welding waveform. The welding waveform includes a high frequency stage, an AC arc initiation stage following the high frequency stage wherein the AC arc initiation stage comprises a plurality of AC current pulses that decrease in amplitude during a slope duration, and an AC sequencing stage following the AC arc initiation stage. The system further includes a user input in communication with the controller and configured to receive a manual activation of an increased energy AC arc initiation mode. The controller is configured to increase energy of the AC arc initiation stage, when the increased energy AC arc initiation mode is activated, by at least lengthening the slope duration of the AC arc initiation stage.

Abstract: A welding-type system includes a welding-type power supply configured to generate output power for an arc welding process and a controller. The controller calculates a representative duration of a plurality of short circuit events and/or arc events during the arc welding process. Each short circuit event and/or arc event comprises a transitional phase, an intermediate phase, and an end phase. The controller calculates a sum of a duration of the transitional phase, a duration of the intermediate phase, and a duration of a ramp down time from a target current of the intermediate phase to a target current of the end phase associated with a given short circuit or arc event. The controller controls the welding-type power supply to adjust a duration of the transitional phase, the intermediate phase or the ramp down time associated with the given short circuit event such that the sum is within the threshold range of the representative duration.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a welding torch, a laser capable of projecting a beam towards a seam on a surface, a camera directed towards the surface, a memory, and a processor. The processor receives an image of the surface from the camera. Next, the processor determines, based on the reflection of the laser beam from the surface, a vertical distance from the torch to the seam. The processor adjusts the brightness and contrast of the image, applies a gamma correction, and applies at least one gradient filter to the image to produce a new image. Next, the processor determines a horizontal location of the seam in the new image, which it uses to determine a horizontal distance from the torch to the seam. Based on the vertical and horizontal distances from the torch to the seam, the processor adjusts a vertical and a horizontal position of the torch.

Abstract: A device and method for welding a welding stud to a base material are provided. A welding current is applied to a welding stud between the welding stud and the base material, wherein a material of the welding stud and the base material is partially liquefied. The welding stud is then immersed into the solidifying material of the welding stud or the base material in order to create a bond between the welding stud and the base material.

Abstract: A device and method for welding a welding stud to a base material is provided. A welding current is applied to a welding stud between the welding stud and the base material, wherein a material of the welding stud and the base material is partially liquefied.

Abstract: The welding operation monitoring system includes an image capturing device that is disposed on a side opposite to a side to which the plasma flow is supplied out of a pipe inside and a pipe outside of the strip-shaped steel sheet formed in a tubular shape, and is configured to capture a color image including a plasma flow over the V-shaped region; and a welding operation monitoring device that is configured to generate a specific color component image obtained by extracting a specific color component from the color image, and specifies a V-shaped display region, which is a region corresponding to the V-shaped region within the color image, on the basis of the V-shaped region shown in the specific color component image, thereby analyzing a state of the welding operation.

Abstract: A welding electrode for an electric resistance welding process. The welding electrode includes a body extending along a center axis and terminating axially at a weld face for contacting a work face. The weld face defines a center along the axis and defines an outer edge spaced radially from the center. A plurality of senates are defined along the weld face. Each of the serrates projects axially away from the weld face and extends radially from the center axis to the outer edge of the weld face. A higher density of the plurality of serrates is formed proximate to the center axis than proximate to the outer circumference of the weld face. Methods for using the welding electrode and forming the senates on the welding electrode are also provided.

Abstract: The abutment portion touches with a shoulder surface of a joiningtool for friction stir welding. The tip portion is freely movable in a first direction connecting a surface of the workpiece and the shoulder surface in a state of contacting the surface of the workpiece. The detector is configured to detect a position of the tip portion in the first direction. The output unit is configured to output a data of the position of the tip portion in the first direction detected by the detector. The controller is configured to calculate a position of the tip portion to the abutment portion from the data of the position output from the output unit, and to calculate a distance between the shoulder surface of the joiningtool and the surface of the workpiece.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of producing a composite rod from a braze material and a sheet of material comprising cermet. The method comprises scoring a surface of the sheet to produce at least one line of localised stress and subsequently causing the sheet to break along the line of localised stress, thereby to produce a plurality of cermet chunks. The cermet chunks can be combined with the braze material to produce the composite rod. In a particular embodiment, the sheet of material may be a used cermet cutting tip.

Abstract: Laser cutting a metal foil by providing a polymer film as a carrier layer for the metal foil where the metal foil is ablated by the laser beam wavelength selected for laser cutting and wherein the polymer film is a polymer film that is transparent to the laser beam wavelength selected for laser cutting such that laser cutting produces metal foil cut parts in a substrate while the polymer backing remains intact for supporting the cut parts for subsequent separation of the cut parts from substrate.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and system are provided to monitor and characterize the dynamics of a phase change region (PCR) created during laser welding, specifically keyhole welding, and other material modification processes, using low-coherence interferometry. By directing a measurement beam to multiple locations within and overlapping with the PCR, the system, apparatus, and method are used to determine, in real time, spatial and temporal characteristics of the weld such as keyhole depth, length, width, shape and whether the keyhole is unstable, closes or collapses. This information is important in determining the quality and material properties of a completed finished weld. It can also be used with feedback to modify the material modification process in real time.

Abstract: A system and method for automated laser ablation includes an end effector for performing laser ablation at a location with restricted access. The systems and methods of the present disclosure specifically provide for a miniature laser end effector which may be inserted through a port or bore in order to ablate the surface of an internal component of a complex assembly. In several embodiments of the present subject matter, the end effector is mounted on an automated machine and coupled to a laser system.

Abstract: A laser welding system for welding a component and reducing defects in the weld by ensuring uniform, laminar gas flow over a process area of the system. The laser welding system comprises a laser for welding the component, a platform for supporting the component, an enclosure surrounding the platform, a first actuatable barrier, a second actuatable barrier, an actuator, and a controller. The enclosure includes a plurality of walls, one of the walls having an inlet and another wall having an outlet. The inlet and outlet each having an opening having a cross-sectional area for letting gas flow through. The first and second barriers are configured to modify the cross-sectional areas of the openings when actuated.

Abstract: Provided is a manufacturing method for a joint body having a first metal member and a second metal member joined together by welding. With a density of the welding set higher than a density of the welding of other portions, the second metal member is bent within a plane by changing a positional relation of the second metal member relative to the first metal member in plan view.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a laminated structure which includes a laminated body formed by stacking plural metal plates and is configured such that the plural metal plates located at both ends in a stacking direction are welded to each other. The method includes firstly welding outer peripheral portions of the plurality of metal plates that lie on top of each other at a lower end of the laminated body placed on a placing surface, after the first welding, vertically inverting the laminated body upside down and placing the laminated body in position, and after the inverting, secondly welding outer peripheral portions of the plurality of metal plates that lie on top of each other at a lower end of the laminated body.

Abstract: Device and method for laser welding around a circumference of a workpiece. A fixed, non-movable unitary optical reflector is provided, which has a pair of optical reflecting surface portions on a first side surface and a second side surface, respectively, arranged at an obtuse angle relative to each other. A workpiece is positioned and fixed in an assembly that includes the unitary optical reflector. During setup, the vertical distance is adjusted between the unitary optical reflector and the workpiece along an axis that is transverse to a longitudinal axis of the workpiece without any adjustment of the reflecting surfaces, which remain fixed during setup. The first and second side surfaces define a curve that is transverse to the longitudinal axis. Once setup has been completed, a laser beam is directed so that it moves along the optical reflector to thereby produce a 360 degree circumferential weld around the workpiece.

Abstract: A method of laser welding a steel substrate and a ductile iron substrate is disclosed along with a laser welded assembly that may be formed by practicing the disclosed method. The disclosed laser welding method involves forming a laser weld joint between the steel and ductile iron substrates. The laser weld joint includes a fusion zone comprised of austenite ferrous alloy that has a composition derived from intermixing molten portions of the steel and ductile iron substrates as part of the laser welding process. The austenite ferrous alloy that constitutes the fusion zone of the laser weld joint has a carbon content of 2 wt % or more and a nickel equivalent of 60% or more and can be achieved without preheating the steel and ductile iron substrates prior to welding or using a filler wire to introduce a foreign metal into the molten substrate material created by the laser beam.

Abstract: An additive manufacturing system and method for forming a part of dissimilar materials. The additive manufacturing system may include a build platform, a recoater for dispensing build powder onto the build platform, an energy source, a foil feed assembly, and a controller for controlling actuation of these components. The method of forming the part may include the steps of depositing a layer of build powder onto the build platform surface, melting selected portions of the layer of build powder, applying a sheet of foil over the layer of build powder, melting selected portions of the sheet of foil onto the layer of build powder, removing the sheet of foil from the layer of build powder, and then lowering the build platform surface to prepare for deposition of a next layer of the build powder. These steps are then repeated one or more times, thereby forming the part.

Abstract: A laser cutting method of the present invention comprises the steps below: a feeding mechanism generating movement information by driving the workpiece to move, and transmitting the movement information to a computing mechanism; transmitting a cutting path to the computing mechanism, making the computing mechanism calculate the cutting path and the movement information to generate a compensation cutting path, and transmitting the compensation cutting path to a fixed laser cutting mechanism; by a laser cutting mechanism, projecting a laser beam onto a moving workpiece, and continuously changing the projection direction of the laser beam onto the workpiece according to the compensation cutting path, so that the workpiece is cut by the laser beam to form a target pattern. Whereby, when the laser cutting mechanism performs laser cutting on the workpiece, the workpiece still moves without stopping, thereby shortening the processing time and relatively improving production efficiency.

Abstract: Laser cutting device includes control unit that controls operations of laser machining robot and laser oscillator. A plurality of machining condition tables are stored in memory of control unit. Each of the machining condition tables carries data of laser power output and its duty, a usable range of a cutting speed of cutting work, the usable range being set based on a speed range in which laser cutting robot can move with given tracking accuracy, and an effective range of the cutting speed and the laser power output that are set so that a cut surface of work meets given finishing conditions. Control unit selects a machining condition table from the plurality of machining condition tables so that the cutting speed and the laser power output meet given conditions, and controls cutting of work based on the selected machining condition table.

Abstract: The disclosed technology generally relates welding wires, and more particularly to coated welding wires. A consumable welding wire comprises a base wire comprising a steel composition and a coating comprising an iron surrounding the base wire, wherein the iron oxide has an oxygen to iron (O/Fe) ratio such that an outer surface of the welding wire has a dark gray to black color.

Abstract: An apparatus for processing a component includes a multi-axis positioning device, a processing tool, and a control device for controlling the multi-axis positioning device. The multi-axis positioning device is configured to move the processing tool relative to the component and to move each axis of the processing tool within a corresponding work envelope. The control device is configured to limit the movement of the multi-axis positioning device along or about at least one limited axis within the corresponding work envelope to a subregion or subspace. The multi-axis positioning device and/or the component is configured to move about and/or along an external axis to compensate for the limitation of the movement along or about the limited axis.