Abstract: A medical system includes a probe, an electrooptical measurement unit, a processor and a treatment unit. The probe, which is configured for insertion into a blood vessel of a brain, includes (a) one or more optical fibers configured to guide an optical signal to interact with a brain clot in the blood vessel, and to output the optical signal that interacted with the brain clot, and (b) a channel selected from a group of channels consisting of an irrigation channel and an aspiration channel. The electrooptical measurement unit is configured to collect and measure the outputted optical signal. The processor is configured to identify a composition of the brain clot by analyzing the measured optical signal from the probe. The treatment unit is configured to provide treatment, selected from the group of treatments consisting of dissolving the brain clot by irrigation and aspiring the brain clot through the channel.

Abstract: An objective lens for an endoscope has an object-side lens element including a plane-convex rod lens and an image-side lens element including a biconvex lens arranged at the image-side end of the objective lens. The object-side lens element includes a plane-convex first lens and a biconcave second lens which form a front lens and are arranged in this order on the object side of the plane-convex rod lens forming a third lens. As viewed from the object side, the image-side lens element includes a biconvex fourth lens, a concave-plane fifth lens and a biconcave sixth lens which are arranged in this order on the object side of the biconvex lens that is arranged at the image-side end of the objective lens and forms a seventh lens.

Abstract: Provided are an endoscope system and a method of operating the same capable of reliably performing focusing even in a case where an observation target is illuminated with light including long-wave light. A movable lens moves in an optical axis direction. A lens drive unit moves the movable lens from a first lens position of the movable lens where an observation target illuminated with short-wave light is focused to a second lens position of the movable lens where the observation target illuminated with long-wave light having a longer wavelength than the short-wave light is focused.

Abstract: An endoscope apparatus including a connector included in an endoscope and connected to an endoscope connection portion of a video processor, a fluid feeding apparatus including a tube configured to transmit fluid to the endoscope, a connection detector configured to detect a connection state of the tube with the connector of the endoscope, a control unit configured to detect an ON/OFF state of a power source of the fluid feeding apparatus, determine an abnormality exists when the connection detector detects that the tube is in a disconnected state with the connector of the endoscope and the power source of the fluid feeding apparatus is detected to be in an ON state, and output a notification of the determined abnormality, and a display configured to display the notification of the abnormality outputted by the control unit.

Abstract: Medical endoscope imaging systems and methods of using the same are disclosed. The imaging systems can have an endoscope having an image sensor, a display housing having an image display, a communication link configured to couple the image sensor to the image display, and a camera housing having a camera-sensor. The display housing can be configured to be detachably coupled to the camera housing. The camera-sensor can be configured to receive signals from the image display.

Abstract: An endoscope having an endoscope shaft, with a distal shaft portion, a central shaft portion and a proximal shaft portion, and a light admission face at the distal shaft portion. The cross section of the central shaft portion is smaller than the cross section of the distal shaft portion and smaller than the cross section of the proximal shaft portion.

Abstract: A surgical instrument comprises a heat generating component, a heat sink, an elongate shaft extending from the heat generating component to the heat sink, and an elongate thermal conduit extending within the elongate shaft between the heat generating component and the heat sink. The surgical instrument also comprises a movable contact structure thermally coupled between the elongate thermal conduit and the heat generating component. The elongate thermal conduit extends into the movable contact structure and the movable contact structure is movable relative to the heat generating component.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and systems for performing an ophthalmic diagnostic test are disclosed. In one aspect, a head-wearable device for administering an ophthalmic test to a subject can comprise a head-wearable frame for mounting the device onto the subject's head, and a light seal configured for coupling to the frame so as to isolate at least one eye of the subject from ambient light when the device is worn by the subject.

Abstract: A laser system that includes a laser source emitting a laser beam along an axis and a keratometer. The keratometer includes a first set of individual light sources that are equally spaced from one another along a first ring and that direct a first light toward an eye and a second set of individual light sources that are equally spaced from another along a second ring and direct a second light toward the eye, wherein the first ring and said second ring are co-planar and concentric with one another about the axis. The laser system includes a telecentric lens that receives the first light and second light reflected off of the eye and a detector that receives light from the telecentric lens and forms an image. The laser system also includes a processor that receives signals from said detector representative of the image and determines an astigmatism axis of the eye based on the signals.

Abstract: An ophthalmologic apparatus is configured to control an optical scanner so as to perform a scan by measurement light in an intersecting direction which intersects a traveling direction of the measurement light, to specify a scan length based on a detection result of interference light corresponding to the scan, the detection result being acquired by an interference optical system, the scan length being a length of a scan range in the intersecting direction within a characteristic region in an anterior segment of the subject's eye, and to specify a movement amount of the subject's eye based on a reference value of the characteristic region and the scan length.

Abstract: A sensor (1) including: an acquisition unit (11) which can acquire patient identification information so that a patient can be identified by the acquired patient identification information; a storage unit (12) which stores the patient identification information acquired by the acquisition unit (11); a detection unit (13) which can detect vital information of the patient; an association unit (14) which associates the patient identification information stored in the storage unit (12), with the vital information; and a transmission unit (15) which can transmit the vital information including the associated patient identification information, to a bedside monitor.

Abstract: Systems and methods for managing machine-generated medical events detected from one or more patients are described herein. A medical event management system includes an event analyzer circuit to detect a medical event using physiological data from a patient-triggered episode acquired from a medical device. The event analyzer circuit determines a confidence score of the medical event detection, and generates an alignment indicator indicating a degree of concordance between the detected medical event and the information about the patient-triggered episode. The system assigns priority information to the patient-triggered episode using the generated alignment indicator and the confidence score of the detection. An output circuit can output the received physiological information to a user or a process according to the assigned priority information.

Abstract: According to an aspect of an embodiment, a computer-implemented method of delivering information-enabled personalized health care with respect to early Alzheimer's disease in a clinical, non-research setting, comprising a social network, may include capturing one or more data streams where each of the data streams relates to health care of a patient, wherein the one of the data streams is captured from testing for certain genetic variations including single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The method may further include integrating the data streams to generate integrated diagnostic data and analyzing the integrated diagnostic data to generate analyzed diagnostic data. The method may further include curating the analyzed diagnostic data and generating an integrated report for presentation to a physician of the patient based on the curated analyzed diagnostic data.

Abstract: A method for converting spectral CT datasets into electron density datasets with applications in the fields of medical image formation or radiation treatment planning. The method comprises a preparation method that fits free parameters of a generalized electron density prediction model based on obtained electron density values such as data on tissue substitutes, and a conversion method using the fitted parameter prediction model and spectrally decomposed CT data as first and second inputs, respectively. The method is particularly useful in dual-energy CT and more specifically in dual layer detector CT systems.

Abstract: Embodiments of a system can include a temperature monitoring device including: a heat flux channel, a first temperature sensor thermally coupled to the heat flux channel, a second temperature sensor thermally coupled to the heat flux channel, a thermal cage thermally coupled to and arranged around the heat flux channel along a length of the heat flux channel, and a processing system operable to determine a core body temperature measurement based on temperature data collected at the first and the second temperature sensors.

Abstract: A patient monitoring device includes a microphone, a speaker, a display, a processor, and a volume assessment module executable on the processor to operate the microphone to generate an audio environment recording of the audio environment surrounding the patient, determine an ambient noise level based on the audio environment recording, and control the speaker and/or display of the patient monitoring device based on the ambient noise level.

Abstract: A patient monitoring system to help manage a patient that is at risk of falling is disclosed. The system includes a patient-worn wireless sensor that senses the patient's motion and wirelessly transmits information indicative of the sensed motion to a patient monitor. The patient monitor receives, stores, and processes the transmitted information to determine whether the patient has fallen or is about to fall. Upon such detection, the system can notify the patient's caretakers that the patient has fallen or is about to fall and therefore, is in need of immediate attention.

Abstract: Biomedical images of both anatomical structure and real-time changes in neuronal, metabolic, positional, and vascular function in humans and animals is described. Ultra-wideband (UWB) pulse or square wave generators and electrical samplers, implemented using integrated circuits are used to make arrays of miniaturized microwave modules that are placed around the portion of interest in the body or head, allowing images to be made through either time-domain transmission of these pulsed waves through the body, or time domain reflectivity of the waves from internal structures, or their combination. Signal processing separate and extract the time-varying functional information from the static structural image data. The time-varying functional information from certain brain regions can be interpreted in order to control prosthetics, Brain-Machine-Interfaces and the like.

Abstract: A blood pressure information calculating device includes an input unit to which a waveform based on a pulse wave of the subject and reference blood pressure information serving as a reference for calculating the blood pressure information on the basis of the waveform based on the pulse wave are input, a conversion unit that calculates a phase spectrum of a waveform based on the pulse wave by performing Fourier transformation on the waveform based on the pulse wave, a calculation unit that calculates a correction value using at least one of a phase of a main wave corresponding to a pulse of the subject and a phase of a second harmonic wave of the main wave on the basis of the phase spectrum, and a calculation unit that calculates an average blood pressure by correcting the reference blood pressure information using the correction value.

Abstract: Devices and methods for non-invasive capillary blood pressure measurement are provided. An device can comprise a front end in contact with the body to compress and decompress the capillaries in the tissue, a pressure control module for regulating the contact pressure between the front end and the tissue, a pressure transducer coupled to the front end for measuring the contact pressure, a capillary sensing module for detecting the capillaries pulsations under the contact pressure modulation, and an algorithm for determining the capillaries pressures from the traces of capillary pulsation signals and the contact pressure signal. The methods include an oscillometric method for intermittent arterial and capillary blood pressure measurement and a volume-clamp method for continuous capillary blood pressure measurement.

Abstract: A fluid controller includes a piezoelectric pump, a valve, and a cuff. The valve includes a first valve housing, a diaphragm, and a second valve housing. The second valve housing has a second air hole, a third air hole, and a first valve seat. The second air hole connects to the internal space of the cuff. The third air hole connects to the outside of the fluid controller. The first valve seat is formed around the third air hole. Together, the second valve housing and the diaphragm form a first flow passage. The first flow passage connects the second air hole and the third air hole to each other. The second valve housing has a protruded portion protruding toward the diaphragm and providing a portion of the first flow passage. The shortest distance between the protruded portion and the diaphragm is less than the diameter of the third air hole.

Abstract: A system can include a wearable device that obtains real-time physiological data and activity data from a user and transmits that data to another device. A computing device can receive the data and calculate a first HRV score for the user based on physiological data from first time period and a second HRV score for the user based physiological data from a second time period. The device can present the user with at least one of the first and second HRV scores. In one example, a graphical display is provided on a GUI that includes indicators for each day of the week. In response to a user selecting an indicator for a day of the week, the GUI can display an HRV score for the selected day, among other information.

Abstract: A method and a device for diagnostic of skin cancer and other mammalian skin tissue pathologies are described. The method relies on determination of pathological changes in tissue vascularization and capillary blood flow. The device uses photonic emitters and detectors to characterize temporal and spatial changes in blood flow in response to external perturbation such as external mechanical force or temperature change.

Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging system (100) for acquiring magnetic resonance data (141) from an imaging zone (108) includes a memory (134, 136) for storing machine executable instructions (150, 152, 154, 156) and pulse sequence commands (140). The pulse sequence commands cause the magnetic resonance imaging system to provide at least one spatially selective saturation pulse (408, 410) to at least one selected volume (124, 124?) that is at least partially outside of a region of interest (123) and within the imaging zone. The magnetic resonance imaging system performs a non-selective inversion (412) of spins in the region of interest followed by a readout (414) of the magnetic resonance data which is reconstructed (202) into an image (142).

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for the measurement, control, or both, of thermodilution injectate flow for calculation of transpulmonary thermodilution parameters. An injectate delivery system includes a syringe for holding an injectate and a conduit configured at one end to be connected to a catheter. A flow measurement device is interposed in the conduit to generate a signal for determining the flow rate of the fluid from the syringe to the catheter. A processor receives the signal from the flow measurement device and calculates the injectate volume to be used as input for calculating a transpulmonary thermodilution parameter such as cardiac output. A GUI is provided to direct a user on whether the injection rate is too fast or too slow. Rather than measuring or calculating flow rate, a system may include a constant flow valve to provide a constant flow rate from the syringe.

Abstract: A system and method for non-invasively monitoring intracranial pressure are provided. In some aspects, the method comprises acquiring diffuse correlation spectroscopy data at a temporal resolution greater than a pulsatile frequency of cerebral blood flow of a subject using one or more optical sensors placed about a subject, and determining a pulsatile cerebral blood flow using the acquired data, The method also includes correlating the determined pulsatile cerebral blood flow with physiological data acquired from the subject, and estimating an intracranial pressure based on the correlation. The method further includes generating a report indicative of the estimated intracranial pressure.

Abstract: A method for solving the electrical property distribution and local specific absorption rate of tissue from the view of electromagnetic field energy propagation, comprising the steps of: (1) calculating the total energy emitted by a nuclear magnetic resonance radio-frequency emission point, and subtracting the energy reflected back by a system therefrom to obtain the total energy of an electromagnetic field existing in human tissue; (2) according to a B1 mapping technique, obtaining an amplitude distribution of a magnetic field, i.e. B1+ field, produced through radio-frequency emission, and further obtaining the energy of the B1+ field; and at the same time, obtaining the energy of an electric field according to the electro-magnetic mutual production theory based on Maxwell's equations.

Abstract: A method of accounting for the movement of the lungs during an endoscopic procedure such that a previously acquired image may be dynamically registered with a display showing the position of a locatable guide. After an initial image set is acquired, an area of interest is identified and the movement thereof due to breathing is mathematically modeled. Patient movement sensors are then used to provide information on the patient's breathing patterns. This information is entered into the mathematical model in order to update the registration between the image set and a display showing the position of the locatable guide.

Abstract: Accuracy enhancing systems, devices and methods are provided using data obtained from inertial measurement units (IMUs). IMUs are provided on one or more of a patient, surgical table, surgical instruments, imaging devices, navigation systems, and the like. Data from sensors in each IMU is collected and used to calculate absolute and relative positions of the patient, surgical table, surgical instruments, imaging devices, and navigation systems on which the IMUs are provided. The data generated by the IMUs can be coupled with medical images and camera vision, among other information, to generate and/or provide surgical navigation, alignment of imaging systems, pre-operative diagnoses and plans, intra-operative tool guidance and error correction, and post-operative assessments.

Abstract: Provided is a method and apparatus for assisting spasticity and clonus evaluation using an inertia sensor, the apparatus including an acquirer configured to acquire a measured value from an inertia sensor attached to an object, a calculator configured to calculate an angle of a joint of the object based on the measured value, and a processor configured to evaluate a spasticity and a clonus based on the angle of the joint.

Abstract: A gait analyzing device includes: a data acquisition unit acquiring first image data of a walking user and second image data of the walking user from a different direction, using a depth sensor; a skeletal information creation unit creating skeletal information identifying a position of a joint using depth information; a measurement information creation unit creating measurement information identifying a total number of steps and a ground contact history of left and right feet; a common part extraction unit comparing both instances of measurement information and extracts a part from the skeletal information in the first and second image data where the ground contact history is common; a correction processing unit correcting the skeletal information in the image data having the higher number of frames with the skeletal information in the image data having the lower number of frames; and an analysis processing unit analyzing the user's gait.

Abstract: A detection apparatus and a method are provided for detecting a respiratory movement of a patient. The detection apparatus includes at least two metallic U-shaped signal coupling elements that are interleaved so that between the signal coupling elements arises at least one coupling point at which a signal may be transferred between the two signal coupling elements. Analysis electronics are configured to detect a change in a received signal produced in a second of the signal coupling elements that is acting as a receiver in the near-field region of the first signal coupling elements as a result of a signal given for one of the signal coupling elements that is acting as a transmitter being coupled into the second of the signal coupling elements, which change indicates the respiratory movement.

Abstract: A glycated hemoglobin measurement device and method is disclosed. The device provides for measurement of glycated hemoglobin (A1c) without the need for blood sampling and the associated discomfort. The device uses a 400-540 nanometer light source and associated detection circuitry to convert light returned by the source into a waveform that is then processed into a patient specific value. The determined patient specific value is then multiplied by a calibration constant to yield a glycated hemoglobin (A1c) value which is then displayed or otherwise provided to the patient or a medical practitioner.

Abstract: To better understand the impact of glycemic events, some entities have begun examining the relationship between the blood glucose level and another physiological parameter. However, this relationship can be difficult to understand. Introduced here are computer programs and associated computer-implemented techniques for discovering glycemic events in a series of data values representative of blood glucose measurements and then altering the measurement schedule of a sensor capable of generating measurements in a dimension other than blood glucose based on the glycemic events. By altering the measurement schedule of the sensor, a diabetes management platform can better understand how, if at all, dimensions other than blood glucose are related to the glycemic health state of a subject whose blood glucose level is being monitored.

Abstract: A method includes processing near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) spectra and pure spectra, to obtain a preprocessed NIR spectra, wherein the preprocessed NIR spectra includes any one or any combination of a training data of a plurality of subjects, a calibration data of a test subject and a validation data of the test subject, extracting a dominant feature set from the preprocessed NIR spectra, wherein the dominant feature set includes at least one preprocessed NIR spectrum corresponding to each of the training data, the calibration data and the validation data, and determining a blood glucose concentration of the test subject, using the training data of the plurality of subjects and based on the extracted dominant feature set.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes the derivation and measurement of a fractional oxygen saturation measurement. In one embodiment, a system includes an optical sensor and a processor. The optical sensor can emit light of multiple wavelengths directed at a measurement site of tissue of a patient, detect the light after attenuation by the tissue, and produce a signal representative of the detected light after attenuation. The processor can receive the signal representative of the detected light after attenuation and determine, using the signal, a fractional oxygen saturation measurement based on two or more different measures of fractional oxygen saturation.

Abstract: Embodiments herein relate to implantable multimode analyte sensors and medical devices including the same. In an embodiment, an implantable medical device is included having an optical excitation assembly, an optical detection assembly and a multimode sensing element. The multimode sensing element can include a colorimetric response element specific for a first chemical analyte and a photoluminescent response element specific for a second chemical analyte. Other embodiments are also included herein.

Abstract: A human body support, such as a chair, has a plurality of electrodes arranged in an array and spaced longitudinally with respect to the human body. The array extends from an inferior position to a more superior position along the body. A sensor measures a parameter of the human body that is capable of indicating the presence of drowsiness. A controller has an input connected to the sensor for receiving a signal representing the sensed parameter and has outputs connected to each of the electrodes. The controller detects whether the sensed parameter is within a range indicating the presence of drowsiness and applies a wave of electrical stimuli against the human body in response to detection of a sensed parameter within the range. The electrical stimuli cause periodic tightening and relaxing of proximate muscles as the wave progresses in a direction from an inferior location on the human body toward a more superior location.

Abstract: Behavioral and mental health therapy systems in accordance with several embodiments of the invention include a wearable camera and/or a variety of sensors (accelerometer, microphone, among various other) connected to a computing system including a display, audio output, holographic output, and/or vibrotactile output to automatically recognize social cues from images captured by at least one camera and provide this information to the wearer via one or more outputs such as (but not limited to) displaying an image, displaying a holographic overlay, generating an audible signal, and/or generating a vibration.

Abstract: A measured signal amplifier (1) amplifies an EMG sensor signal (E). The measured signal amplifier (1) includes a sensor interface (2) for receiving the EMG sensor signal (E), at least one device interface (3) for receiving an electrical energy signal as well as for transmitting a processed signal (V), an electrically chargeable energy storage device (4) and at least one computer (5). The computer (5) is configured to derive a processed signal (V) from the EMG sensor signal (E) and to control the charging of the energy storage device (4) by the electrical energy signal as a function of the EMG sensor signal (E) received from the sensor interface (2).

Abstract: Catheters, systems, and related methods for optimized for mapping, minimizing, and treating cardiac fibrillation in a patient, including an array of at least one stacked electrode pair, each electrode pair including a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein each electrode pair is configured to be orthogonal to a surface of a cardiac tissue substrate, wherein each first electrode is in contact with the surface to record a first signal, and wherein each second electrode is separated from the first electrode by a distance which enables the second electrode to record a second signal, wherein the catheter is configured to obtain one or more measurements from at least a first signal and a second signal in response to electrical activity in the cardiac tissue substrate indicative of a number of electrical circuit cores and distribution of the electrical circuit cores for a duration across the cardiac tissue substrate.

Abstract: The present disclosure facilitates the evaluation of wide-band phase gradient information of the heart tissue to assess, e.g., the presence of heart ischemic heart disease. Notably, the present disclosure provides an improved and efficient method to identify and risk stratify coronary stenosis of the heart using a high resolution and wide-band cardiac gradient obtained from the patient. The patient data are derived from the cardiac gradient waveforms across one or more leads, in some embodiments, resulting in high-dimensional data and long cardiac gradient records that exhibit complex nonlinear variability. Space-time analysis, via numeric wavelet operators, is used to study the morphology of the cardiac gradient data as a phase space dataset by extracting dynamical and geometrical properties from the phase space dataset.

Abstract: A variety of convolutional neural network based shockable heart rhythm classifiers are described. The neural network is configured to receive an electrocardiogram segment as an input and to generate an output indicative of whether the received electrocardiogram segment represents a heart rhythm that is suitable for treatment by a defibrillation shock. Preferably, the received electrocardiogram segment is not transformed or processed prior to its reception by the convolutional neural network and no features of the electrocardiogram are identified to the convolutional neural network. In some embodiments, the received electrocardiogram segment is the sole input to the convolutional neural network. The described classifier is well suited for use in defibrillators.

Abstract: Fast recovery electrocardiogram (ECG) signal method and apparatus are provided. In one embodiment, an ECG apparatus includes an input for receiving a biometric cardiogram signal, such as a Wilson Central Terminal (WCT) signal, and a combiner, such as an adder, for producing a compensated signal. Processing circuitry produces an ECG reflective of the compensated signal and also outputs a signal corresponding to high frequency response of the compensated signal to compensate for low response of the biometric cardiogram signal to high frequency spikes. A resultant ECG is produced by the processing circuitry having pacing signal contribution within the biometric cardiogram signal cancelled.

Abstract: Systems and methods for assessing milk volume changes within a breast are described. Also described are systems and methods for assessing volume changes in the stomach of an infant.

Abstract: The invention concerns fetal movement monitoring apparatus having a deflection sensor device arranged to be applied to a mother's abdomen for detection of abdominal deflections indicative of fetal movements and to output a signal comprising one or more record of said abdominal deflections. A processor under the control of machine readable instructions is arranged to process the signal output from the deflection sensor device and to output a log of fetal movement over time. The processor is arranged to receive one or more further input indicative of maternal or fetal movement or wellbeing, for example from a second sensor device by which a user can input a record of perceived fetal movements. The processor may compare the output of the first sensor device and the user's input via the second sensor device and output a log of fetal movements over time based upon said comparison.

Abstract: [Problem] To provide means by which sleep states can be measured, observed, or evaluated easily. [Solution] A sleep state measurement device that includes a phase coherence calculating means for calculating phase coherence on the basis of the instantaneous phase difference between the instantaneous phase of heart rate variability acquired from a sleeping animal and the instantaneous phase of the breathing pattern of the animal for the same time series as the heart rate variability.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the treatment of Sleep Apnea events and Hypopnea episodes wherein one embodiment comprises a wearable, belt like apparatus containing a microphone and a plethysmograph. The microphone and plethysmograph generate signals that are representative of physiological aspects of respiration, and the signals are transferred to an imbedded computer. The embedded computer extracts the sound of breathing and the sound of the heart beat by Digital Signal Processing techniques. The embedded computer has elements for determining when respiration parameters falls out of defined boundaries for said respiration parameters. This exemplary method provides real-time detection of the onset of a Sleep Apnea event or Hypopnea episode and supplies stimulation signals upon the determination of a Sleep Apnea event or Hypopnea episode to initiate an inhalation. In one embodiment, the stimulus is applied to the patient by a cutaneous rumble effects actuator and/or audio effects broadcasting.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method and a system for examining respiratory disorders whereby signals coming from the examined person are recorded by a wireless sensor equipped with a microphone and an accelerometer and then sent to a monitoring station. The monitoring station receives a digital data stream from the wireless sensor, cuts out respiratory episodes from the signal and, using a classification assembly constructed from three independent detection modules, classifies a respiratory episode as being normal or as snoring as well as determines the occurrence of apnoea.

Abstract: Various methods and machines have been used in the past to measure electrical characteristics of living tissue for purpose of locating an area of abnormal nervous system activity. However, whereas prior art methodologies merely allow for the detection of pain, the apparatus, system and method of the present invention allow for the objective assessment pain severity that finds utility not only the initial diagnosis but also the on-going treatment of any disease, disorder or injury associated therewith. To that end, the apparatus, system and method of the present invention allows medical practitioners to non-invasively and quantitatively distinguish organic pain from psychosomatic pain and legitimate pain patients from drug seekers and opiod addicts, as well as to directly and objectively compare the efficacy of different drug regimens and therapy protocols.