Abstract: A reverse osmosis prefilter system includes a recirculation chamber for accommodating one or more prefilter cartridges. The recirculation chamber is communicably interconnected to an inline water source and an RO filtration membrane. The recirculation chamber has a recirculation outlet and inlet which are communicably interconnected by an offline pump that recirculates prefiltered water repeatedly through the recirculation chamber and prefilter cartridges to remove particulates from the source water prior to delivery to the reverse osmosis filter membrane.

Abstract: An outdoor water management system including at least one reservoir configured to receive highly concentrated contaminated water, a weather proof cover, covering the reservoir to define at least one chamber and water vapour removal means, configured to remove evaporated water from the at least one chamber wherein the at least one chamber is configured to further concentrate the contaminated water while providing long-term weatherproof storage thereof.

Abstract: Oil-absorbent skimmers of the present invention include an upper oil-absorbent flotation head that floats on water and several absorbent strands attached to the underside of the flotation head. The flotation head has a liquid-permeable cover with absorbent strips inside. The absorbent strips and strands are made of oil-absorbing materials that resist absorption of water. The passive oil-absorbent skimmers may be free-floating and may be used in stormwater catch basins, water holding tanks, vaults, sumps, bilges and the like for capturing hydrocarbons such as oil and oil-based liquids.

Abstract: An apparatus for removing oil or other pollutants from the surface of water, comprising a platform having a left side wall, a right side wall, a rear wall, a front opening, a floor, and a bottom, one or more ballasts which adjust the platform floor relative to a level of oil on the water surface, wherein the oil flows from the front opening across the floor to the rear wall, a rear location near the rear wall to collect the oil from the platform floor; and a pump connected to the rear location that removes the oil from the rear location to a storage area which does not affect the ballast of the platform. The skimmer vessel can work stationary in the water, and does not require a propeller means, as the oil will continue to flow into the skimmer as the oil is pumped out of the rear by the gravity flow to the rear of the vessel.

Abstract: Some embodiments of the invention provide a reverse osmosis water filtration system including a housing, a pre-filter cartridge, a reverse osmosis cartridge, and a post treatment cartridge. A medial water line transports a first portion of pretreated water from the pre-filter cartridge to the reverse osmosis cartridge. An unfiltered water line includes a flow restrictor and blend valve. The unfiltered water line is fluidly coupled between the medial water line and a blend water line. The blend water line receives filtered water at a first flowrate from the reverse osmosis cartridge and unfiltered water at a second flowrate from the blend valve. The first flowrate and the second flowrate are substantially equal to produce a consistent total dissolved solids value.

Abstract: Disclosed techniques include desalination using pressure vessels. Access to a set of at least three pressure vessels is obtained. The pressure vessels are interconnected using piping and computer-controlled switching valves. A first pressure vessel of the set is filled with a prepurified liquid. A second pressure vessel of the set is filled with a pressurized gas. The pressurized gas is sharp interface immiscible with the prepurified liquid. The switching valves are controlled to enable the pressurized gas in the second pressure vessel to force the prepurified liquid from the first pressure vessel into a reverse osmosis chamber. The switching valves are controlled to enable a third pressure vessel of the set to fill with additional prepurified liquid. The switching valves are controlled to enable the pressurized gas that entered the first pressure vessel to force the additional prepurified liquid from the third pressure vessel into the reverse osmosis chamber.

Abstract: An efficient, cost-effective, and efficacious technique for removing coal ash and other pollutants from waterways, ponds, marshes, holding tanks and other water sources and supplies. An apparatus comprising an open cage including electromagnets and/or permanent magnets and/or electrodes is supplied with electrical power to extract materials such as rare earth elements and/or heavy metals. The materials levitate to the surface, forming a shiny while leaving water substantially free of such materials.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a single module, flow-electrode apparatus for continuous water desalination, ion separation and selective ion removal and concentration by capacitive deionization, comprising: a first current collector (1), a first compartment (1?) for a flow electrode, a first ion exchange membrane (AEM, CEM), a first liquid-permeable channel (6a) next to the first ion exchange membrane (AEM, CEM), a second ion exchange membrane (CEM, AEM) with a fixed charge opposite to that of the first ion exchange membrane (AEM, CEM) next to the first liquid-permeable channel (6a), a second liquid-permeable channel (6b) next to the second ion exchange membrane (CEM, AEM), a third ion exchange membrane (AEM, CEM) having the same fixed charge as the first ion exchange membrane (AEM, CEM) next to the second liquid-permeable channel (6b), a second compartment (2?) for a flow electrode, and a second current collector (2), wherein a fluid (4) containing suspended conductive particles or a mixture of conductive

Abstract: A system for reducing evaporative cooling water losses using an electric and magnetic field inducing device is disclosed. The device influences a liquid's properties including evaporation rate, diffusion, vapor, heat transfer rate, and/or fluid properties. The device comprises a malleable core with notches and electrically conductive windings wrapped around the flexible core around the notches. An insulative coating isolates the windings from the core. The device is pliable and is wrapped and/or attached around a conduit (e.g., a makeup line or pipe or a recirculating line or pipe of an evaporative cooling tower) with flowing fluid and current is passed through the windings to treat the fluid.

Abstract: A method of treating an aqueous solution comprises forming a treatment stream comprising a condensable material. The treatment stream is introduced to an aqueous solution comprising water and a solute to fractionally precipitate the solute out of the aqueous solution and form a solids stream comprising the solute and an aqueous liquid stream comprising at least one solute-depleted solution of the water and the condensable material. The condensable material of at least a portion of the aqueous liquid stream is separated from the water of the at least a portion of the aqueous liquid stream to at least partially reform the treatment stream and form an aqueous liquid product stream depleted in the solute. Aqueous solution treatment systems and additional methods of treating an aqueous solution are also described.

Abstract: A method for nitrate removal from drinking water. The method includes adapting a sludge including hydrogenotrophic denitrifiers (HTDs) by dominating the HTDs in the sludge, cultivating a microalgae biomass, forming a microalgae-HTD biomass by cultivating a mixture of the adapted sludge and the cultivated microalgae biomass, nucleating a plurality of microalgae-HTD granules by cultivating the formed microalgae-HTD biomass in a sequencing batch (SB) mode with a constant HRT, growing the plurality of microalgae-HTD granules by cultivating the nucleated plurality of microalgae-HTD granules in an up flow (UF) mode with a reducing HRT, and continuous nitrate removal from nitrate-contaminated water with a minimum HRT over the grown plurality of microalgae-HTD granules.

Abstract: A novel class of compounds is described here. The disclosed novel compounds have one hydrophilic group and two identical hydrophilic ionic groups. The two hydrophilic groups of the disclosed compounds contain or end with a cationic or anionic charged group. The disclosed novel compounds herein can be used as surfactants in an article, product, or composition, or for some other purposes. A method to synthesize the disclosed novel compounds is also described.

Abstract: An aerobic treatment system is disclosed herein in which an aerobic holding treatment tank, having an inlet adapted to receive wastewater and an outlet adapted to discharge treated wastewater therefrom, is in communication with an aeration pump having an inlet nozzle in communication with the aerobic holding treatment tank for providing a source of air to the contents of the aerobic holding treatment tank. The aerobic treatment system may further include a generation pump disposed below ground level and in fluid communication with the aerobic holding treatment tank. The generation pump is provided in fluid communication with a high pressure pump in fluid access with an evaporator fan and misting nozzle. The system may further include electronics to connect to grid power, backup electronics for connection to auxiliary power sources, and at least one solar collector for providing a source of electricity.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and a device for controlling pollutants in basin water resources cycling utilization in agricultural activity areas. The method includes: providing an acidification tank, an aeration tank and a multi-media constructed wetland connected in sequence, which are 4˜10 m far from basin revetment, feeding basin water into the constructed wetland, adsorbing or degrading heavy metals and organic pollutants by the constructed wetland, and then transporting the treated basin water to the agricultural activity areas. The present invention effectively controls the content of heavy metals that will enter the agricultural activity areas, fundamentally reduces the content of heavy metals in the crops, promotes the growth of the crops, maintains sustainable and healthy development of agriculture, and therefore guarantees human health and safety.

Abstract: A fluid treatment system for treating a fluid, the system including structure for moving a fluid therethrough the system, the structure for moving the fluid including a first inlet and a first outlet, further a primary fluid filter having a primary fluid filter inlet and a primary fluid filter outlet, wherein the primary fluid filter inlet is in fluid communication with the first outlet. Included with the system is a primary ultraviolet light module having a primary ultraviolet light module inlet and a primary ultraviolet light module outlet, wherein the primary ultraviolet light module inlet is in fluid communication with the primary fluid filter outlet and a secondary fluid filter having a secondary fluid filter inlet and a secondary fluid filter outlet, wherein the secondary fluid filter inlet is in fluid communication with the primary ultraviolet light module outlet, wherein the secondary fluid filter outlet discharges a first treated fluid.

Abstract: A system and method for synchronized oxy-fuel boosting of a regenerative glass melting furnace including first and second sets of regenerative air-fuel burners, a first double-staged oxy-fuel burner mounted in a first wall, and a second double-staged oxy-fuel burner mounted in a second wall, each oxy-fuel burner having a primary oxygen valve to apportion a flow of oxygen between primary oxygen and staged oxygen and a staging mode valve to apportion the flow of staged oxygen between an upper staging port and a lower staging port in the respective burner, and a controller programmed to control the primary oxygen valve and the staging mode valve of each of the first and second oxy-fuel burners to adjust flame characteristics of the first and second oxy-fuel burners depending on the state of operation of the furnace.

Abstract: An apparatus for making a glass sheet including a forming apparatus, a transition member, and a heat transfer device. The forming apparatus forms a glass ribbon from a supply of molten glass. The transition member encloses the glass ribbon adjacent the forming apparatus, and defines an interior space through which the glass ribbon passes. The heat transfer device is disposed within the interior space, and comprises a tube and a fin. The tube defines an exterior surface and an interior passage. The fin projects from the exterior surface. With this construction, the heat transfer device functions to extract heat radiated by the glass ribbon while minimizing the formation of flow vortices.

Abstract: Articles and methods related to the cold-forming of glass laminate articles utilizing stress prediction analysis are provided. A cold-forming estimator (CFE) value that is related to the stress experienced by a glass sheet of a glass laminate during cold-forming is calculated based on a plurality of geometric parameters of glass layer(s) of a glass laminate article. The calculated CFE value is compared to a cold-forming threshold related to the probability that defects are formed in the complexly curved glass laminate article during cold-forming. Cold-formed glass laminate articles are also provided having geometric parameters such that the CFE value is below the cold-forming threshold.

Abstract: A glass bending device is presented. The glass bending device includes a bending chamber, a tool for holding at least one glass pane by means of a suction effect, including a downward-directed frame-like, convex contact surface and a cover with a peripheral air-guiding plate surrounding the contact surface at least in regions. The tool is suitable for sweeping the edge of the glass pane at least in sections with an air flow and thereby pressing the glass pane against the contact surface. The glass bending device further includes a fan, which is connected to the bending chamber via a feed line and a return line and is suitable for extracting air from the bending chamber via the tool and the feed line to produce the air flow and for returning air back into the bending chamber via the return line. The return line is connected to the bending chamber above the tool.

Abstract: Preparation of halogen-doped silica is described. The preparation includes doping silica with high halogen concentration, sintering halogen-doped silica to a closed-pore state, and subjecting the closed-pore silica body to a thermal treatment process and/or a pressure treatment process. The temperature of thermal treatment is sufficiently high to facilitate reaction of unreacted doping precursor trapped in voids or interstices of the glass structure, but is below temperatures conducive to foaming. Core canes or fibers drawn from halogen-doped silica subjected to the thermal treatment and/or pressure treatment show improved optical quality and possess fewer defects. The thermal treatment and/or pressure treatment is particularly advantageous when used for silica doped with high concentrations of halogen.

Abstract: A glass has a basic soda-lime-silica glass portion, and a colorant portion including total iron as Fe2O3 selected from the group of total iron as Fe2O3 in the range of greater than zero to 0.02 weight percent; total iron as Fe2O3 in the range of greater than 0.02 weight percent to less than 0.10 weight percent and total iron as Fe2O3 in the range of 0.10 to 2.00 weight percent; redox ratio in the range of 0.2 to 0.8, and tin and/or fin compounds, e.g. SnO2 greater than 0.000 to 5.0 weight percent. In one embodiment of the invention, the glass has a fin side and an opposite air side, wherein the tin side of the glass is supported on a molten fin bath during forming of the glass. The tin concentration at the tin side of the glass is greater than, less than, or equal to the fin concentration hi “body portion” of the glass. The “body portion” of the glass extending from the air side of the glass toward the fin side and terminating short of the tin side of the glass.

Abstract: Devised is a glass which has high heat resistance and a low thermal expansion coefficient, and is excellent in productivity. A glass of the present invention includes as a glass composition, in terms of mol %, 55% to 80% of SiO2, 12% to 30% of Al2O3, 0% to 3% of B2O3, 0% to 1% of Li2O+Na2O+K2O, and 5% to 35% of MgO+CaO+SrO+BaO, and has a thermal expansion coefficient within a temperature range of from 30° C. to 380° C. of less than 40×10?7/° C.

Abstract: An enamel composition having improved cleaning performance, a method of preparing the enamel composition, and a cooking device having the enamel composition are disclosed. The enamel composition includes glass frit and a metal oxide catalyst, wherein the metal oxide catalyst includes at least one of a unary metal oxide or a binary metal oxide, thereby allowing cleaning at room temperature while exhibiting good fouling resistance to allow easy removal of oil contaminants, such as chicken fat.

Abstract: Embodiments of a transparent glass-based material comprising a glass phase and a second phase that is different from and is dispersed in the glass phase are provided. The second phase may comprise a crystalline or a nanocrystalline phase, a fiber, and/or glass particles. In some embodiments, the second phase is crystalline. In one or more embodiments, the glass-based material has a transmittance of at least about 88% over a visible spectrum ranging from about 400 nm to about 700 nm and a fracture toughness of at least about 0.9 MPa·m1/2, and wherein a surface of the glass-based material, when scratched with a Knoop diamond at a load of at least 5 N to form a scratch having a width w, is free of chips having a size of greater than 3 w.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing functionalised bimodal periodic mesoporous organosilicates (PMOs) by means of pseudomorphic transformation, to functionalised bimodal periodic mesoporous organosilicates (PMOs) that comprise at least one organosilicate and at least one functional component, and to the use of the PMO as a filter material, adsorption means, sensor material or carrier material for pharmaceutical products, insecticides or pesticides.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for manufacturing glass sheets with diffuse finish and the resulting glass sheet by this process. The glass sheet is subjected to a series of alternate immersions in acidic solutions and alkaline solutions to remove impurities and waste and to generate a diffuse finish on both sides of the glass sheet. The process generates in the glass sheet in at least one side, a diffuse surface with a peak to valley roughness (Rt) of between 5.8343 ?m and 9.3790 ?m; an average roughness (Ra) value between 0.8020 ?m and 0.9538 ?m; an RMS roughness between 0.9653 ?m and 1.1917 ?m; a solar transmission between 84.8% and 46.50%; a solar reflection between 7.4 and 4.4%; a light transmission between 88.5% and 67.70%; a reflection of light between 6.50% and 5.20%; and UV transmission between 35.60% and 70.20%.

Abstract: The present invention provides low-reflection coating glass in which a dielectric layer having a higher refractive index and a dielectric layer having a lower refractive index are stacked alternately on a glass substrate.

Abstract: Methods for reducing a defective area in a strengthened substrate to produce a non-defective substrate are provided. The methods include contacting a strengthened defective substrate with a heated salt bath containing at least one monovalent salt, and removing the strengthened substrate from the bath. The strengthened substrate, before being contacted with the salt bath, is a defective substrate having at least one defective area and one or more non-defective area. Upon removal from the salt bath, at least one defective area has been reduced or substantially removed to produce a non-defective substrate.

Abstract: A method may include (1) coating a segment of fiber optic cable with an adhesive substance, (2) forming a coil of the segment of fiber optic cable, (3) deforming the coil into a noncircular shape defining a slot external to the coil while obeying a minimum bend radius requirement for the segment of fiber optic cable, and (4) activating the adhesive substance to stabilize the noncircular shape of the coil. Various other methods and apparatuses, such as those for performing the deforming operation, are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention is related to materials of construction in the technical field of architecture and civil engineering, known as construction material for masonry; specifically, it is a compound made with a mixture of biodegradable cellulose matrix which is obtained from recyclable materials through an innovative method. Such compound, reaches higher resistance to compression in comparison to the known quality standards, even thought the resultant clusters, blocks or bricks, etc., are lighter due to their high cellulose content. This compound might be used, but not limited to, as raw material to produce hollow bricks, blocks, clusters and other conglomerates to build houses and buildings.

Abstract: Ceramic raw material powder includes: a main phase having a perovskite structure, wherein elements acting as a donor and an acceptor are solid-solved in B sites of the perovskite structure, wherein a relationship of (concentration of the element acting as a donor)×(valence of the element acting as a donor?4)<(concentration of the element acting as an acceptor)×(4?valence of the element acting as an acceptor) is satisfied, in a center region of each grain of the ceramic raw material powder, wherein a relationship of (concentration of the element acting as a donor)×(valence of the element acting as a donor?4)>(concentration of the element acting as an acceptor)×(4?valence of the element acting as an acceptor) is satisfied, in a circumference region of each grain of the ceramic raw material powder.

Abstract: This application describes a method of making a super-hard article that includes a super-hard structure bonded to a substrate. The super-hard structure generally includes a sintered plurality of super-hard grains made from cubic boron nitride. The method generally includes providing raw material powder suitable for sintering the super-hard structure; combining the raw material powder with an organic binder material in a liquid medium to form a paste; providing a substrate assembly having a formation surface area configured for forming a boundary of the super-hard structure, the substrate having a recess coterminous with the formation surface area; extruding the paste into contact with the formation surface area to provide a paste assembly; and heat treating and/or sintering the paste assembly to remove the binder material and provide a pre-sinter assembly.

Abstract: A honeycomb formed body containing a ceramics raw material, the honeycomb formed body including: a pillar shaped honeycomb structure portion having a plurality of rectangular cells, the cells being defined by partition walls and extending from a first end face to a second end face to form flow paths; an outer peripheral portion having outer peripheral portions X where the partition walls are covered with an outer peripheral wall; and outer peripheral portions Y where the partition walls are exposed. Each of the outer peripheral portions X includes a tapered portion having a gradually deceasing thickness of the outer peripheral wall toward a boundary portion with an adjacent outer peripheral portion Y. The tapered portion requires a length equal to or more than one time of an average cell pitch in the outer peripheral direction until thickness of the outer peripheral wall is halved.

Abstract: Hexavalent chromium-free slurries are provided that are capable of achieving a full cure at temperatures as low as 330-450 degrees F., thus making the coatings especially suitable for application on temperature sensitive base materials. The slurries are suitable in the production of protective coating systems formed by novel silicate-based basecoats that are sealed with novel phosphate-based topcoats. The coating systems exhibit acceptable corrosion and heat resistance and are capable of replacing traditional chromate-containing coating systems.

Abstract: Provided herein are compositions and methods for controlling enzyme-induced urea decomposition attendant to the application of solid or liquid urea-containing fertilizers to soils. More particularly, the subject matter disclosed herein is concerned with selected triarylmethane compounds as urease inhibitors and their use, either alone or in combination with tetrapolymer synergists. Further, the disclosed compositions have good storage stability, long-lived activity in soil, and avoid the toxicity issues common with present-day urease inhibitors used in agriculture.

Abstract: A process for the methanation of carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide in a feed stream containing carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide is disclosed. This is achieved by a process for the methanation of carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide in a feed stream containing carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide, hydrogen and more than 1 ppb of sulfur, using a catalyst comprising aluminum oxide, an Ni active composition and Mn. It has surprisingly The Mn-containing Ni catalyst has a high sulfur resistance and also a high sulfur capacity.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing olefins from alcohols by means of catalytic dehydration. More in particular, the present invention relates to a process for producing at least one olefin by dehydrating at least one alcohol having a number of carbon atoms comprised between 2 and 6, preferably comprised between 2 and 4, more preferably at least one alcohol having a number of carbon atoms of 3, even more preferably 2-propanol, in the presence of a catalytic material comprising at least one large pore zeolite in acid form, or predominantly acid form, preferably selected from the group consisting of zeolites having BEA structure, MTW structure and mixtures thereof, and preferably at least one inorganic binder, more preferably alumina. Preferably, the olefin has the same number of carbon atoms as the starting alcohol. Furthermore, preferably the olefin does not contain conjugated double bonds and more preferably the olefin is a mono-olefin.

Abstract: Improved alkylation catalysts, alkylation methods, and methods of making alkylation catalysts are described. The alkylation method comprises reaction over a solid acid, zeolite-based catalyst and can be conducted for relatively long periods at steady state conditions. The alkylation catalyst comprises a crystalline zeolite structure, a Si/Al molar ratio of 20 or less, less than 0.5 weight percent alkali metals, and further having a characteristic catalyst life property. Some catalysts may contain rare earth elements in the range of 10 to 35 wt %. One method of making a catalyst includes a calcination step following exchange of the rare earth element(s) conducted at a temperature of at least 575° C. to stabilize the resulting structure followed by an deammoniation treatment. An improved method of deammoniation uses low temperature oxidation.

Abstract: This invention relates to processes and systems for converting acyclic hydrocarbons to alkenes, cyclic hydrocarbons and/or aromatics, for example converting acyclic C5 hydrocarbons to cyclopentadiene in a reactor system. The process includes heating an electrically-conductive reaction zone by applying an electrical current to the first electrically-conductive reaction zone; and contacting a feedstock comprising acyclic hydrocarbons with a catalyst material in the electrically-conductive reaction zone under reaction conditions to convert at least a portion of the acyclic hydrocarbons to an effluent comprising alkenes, cyclic hydrocarbons, and/or aromatics.

Abstract: Processes are described for isomerizing one or more C4-C24 alpha olefins to produce an isomerization mixture comprising one or more C4-C24 internal olefins comprising contacting an olefinic feed comprising the one or more C4-C24 alpha olefins with a catalyst under isomerization conditions, wherein the catalyst comprises a microporous crystalline aluminosilicate selected from the group consisting of ZSM-5, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-11, ZSM-12, ZSM-48, ZSM-57, and mixtures or combinations thereof, and wherein the microporous crystalline aluminosilicate has a SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio of less than or equal to about 100. The resulting isomerization mixture typically exhibits a lower pour point and maintained biodegradability properties as compared to the olefinic feed, and is particularly useful in drilling fluid and paper sizing compositions.

Abstract: Improved systems and methods for producing propylene from olefins including isobutylene is disclosed. The improvements combine streams containing co-produced 1-butene, 2-butene, butadiene, and heavy olefins (C5+) exiting both a metathesis reactor and a skeletal isomerization reactor in a gasoline fractionation tower to remove the heavy olefins. The C4-containing distillate from the gasoline fractionation tower is then fed to a hydroisomerization unit to form mono-olefins and 2-butene. The resulting 2-butene rich stream can then be utilized in metathesis reactions to increase the production of propylene while increasing the lifetime of the metathesis catalyst.

Abstract: In an FCC apparatus in which swirl arms are used to discharge gas and catalyst from a riser, the swirling movement of the catalyst particles is inhibited while impeding the catalyst particles and gaseous products from exiting the disengaging chamber and entering a reactor annulus. The catalyst particles and gaseous products pass through a tunnel comprising a vertical wall to enter the reactor annulus. The vertical wall presents a face that is opposed to the angular direction in which the catalyst particles and gaseous products swirl. A baffle may be located at the intersection between the reactor annulus and the disengaging chamber to deflect catalyst laterally in a stripping section after exiting the reactor annulus. The baffle may be equipped with openings to fluidize the large proportion of catalyst passing over this region to effectively pre-strip this catalyst before it enters a stripping section.

Abstract: The invention relates to a use of a fluorination gas, wherein the elemental fluorine (F2) is present in a high concentration, for example, in a concentration of elemental fluorine (F2), especially of equal to much higher than 15% or even 20% by volume (i.e., at least 15% or even 20% by volume), and to a process for the manufacture of a fluorinated benzene by direct fluorination employing a fluorination gas, wherein the elemental fluorine (F2) is present in a high concentration. The process of the invention is directed to the manufacture of a fluorinated benzene by direct fluorination. Especially the invention is of interest in the preparation of fluorinated benzene, final products and as well intermediates, for usage in agro-, pharma-, electronics-, catalyst, solvent and other functional chemical applications. The fluorination process of the invention may be performed batch-wise or in a continuous manner. If the process of the invention is performed batch-wise, a column (tower) reactor may be used.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing bromotrichloromethane comprising a) providing bromine in chloroform; and b) radiation of the resulting solution with light in the range of 350 to 550 nm, wherein said solution of bromine in chloroform is not radiated with radiation of a wavelength below 350 nm.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparation of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and intermediates thereof. Owing to its low global warming potential and zero ozone depleting potential, it is been proposed as a replacement for existing chlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons as refrigerant.

Abstract: The invention relates to a use of a fluorination gas, the elemental fluorine (F2) is preferably present in a high concentration, e.g. in a concentration of elemental fluorine (F2), especially of equal to much higher than 15% or even 20% by volume (i.e., at least 15% or even 20% by volume), and to a process for the manufacture of a fluorinated benzene starting from benzoic acid by direct fluorination employing a fluorination gas. The elemental fluorine (F2) is preferably present in high concentration, and subsequent decarboxylation of the benzoic acid hypofluorite obtained by direct fluorination. The process of the invention is also directed to the manufacture of benzoic acid hypofluorite by direct fluorination of benzoic acid. Especially the invention is of interest in the preparation of fluorinatedbenzene, final products and as well intermediates, for usage in agro-, pharma-, electronics-, catalyst, solvent and other functional chemical applications.

Abstract: A method for producing a carbonyl compound represented by formula (1): wherein R1 is hydrogen or an organic group; R2 is hydrogen or an organic group; and R3 is hydrogen or an organic group; or two or three of R1, R2, and R3 may be linked to form a ring that may have at least one substituent, the method comprising step A of oxidizing an olefin compound represented by formula (2): wherein symbols are as defined above, by an oxidizing agent in the presence of (a) a non-alcohol organic solvent, (b) water, (c) a metal catalyst, and (d) an additive represented by the formula: MXn, wherein M is an element belonging to any one of Group 1, Group 2, Group 13, Group 14, and Group 15 in the periodic table, or NR4, wherein R is hydrogen or a C1-10 organic group; X is halogen; and n is a number of 1 to 5.

Abstract: Provided is an acetic acid production method including an absorption step that enables efficient and energy-saving separation of methyl iodide in a downstream step, when provided, of separating methyl iodide from a solution after the absorption of methyl iodide. The acetic acid production method according to the present invention includes an absorption step in an acetic acid production process. In the absorption step, at least a portion of offgases formed in the process is fed to an absorption column, is brought into contact with an absorbent including an organic acid having a higher boiling point as compared with acetic acid to allow the absorbent to absorb an iodine compound from the offgas, and a gas having a lower iodine compound concentration as compared with the offgas, and a solution containing the absorbent and the iodine compound are thereby to be separated.

Abstract: The invention relates to the production of (meth)acrylic esters according to a continuous process by transesterification, and in particular to the purification of a crude reaction mixture comprising a C4-C12 (meth)acrylic ester using a divided wall column employed in a particular configuration. This configuration results in a simplification of the purification process with a reduced energy consumption and a minimized content of impurities present in the purified (meth)acrylic ester. The invention also relates to a process for the production of C4-C12 (meth)acrylic ester comprising this recovery/purification process.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides industrially scalable methods of making (Z)-endoxifen or a salt thereof, crystalline forms of endoxifen, and compositions comprising them. The present disclosure also provides methods for treating hormone-dependent breast and hormone-dependent reproductive tract disorders.