Abstract: A system for actuating a balance line safety valve comprising: a balance line safety apparatus comprising: a balance chamber disposed in a well; a relief valve in fluid communication with the balance chamber; a check valve in fluid communication with the balance chamber; and a balance line in fluid communication with the relief valve and the check valve, a piston disposed in a well, wherein a back side of the piston is in fluid communication with the balance chamber; and a control line in fluid communication with a top of the piston.

Abstract: A drill pipe mountable wellbore cleaning tool apparatus is of an improved configuration that enables attachment to a drill pipe joint having first and second connector end portions and a cylindrically shaped portion in between the connector end portions. The drill pipe joint with attached debris cleaning tool or tools is made part of a drill string. The apparatus includes a support sleeve that is mounted to the drill pipe joint in between the connector end portions. The support sleeve abuts but does not invade the integrity of the cylindrical portion. Centralizers are attached to the opposing ends of the support sleeve, with each centralizer overlapping a portion of the support sleeve. The support sleeve carries one or more debris cleaning tools in between the centralizers. These tools enable debris to be removed from a wellbore. At least one locking clamp is attached to the cylindrical portion next to a said centralizer.

Abstract: The subject matter of this specification can be embodied in, among other things, a method for geological modeling includes receiving a forward depositional model, determining a Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) stratigraphic model based on the projected forward depositional model, performing forward depositional modeling, transform the forward depositional model from time domain to stratigraphic-depth domain, determining one or more pseudo-wells based on the transformed model, determining a mismatch value based on the transformed forward depositional model and a collection of simulated physical value, and determining a kriging surrogate model based on the LHS stratigraphic model and the mismatch value.

Abstract: Techniques for controlling a hydrocarbon production system include determining a first estimate of a prior FVC detectability probability map based on a plurality of reservoir data that includes four-dimensional (4D) seismic data of a subterranean reservoir; determining a second estimate of the prior FVC detectability probability map under seismic data noise conditions; determining an updated detectable FVC probability based on the 4D seismic data; determining an updated FVC probability based on the updated detectable FVC probability and the first and second estimates of the prior FVC detectability probability maps; and generating a control instruction for at least one of a fluid injection system or a hydrocarbon production assembly based on the updated FVC probability.

Abstract: In an aspect, a method includes receiving data characterizing measurements recorded while drilling a wellbore can be received. The method can also include determining, using the measurements and a reservoir map, a storage capacity of the wellbore and a flow capacity of the wellbore. The method can further include determining a well construction plan using the storage capacity and the flow capacity. The method can also include providing the well construction plan. Related systems, techniques, and non-transitory computer readable mediums are also described.

Abstract: A liner for a wellbore having a sidewall in which one or more nozzles are formed is described, wherein the one or more nozzles are plugged by temporary plugs. Also described is a method of completing an open hole well that penetrates a subterranean formation in which a liner having a sidewall in which one or more nozzles are formed, wherein the one or more nozzles are plugged by temporary plugs, is deployed in the well such that the nozzles communicate with the formation.

Abstract: A perforating gun orienting system. The orienting system comprises a first perforating gun and a second perforating gun, with each defining a gun barrel housing having a first end and an opposing second end. The orienting system also includes a tandem sub, with the tandem sub having first and second opposing ends defining a threaded connector, and each end having a side port configured to receive an alignment screw. A first slot resides at the second end of the first perforating gun, and a second slot resides at the first end of the second perforating gun. The slots are configured to align with the side ports, allowing the operator to access alignment screws within the side ports while aligning charges of the two guns. A method of aligning shots in a perforating gun assembly using the orienting system is also provided.

Abstract: A bulkhead assembly for transmitting current to a downhole tool such as a perforating gun. The bulkhead assembly comprises a tubular bulkhead body having a bore therein. The bulkhead assembly also includes an electrical contact pin. The contact pin comprises a shaft having a first end and a second end. The shaft is fabricated substantially from brass and comprises a plurality of grooves. At the same time, the bore comprises a profile for mating with and receiving the plurality of grooves. This grooved, mating arrangement increases shear strength of the bulkhead assembly. Preferably, a first end of the electrical contact pin is in electrical communication with a wire within a wellbore. The wire transmits electrical signals from an operator at the surface. The shaft comprises a conical portion proximate the first end that frictionally fits into a mating conical profile of the bore. A tandem sub having an improved electrical communication is also provided herein.

Abstract: A self-orienting gas evading intake for a submersible pump provides an efficient, reliable and inexpensive system for pumping a downhole fluid to a surface. An intake section of a submersible pumping system may comprise a blocker sleeve disposed between an external housing and an eccentric intake. The intake section may be self-orienting such that a gas component of the fluid ascends the borehole to separate from a liquid component of the fluid. Actuation of a blocker sleeve exposes one or more ports of the external housing while blocking one or more other ports. The liquid component is drawn into the intake section through an exposed port and through one or more openings of the eccentric intake. The liquid component may then be drawn into the pump. As the liquid component comprises non-detrimental amounts, if any, of a gas component, the pump operates efficiently and effectively.

Abstract: A downhole device for installation in a petroleum well, comprising a sensor, a controller and a power source. The device further comprises an acoustic speaker configured to output a sound signal from the downhole device to a fiber optic cable in the well.

Abstract: An artificial lift system has a surface pump operated by a prime mover powered by a variable speed drive. A jet pump disposed downhole in tubing receives pressurized power fluid from the surface pump, mixes the power and production fluid and delivers the product uphole. A controller disposed at surface adjusts the artificial lift system relative to a set value based on a measured discharged pressure or a measured flowrate and trends a change in the other of the measured flowrate or the measured discharged pressure over time. The controller can also trend an operating condition (intake pressure vs. production rate) to determine changes relative to cavitation conditions. Based on the trended changes, the controller initiates an operation in the artificial lift system, such as adjusting the discharge pressure, initiating an alarm condition, etc.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon wellbore production apparatus includes a tailpipe and a control valve connected with the tailpipe. The tailpipe has a fluid inlet receiving well fluids entering the casing from a formation, and a fluid outlet above the fluid inlet to deliver well liquid to a connected pump inlet. The control valve is operable to (i) open when a lower fluid pressure below the flow control valve exceeds an upper fluid pressure above the flow control valve to allow upward flow through the flow control valve, (ii) close when the upper fluid pressure exceeds the lower fluid pressure by an amount which does not exceed a prescribed pressure limit value to hold fluid in the apparatus above the flow control valve, and (iii) open when the upper fluid pressure exceeds the lower fluid pressure by an amount which exceeds the pressure limit value to release excess fluid back down the tailpipe.

Abstract: A system and method for enhanced hydrocarbon recovery utilizing steam. The system may include a high pressure water pump supplying pressurized water to a heat exchanger within a combustion heater to form supercritical steam that is provided to a reservoir. The combustion heater may be a surface mounted heater or a downhole steam generator.

Abstract: A downhole tool for injecting fluid in a wellbore intersecting a subterranean formation. The tool can include a housing, a piston assembly moveably received in a chamber in the housing and dividing the chamber into an extension cavity and a retraction cavity, a rod assembly moveable within the housing and including a conduit, a nozzle in fluid communication with the conduit. The tool can release fluid in a cyclical pattern powered by pressurized fluid flowing through the conduit or a power source such as a pump with control lines in fluid communication with the cavities.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a well-stimulation apparatus with one or more elongated tie rods, at least one sealing assembly coupled to the one or more tie rods, and a stimulation material for generating a pressure event. The pressure event can stimulate a targeted portion of a geological formation that is positioned about an isolated portion of the wellbore. The pair of sealing assemblies are actuatable between a dormant condition for moving the well-stimulation apparatus in a wellbore and an active condition for defining the isolated portion of the wellbore.

Abstract: A method of producing a hydrocarbon from a hydrocarbon deposit in a fracked well using CO2 in supercritical form as a fracking fluid. The fracking fluid does not include any water or particulates introduced from a source external to the well. In some instances, CO2 can be sequestered. In some cases, the hydrocarbon deposit is green shale or young shale.

Abstract: An apparatus for, and a method of, separating oil, water, gas and solid particles (usually sand) from a hydrocarbon-containing fluid produced from an oil and/or gas production facility. In particular, this invention relates to an apparatus and method for the separation of oil, water, gas and solid particles from a well or group of wells using an integrated apparatus which significantly reduces the space required on the production platform or rig and recycles produced gas to improve process efficiency while reducing cost.

Abstract: A modular skid mounted oil production system, comprising multiple skid sections that are connectable via alignment pins coupled to the skid beam structure. The alignment pins having a fork connector that is connected to a knife connector. When the skid sections are connected, the piping, electrical, and pneumatic tubing connectors are connectable to the other corresponding skid piping, electrical, and pneumatic tubing connectors without the need for welding or field construction of connecting components. The modular skid oil production system is capable of expansion or contraction as required by the operation of the system. For example the system includes removing a skid section having a larger separator and replacing it with a skid section having a smaller separator, without the need of welding or field construction of connecting components.

Abstract: Disclosed in a particulate separator for use with a petroleum production well that produces a fluid mixture including particulate matter. The separator includes an outer casing and an inner pipe disposed within the outer casing. The outer casing includes fluid intake slots extending through its sidewall near is upper end. Fluid entering the outer casing flows downward along a flow path between the outer casing and a lower open end of the inner pipe. A fin on a lower portion of the inner pipe imparts a radial motion to the downwardly flowing fluid, which forces particulates toward the inside surface of the outer casing. In an arrangement, the outer casing has an upper portion and a lower portion that overlaps the fin. In an arrangement, a sidewall thickness of the lower portion of the casing is greater than a sidewall thickness of the upper portion of the outer casing.

Abstract: A system for automatic detection of drill pipe coupling on a drilling machine is disclosed. The system may include a rotary head, a drill pipe, a display, and a controller. The controller may be configured to: automatically identify a coupling or decoupling condition of the drill pipe; monitor motion and forces associated with the rotary head during a coupling or decoupling action of the drill pipe; automatically identify a fully coupled or fully decoupled condition of the coupling or decoupling action based on the monitored motion and forces of the rotary head; terminate the coupling action based on the identification of the fully coupled or fully decoupled condition; and update the display to indicate the fully coupled or fully decoupled condition of the drill pipe.

Abstract: A system and method of real-time optimization of drilling performance metrics during a well drilling operation, for oil and gas as well as geothermal wells, or wells drilled for any other purpose. In a preferred form, the system receives information about allowable drilling metrics and real-time information of performance indicators. The drilling performance metrics and performance indicators are used to build a model to predict drilling parameters likely to optimize one or more drilling performance metrics.

Abstract: A sensor transportation apparatus for conveying a sensor assembly through a wellbore comprises at least one engagement structure to connect the sensor transportation apparatus to the sensor assembly, at least one axle, a bearing connected to the axle, and a wheel connected to the bearing and provided with a shaft seal to prevent or reduce debris from the wellbore entering the bearing, and a lubrication delivery system to provide a lubricant to the bearing at a pressure which is greater than ambient wellbore pressure. The lubrication system comprises a bellows formation, and the apparatus comprises a housing to contain the lubricant, the housing in fluid communication with the bearing, the bellows formation sealingly mounted to the housing with at least a portion of the bellows received within the housing.

Abstract: A rotary tool for operation within an underground borehole or within tubing in a borehole has a tool body and at least one sensor-containing unit attached to the tool body and positioned to contact the conduit wall. The sensor-containing unit includes an exterior portion to contact the borehole or tubing wall and one or more sensors is located in a cavity between the exterior portion and the tool body. The sensor-containing unit may be formed from the exterior portion, an attachment portion for attachment to the tool body, and one or more connecting portions extending between the attachment and exterior portions, with the sensor-containing cavity between the attachment and exterior portions. Possible rotary tools include drill bits, reamers, mills, stabilizers, and rotary steerable systems.

Abstract: A rotary tool for operation within an underground wellbore or within tubing in a wellbore has at least one force-sensitive element attached to the tool body and positioned to contact the conduit wall, wherein the force-sensitive element comprises an outer portion to contact the wellbore or tubing wall, at least one connecting portion which is more compliant than the outer portion and through which the outer portion is connected to the tool body, and at least one sensor responsive to force on the outer portion transmitted through the force-sensitive element to the tool body. The sensors may resolve forces into measurable forces on three axes. Possible rotary tools include drill bit, reamer, mill, stabilizer and rotary steerable system for a drill bit.

Abstract: A method and system for wellbore ranging. A method for wellbore ranging may comprise placing a coil antenna in a wellbore, wherein the coil antenna may comprise one or more coil windings, and the coil windings comprise a magnetic material. The method may further comprise measuring a characteristic of an induced electromagnetic field with the coil antenna. A system for wellbore ranging may comprise an electromagnetic ranging tool which may further comprise a coil antenna, wherein the coil antenna comprises one or more coil windings, and wherein the coil windings comprise a magnetic material. The method may further comprise an information handling system, wherein the information handling system may be operable to measure a characteristic of an induced electromagnetic field with the coil antenna.

Abstract: A method and system for electromagnetic ranging of a target wellbore. A method may comprise disposing an electromagnetic ranging tool in a wellbore, energizing a conductive member disposed in the target wellbore to create an electromagnetic field, measuring at least one component of the electromagnetic field from the target wellbore, performing at least two non-axial magnetic field measurements, performing at least one axial magnetic field measurement, calculating a processed non-axial magnetic field measurement using the at least two non-axial magnetic field measurements, calculating an end-of-pipe ratio with the processed non-axial magnetic field measurement and the at least one axial magnetic field measurement, and altering a course of the electromagnetic ranging tool based at least in part from the end-of-pipe ratio. A well ranging system may comprise a downhole assembly, a sensor comprising a first component and a second component, a drill string, and an information handling system.

Abstract: The proposed method relates to hydrocarbon production, particularly to the monitoring of well operations by way of data analysis based on the cepstral analysis of the well pressure data recorded at the wellhead. The method assumes the detection of a hydraulic signal-reflecting object in the well, wherein: a fluid-filled well is provided with fluid enabling propagation of a hydraulic signal; a hydraulic signal source is provided, said source being in fluid communication with the well and designed to generate a hydraulic signal; a pressure sensor is provided, said pressure sensor records the hydraulic signal and being in fluid communication with the well and at least one hydraulic signal source. The hydraulic signal is recorded with the pressure sensor during well operations, and a pressure cepstrogram is obtained and an intense signal is found on the pressure cepstrogram. Then the position of object reflecting the hydraulic signal is detected in the well.

Abstract: A support arm can be positioned in an inner area of a tubular body. The support arm can extend from the inner surface of the tubular body to retain a sensor in flow from a wellbore blowout passing through the tubular body.

Abstract: A system, assembly, module, and method are disclosed for powering a downhole tool in a drilling operation. The system may include a reusable battery module and/or controller to operate multiple batteries.

Abstract: Various embodiments described herein provide methods of hydrocarbon management and associated systems and/or computer readable media including executable instructions. Such methods (and by extension their associated systems and/or computer readable media for implementing such methods) may include obtaining geophysical data (e.g., seismic or other geophysical data) from a prospective subsurface formation (that is, a potential formation or other subsurface region of interest for any of various reasons, but in particular due to potential for production of hydrocarbons) and using a trained machine learning (ML) system for direct hydrocarbon indicators (DHI) analysis of the obtained geophysical data. Hydrocarbon management decisions may be guided by the DHI analysis.

Abstract: A well testing apparatus includes tank manifold skids connected to tanks, a pump manifold skid, and a control system. Each tank manifold skid includes first pipework, second pipework, and valves. The first pipework of each tank manifold skid cooperates with the first pipework of another tank manifold skid to enable fluid communication between the tank manifold skids. The second pipework of each tank manifold skid enables fluid communication between the first pipework and a connected tank, while the valves can control flow through the second pipework to the tank. The pump manifold skid is coupled to the tank manifold skids and includes fluid manifolds, pumps, and valves. The control system includes a control unit for remotely actuating the valves to selectively control fluid flow from a separator to the tanks via the pump manifold skid and the tank manifold skids. Additional systems, methods, and devices are also disclosed.

Abstract: A system and method for analyzing a gas in a drilling fluid involves a degasser operable to separate the gas from the drilling fluid. A gas analyzer in fluid communication with the degasser receives a sample of the separated gas and determines a property of the gas. A controller in communication with the gas analyzer automates the operation of the gas analyzer by adjusting a parameter of the separated gas sample as the gas sample is supplied to the gas analyzer.

Abstract: Systems and methods for determining the composition of a drilling fluid using electro-rheology.

Abstract: A method of removing fluid from a rock formation using a sampling tool includes deploying first and second probes of the sampling tool to first and second positions respectively along a wellbore within the rock formation; simultaneously withdrawing fluid from the rock formation through the first and second probes during a first period of time; after the first period of time, disabling the second probe to prevent fluid from being withdrawn from the rock formation through the second probe; while the second probe is disabled, withdrawing fluid from the rock formation through the first probe during a second period of time; after the second period of time, disabling the first probe to prevent fluid from being withdrawn from the rock formation through the first probe; and while the first probe is disabled, withdrawing fluid from the rock formation through the second probe during a third period of time.

Abstract: A boom for supporting a drilling and bolting tool includes a first portion including a first end and a second end, a longitudinal axis extending between the first end and the second end; a second portion including a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end supported for translational movement relative to the first portion in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis, the distal end configured to support the drilling and bolting tool; an actuator for moving the second portion relative to the first portion parallel to the longitudinal axis; and a fluid passage for conveying pressurized fluid between the first end of the first portion and the drilling and bolting tool adjacent the distal end of the second portion, the fluid passage positioned within the first portion and the second portion.

Abstract: A volumetric expander (4) comprising a casing (50) having a general inlet and outlet (51, 52), a piston (6) operating inside the casing and adapted to define an expansion chamber (7) with variable volume, a main shaft (11) connected to the piston (6), and a valve (6) for selectively opening and closing an inlet and an outlet (8, 9) of the expansion chamber (7) allowing: a condition of introduction of the working fluid in the expansion chamber (7), a condition of expansion of the working fluid in the expansion chamber (7), and a condition of discharge of the working fluid from said expansion chamber (7). The expander comprises a transmission member (53) connected—on one side—to the valve (10) and—on the other side—to the main shaft (11).

Abstract: A rotor blade airfoil of a turbomachine, which rotor blade airfoil has: a leading edge, a trailing edge, and a profile chord length which is dependent on the height of the blade airfoil. In a side view of the blade airfoil, a maximum projected chord length his defined as the axial spacing between the axially foremost point of the leading edge and the axially rearmost point of the trailing edge of the blade airfoil in the side view under consideration. Here, the axial position of the leading edge varies in a manner dependent on the height of the blade airfoil above a front axial region.

Abstract: A layer system having a metallic substrate, in particular made of a >=9% by weight chromium steel, in particular with roughness of the substrate <=2 ?m and optionally an intervening chromium layer directly on the substrate, in particular made of Cr/CrN, an underlayer or middle layer of AlCr, and an outer layer, in particular outermost layer, of AlCrO, where the AlCr and AlCrO layers in particular are PVD coatings wherein a shark skin effect is achieved with a simple geometric arrangement, and can be used particularly for compressor blades.

Abstract: A compressor section includes a shroud surface and a rotor with a blade tip that opposes the shroud surface. The rotor is configured to rotate within the shroud about an axis of rotation. Moreover, the compressor section includes a serration groove that is recessed into the shroud surface. The serration groove includes a forward portion with a forward transition and a forward surface that faces in the downstream direction. The forward transition is convexly contoured between the shroud surface and the forward surface. The serration groove includes a trailing portion with a taper surface and a trailing transition. The taper surface tapers inward as the taper surface extends from the forward surface to the trailing transition. The trailing transition is convexly contoured between the taper surface and the shroud surface.

Abstract: A face seal assembly including a thermal fluid circuit, a turbomachine including the face seal assembly and a method of operating the turbomachine are disclosed. The face seal assembly includes a seal ring including a seal bearing face, at least one internal cavity including a cavity inlet and a cavity outlet. The face seal assembly further including a fluid inlet channel in fluid communication with the cavity inlet of the at least one internal cavity and a pressurized fluid and a fluid outlet port in fluid communication with the cavity outlet of the at least one internal cavity. The at least one internal cavity, the fluid inlet channel and the fluid outlet port define a thermal fluid circuit providing thermal management of the seal ring. In the turbomachine, the face seal assembly is disposed between a stationary component and a rotating component including a rotating component bearing face.

Abstract: A gas turbine engine includes a stator vane. A blade outer air seal may be adjacent to the stator vane. A seal assembly may be disposed between the blade outer air seal and the stator vane. The seal assembly may include a first seal disposed between a first airflow path and a second airflow path. A second seal may be disposed between the first airflow path and the second airflow path. The second seal may be disposed in a series arrangement with the first seal. The second seal may include a seal support extending radially therefrom which mechanically supports the first seal during engine operation.

Abstract: A blade outer air seal assembly includes a blade outer air seal segment that has a base portion that extends from a first axial side to a second axial side and from a first circumferential side to a second circumferential side. An intersegment seal is arranged adjacent the first circumferential side. The intersegment seal has a first seal portion and a second seal portion connected by a rib.

Abstract: An axial compressor includes: a casing having a tubular shape; variable stator vanes each having a vane shaft as a swing center, provided in the casing as stator vanes or inlet guide vanes, and arranged in a circumferential direction of the casing; rotor blades provided on a trailing edges side of the variable stator vanes in the casing and arranged in the circumferential direction of the casing; and a plasma actuator configured to generate a plasma annularly distributed in the circumferential direction of the casing, the plasma actuator being attached on an inner circumferential surface of the casing and intersects with a clearance between each variable stator vane and the inner circumferential surface of the casing.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a panel for supporting at least one cartridge of abradable material for a turbine engine casing, said panel including at least one block of honeycomb material covered with a rigid skin, characterised in that it includes: a step of machining (ET5?) an outer surface of a block of material, in particular a honeycomb material, according to a three-dimensional profile configured to match that of an inner surface of the casing; and then, a step (ET6?) of adhering the block of machined material to the rigid skin.

Abstract: A control ring for use in a gas turbine engine includes a control ring segment defining a centerline axis. The control ring segment includes an inner diameter surface and an outer diameter surface. A thermally isolating contact is operatively connected to at least one of the inner diameter surface and the outer diameter surface. The thermally isolating contact has lower thermal conductivity than the control ring.

Abstract: An aircraft turbomachine (100) comprising a first channel (200) putting into communication the high-pressure compressor (30) and a high-pressure turbine (50), a second channel (400) putting into communication the high-pressure compressor and a low-pressure turbine (60), the first channel being equipped with a valve (600), a third channel (700) being in selective communication with the first channel via the valve, the third channel being in communication with the low-pressure turbine, the valve having a first configuration in which air circulation in the first channel is allowed and prohibited in the third channel, and a second configuration in which air circulation of the first channel is diverted to the third channel, a control device (800) being configured to determine an air pressure of the low-pressure turbine and command the valve to cause it to transition from the first configuration to the second configuration depending on the determined pressure.

Abstract: A system for wirelessly monitoring temperatures of a gas turbine engine comprising a wireless sensor positioned on or in a component of the engine, one or more interrogating antennas capable of transmitting an RF signal to the wireless sensor and receiving an RF return signal from the wireless sensor, and a processing unit capable of interpreting the RF return signal to determine a temperature of the component inside the engine. In an embodiment, the wireless sensor comprises polymer derived ceramics (“PDC”) deposited on an Inconel surface of the engine. In an embodiment, the wireless sensor sustains temperatures up to 1000° C. during long term operation of the part of the engine. In an embodiment, the wireless sensor comprises multiple layers including a metallic patch antenna, a PDC layer, and a bond coat which provides a metallic ground plane for the sensor.

Abstract: An unducted thrust producing system, includes a rotating element, a stationary element. An inlet may be located forward or aft of the rotating element and the stationary element. An exhaust may be located forward, aft, or between the rotating element and the stationary element.

Abstract: A gas turbine engine can have compressor or fan blades having elongated indentations formed in the radially-inner portion of the pressure face, each elongated indentation having a curved bottom extending transversally between sharp edges, the sharp edges delimiting a width of the elongated indentation from adjacent surfaces of the blade pressure face. During operation of the gas turbine engine, ice can accumulate on the blade, covering the elongated indentations, and the elongated indentations can cause crack appearance in the vicinity of its edge.

Abstract: A strut structure of a gas turbine, an exhaust diffuser and a gas turbine including the same are provided. The strut structure of a gas turbine, the strut structure being formed in an annular exhaust passage formed between an inner casing and an outer casing of the gas turbine, includes a strut housing configured to include a lower end which is connected to the inner casing and an upper end which is connected to the outer casing, and a strut groove configured to be formed on at least one end of the upper end and the lower end of the strut housing to connect a front end and a rear end thereof.