Abstract: A portable vaporizing apparatus for inhalation therapy and method of operation of the portable vaporizing apparatus are disclosed. The portable vaporizing apparatus includes a liquid cartridge comprising therapeutic substance, and ultrasonic activating tip removably coupled to proximal end of liquid cartridge. Furthermore, portable vaporizing apparatus includes mouthpiece having airflow outlet removably coupled to outer edge of proximal end of liquid cartridge. Thereafter, portable vaporizing apparatus includes power source removably coupled to distal end of liquid cartridge. The portable vaporizing apparatus receives ambient air via mouthpiece and power from power source to liquid cartridge. Further, portable vaporizing apparatus agitates ultrasonic waves in ultrasonic activating tip using received power. Furthermore, portable vaporizing apparatus vaporizes therapeutic substance comprised in liquid cartridge, based on agitated ultrasonic waves and ambient air.

Abstract: The invention relates to an aerosol-generating system comprising an aerosol-generating device and an aerosol-generating article comprising aerosol-forming substrate. The aerosol-generating device comprises a cavity. The cavity is configured to receive the aerosol-generating article comprising aerosol-forming substrate. The device further comprises a mouthpiece configured to close the cavity. The aerosol-generating device is configured such that a gap is provided between the mouthpiece and the aerosol-generating article when the aerosol-generating article is received in the cavity and the mouthpiece is closed.

Abstract: A vaporizer cartridge configured to removably interface with one or two rings is described. The cartridge features one or two separate attachment means, each attachment means interfacing with one or more decorative rings. These rings can be adorned with third-party branding materials, and the removable nature of the rings allows the vaporizer cartridges to be easily replaced with rings bearing different branding materials.

Abstract: A cartridge for use in a personal vaporizer device, especially for use in an electronic cigarette, includes a housing enclosing a reservoir for storing a liquid to be vaporized in the personal vaporizer device, specifically in an electronic cigarette, the housing having an opening. The cartridge further includes at least one permeable member arranged within the housing, the permeable member being configured to convey liquid from the reservoir to the opening in the housing by capillary action. At least one membrane compartment is set into the opening in a top portion of the housing.

Abstract: Various embodiments of a vaporization device are described that include one or more features, such as for generating a combined inhalable aerosol. In some embodiments, the vaporization device can include one or more heaters that are configured to heat one or more vaporizable materials. Various embodiments of heating elements and heating systems for use in vaporization devices are also described.

Abstract: Devices, systems and methods to facilitate partially automated production of fluid-filled vaporizer cartridge are disclosed. A device can include a vaporizer cartridge configured to be sealable assembled by a press-fit after filling. Systems and methods include systems and methods for filling an array of partially-assembled vaporizer cartridges and for assembling an array of filled, partially-assembled vaporizer cartridges simultaneously.

Abstract: An atomizer includes a liquid delivery element configured to absorb an aerosol generating material of a liquid storage and a wire configured to heat the aerosol generating material and wound on a surface of the liquid delivery element, wherein the wire is wound in a spiral shape such that coils of the wire are spaced apart from each other by a certain distance on the surface of the liquid delivery element, one of end portions of the wire is in contact with a first portion of the surface of the liquid delivery element, and the other one of the end portions of the wire is in contact with a second portion of the surface of the liquid delivery element.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an electric heating device including: a protective cover provided with an inner protrusions and an outer protrusions of the protective cover; a heating cavity, where the bottom of the heating cavity adopts a closing structure that is gradually narrowed, and includes an outer wall and an inner wall of the heating cavity, where the heating cavity outer wall is provided with a protrusions on the heating cavity outer wall, where the heating cavity inner wall is provided with a protrusions on the heating cavity inner wall; and a heating means located in the heating cavity, where the inner protrusions on the heating cavity outer wall are snap-fitted with the outer protrusions of the protective cover, and where the outer protrusions on the heating cavity inner wall are snap-fitted with the inner protrusions of the protective cover.

Abstract: An atomizer and an electronic cigarette, the atomizer comprising: a housing, provided with a liquid storage chamber used to store e-liquid; a liquid guide element disposed in the housing, the liquid guide element having an atomization surface, and the liquid guide element being used to absorb some e-liquid in the liquid storage chamber and being capable of transferring the e-liquid to the atomization surface; and a radiating light source, having at least one radiation generating surface, the atomization surface facing the radiating light source and the radiating light source and the atomization surface being separated by a set distance, the radiation generating surface having provided thereon a far-infrared radiating component, the far-infrared radiating component being used to emit infrared light and at least partly radiate onto the atomization surface, so as to heat e-liquid near the atomization surface and generate an aerosol.

Abstract: An aerosol generating device includes a tubular heating chamber for heating aerosol generating material contained within the chamber, an insulating tube at least partially sleeved around the tubular heating member and at least one annular support for supporting the heating chamber within the insulating tube. At least a portion of the inner annular support is mounted within the insulating tube, and the heating chamber is at least partially mounted within the annular support.

Abstract: A cartridge for an electronic cigarette is configured to thermically connect to a base part having at least one heating element. The cartridge includes: a liquid store including a liquid outlet; a vaporization chamber in communication with the liquid store via the liquid outlet; a sorption member in the vaporization chamber for absorbing liquid transferred to the vaporization chamber via the liquid outlet; and a heat transfer unit configured, when the cartridge is thermically connected to the base part, to transfer heat from the heating element to the sorption member to vaporize liquid absorbed by the sorption member. The sorption member and the heat transfer unit are only in partial contact in contact zones.

Abstract: The disclosure discloses an atomizing assembly of an electronic cigarette and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method includes steps of: S1, providing a substrate; S2, plating a plurality of heating layers on a plurality of to-be-plated positions by vacuum plating according to the plurality of selected to-be-plated positions on a surface of the substrate; S3, cutting the substrate into a plurality of separated base bodies according to positions of the plurality of heating layers, each base body and the heating layer thereon form one atomizing assembly. The heating layers are attached to the substrate by vacuum plating, thus the plating is uniform and compact, high in size precision, strong in adhesive force and difficult to fall off. The substrate with the heating layers is cut into a plurality of separated atomizing assemblies, thus the production efficiency is higher, the product consistency is better and the product is more stable.

Abstract: The present application discloses a heater and an aerosol generating device. The heater includes: a base, having an inner surface; an infrared electrothermal coatings, being disposed on the inner surface of the base; a conductive module, comprising a first conductive portion and a second conductive portion arranged on the base, both the first conductive portion and the second conductive portion being electrically connected with the infrared electrothermal coating; wherein each of the first conductive portion and the second conductive portion includes a conductive portion coating section arranged on the inner surface of the base and a conductive portion electrode section arranged on an outer surface of the base.

Abstract: A vaporization core of an electronic vaporization device includes: a porous ceramic substrate; a ceramic covering layer; and a heating film. The ceramic covering layer is combined on a surface of the porous ceramic substrate. The heating film is combined on a surface of the ceramic covering layer away from the porous ceramic substrate. A porosity of the ceramic covering layer is lower than a porosity of the porous ceramic substrate. A plurality of penetrating holes are formed on the ceramic covering layer.

Abstract: A vaporizer includes: a base having a first cavity, and, on a bottom wall of the base, two electrode holes in communication with the first cavity; a vaporization core having a first electrode wire and a second electrode wire and mounted in the first cavity; and a first magnetic electrode and a second magnetic electrode. The first magnetic electrode is assembled in a first electrode hole of the two electrode holes and in contact with the first electrode wire electrically connectable to the first electrode wire. The second magnetic electrode is assembled in a second electrode hole of the two electrode holes and in contact with the second electrode wire electrically connectable to the second electrode wire.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electronic cigarette atomizer including a liquid cartridge (6) and an ultrasonic atomization piece (42) mounted vertically. The liquid cartridge (6) is located above the ultrasonic atomization piece (42), a liquid guide channel (311) communicated with the liquid cartridge (6) is disposed below the liquid cartridge (6), a liquid outlet (331) is horizontally disposed in the liquid guide channel (311), and the caliber of the liquid outlet (331) is smaller than that of the liquid guide channel (311); and liquid guide cotton (43) is horizontally mounted across the ultrasonic atomization piece (42). The liquid guide cotton (43) is in contact with or attached to an atomization surface of the ultrasonic atomization piece (42), and the liquid outlet (331) abuts against the liquid guide cotton (43). With the electronic cigarette atomizer, when smoking, e-liquid is supplied in time, and e-liquid supply and ultrasonic atomization are balanced, such that the burning phenomenon can be prevented.

Abstract: Example embodiments relate to a cartridge including a housing, a pre-vapor formulation reservoir configured to store a pre-vapor formulation in the housing, a vaporizer, and an airflow diverter. The vaporizer may be configured to vaporize the pre-vapor formulation. The vaporizer may include a heater and a wick, the wick may be in fluid communication with the pre-vapor formulation reservoir, and the heater may be configured to vaporize at least a portion of the pre-vapor formulation in the wick to form a vapor. The heater may be positioned in a transverse direction in the housing, and the airflow diverter may be located on an opposite side of the heater relative to a mouth-end portion.

Abstract: An aerosol generating device includes a first electrode and a second electrode, which are arranged apart from each other on an outer surface of a main body, and supplies power to a controller only when the first electrode and the second electrode are in electrical contact with each other by user's manipulation, such that power consumption in a standby mode may be significantly reduced.

Abstract: A method of enabling an operation of an aerosol generation device including at the aerosol generation device: determining whether an aerosol generation device held operation enablement message is valid or invalid, and enabling the operation if the aerosol generation device held operation enablement message is determined to be valid, at the personal computing device attempting to obtain a server generated operation enablement message, transmitting the server generated operation enablement message to the aerosol generation device if the server generated operation enablement message is obtained, and generating a personal computing device generated operation enablement message and transmitting the personal computing device operation enablement message to the aerosol generation device if the server generated operation enablement message is not obtained.

Abstract: An under garment includes a waist band and a fabric body connected to the waist band and defining two leg openings. The fabric body defines a front portion for covering the front of a user's torso and a rear portion for covering a rear of the user's torso. A pull tab is connected to one of the front portion of the fabric body and the waist band so as to extend from a front, exterior side, of the under garment. The pull tab is preferably located such that it can be easily accessed by a user with their fly unzipped and the top button or clasp of their pants still engaged.

Abstract: Provided is a garment made of a stretchable fabric and having an opening. The opening has a structure in which a fabric edge is folded back, and the fabric edge is fastened to a main body of the fabric with adhesives, a part of the opening is formed with a pattern in which curvature of the opening changes, and a row of the adhesives that are applied on a side closest to the edge of the fabric is applied within 2 mm from the edge of the fabric, and a difference between an average of spacings between adjacent adhesives applied in a row in a 3-cm section of a portion having the largest curvature radius at the opening and an average of spacings between adjacent adhesives applied in a row in a 3-cm section of a portion having a smaller curvature radius at the opening is within 15%.

Abstract: The sock pairing system includes a loop that is attached adjacent the top edge of socks and is used to attach pairs of socks to keep a plurality of socks sorted during laundering. The effective length of the loop is the length of the loop between the ends of the loop that are attached to the sock. The effective length of the loop is selected based on the type of sock to which the sock pairing system is attached. The sock pairing system may also include an optional pocket. In its extended position the loop extends out of the pocket, and in its tucked position the loop is tucked into the pocket. The pockets may also be color-coded, such that pairs of socks can be readily identified from a plurality of socks, should the socks become separated prior to or during laundering.

Abstract: A sock comprised of heal, arch and toe portions with targeted compression is disclosed. In general, the invention presents a five finger toe sock which provides for a combination of support and constriction points that specifically target and is conducive to blood flow of the common users foot. The five finger sock with strategic targeting points is selected by the customer and worn with regular shoes to increase blood flow, movement, vasodilation, and comfort.

Abstract: The invention describes an improved five finger sock. By keeping the toes separated, the design minimizes the amount of odor, bacterial and fungal buildup in the areas between the toes. The sock is also characterized by having a bamboo absorbent strategically targeted to the toe section for added benefits. The strategic targeting is an improvement upon existing bamboo fabric designs.

Abstract: A device having an elastic ventral band having a right-hand ventral portion and a left-hand ventral portion that are intended to extend respectively on the right-hand side and the left-hand side of the pregnant woman's belly in a use position in which said device is being worn by the pregnant woman, and a dorsal band having a right-hand dorsal portion and a left-hand dorsal portion that are intended to extend respectively on the right-hand side and the left-hand side of the pregnant woman's back in said use position, the device being characterized in that, when it is seen flat in a side view, the axis (D34d, D34g) of at least one of the right-hand and left-hand ventral portions is inclined, with respect to a transverse plane, at an angle greater than 5° and less than 80°.

Abstract: The upper body garments disclosed herein include shoulder straps formed of a woven tubular material flattened into a double-ply fabric. The woven tubular shoulder straps have advantageously high recovery. The upper body garments also include a torso-encircling main body portion with a breast supporting region coupled to a body strap. The body strap is formed of a circular knit, tubular material flattened into double-ply fabric. The woven tubular shoulder straps are coupled to the circular knit, tubular body strap. In some embodiments, the weft yarn of the woven tubular shoulder straps can have different material properties than the warp yarn of the woven tubular shoulder straps. Methods of making the upper body garments are also disclosed herein.

Abstract: A breast tape for supporting and lifting breasts and a method of applying the same are provided. The breast tape includes a body of lace, an adhesive applied to one surface of the lace, and a segmented protective material overlaying the adhesive. The breast tape supports and lifts the breasts by molding thereto and is attractive, easy to apply, has a smooth appearance, does not lose adhesiveness with ongoing wear, is breathable, comfortable and does not require heat activation or a lengthy gripping time. The method includes removing a first segment of protective material attached to a base of the breast tape and applying the base to a bottom of the breast, removing a second segment of the protective material, lifting the breast tape to achieve a desired support and lift, and applying the remainder of the breast tape to the skin and molding to the skin.

Abstract: A pant clothing item for uniped or bilateral amputee persons includes a modified distal opening of at least one pant leg with a cover portion, where upon fastening the cover portion to the modified distal opening, the cover portion encloses the distal opening of the pant leg and protects the residual limb from exposure.

Abstract: Disclosed is a heating system including: a heating garment formed as a tubular sleeve, the heating garment configured for being worn on a limb, having a cylindrical shape, a proximate end, a distal end that is axially spaced from the proximate end, a dorsal side, a ventral side that radially opposes the dorsal side, a proximate opening at the proximate end, and a distal opening at the distal end, wherein the heating garment is configured for being slid over the limb so that the proximate end is at a wrist or ankle, the distal end is near an elbow or knee, the dorsal side covers a dorsal side of the limb and the ventral side covers a ventral side of the limb, the heating garment including an infrared radiation (IR) heating source that distributes IR heat along at least a portion of the heating garment.

Abstract: A safety wear item featuring a series of LEDs mounted on each of four separate mounting strips, two strips extending down from a respective one of the wear item shoulders and two other strips wrapped around each side of the lower region of a wear item waist. The strips with LEDs are each readily and quickly detachable from the wear item to allow washing the vest or to replace a strip having a defective LED thereon.

Abstract: There is provided a wearable airbag device that can protect a pelvic region of a wearer from a surface on which the wearer falls at the time of a fall. The device includes an airbag that is configured to be worn on the wearer around a pelvis, and to allow an inflation gas to flow thereinto and inflate to cover an outer side of a targeted body part formed of formed of left and right trochanters of femurs of the wearer. The airbag includes rolling suppression means for suppressing rolling on the surface on which the wearer falls at the time of coming into contact with the surface on which the wearer falls.

Abstract: A full-body protection gear is disclosed. The protection gear includes a torso protector, an arm protector, and a lower body protector. The torso protector includes a protective vest defining a neck opening, a first arm opening, and a second arm opening. The torso protector includes a front shield, aback shield, a first pair of side shields, a second pair of side shields, a first shoulder shield and a second shoulder shield fixedly disposed on the protective vest. The arm protector includes a first part adapted to cover an upper arm region of a user extending from a shoulder to an elbow, and a second part adapted to be removably coupled with the first part and to cover a lower arm region of the user extending from the elbow to a palm. The lower body protector includes a first part adapted to cover pelvic region and an upper leg region of a user, and a second part removably coupled with the first part in a partial overlapping manner, and adapted to cover lower leg region of the user.

Abstract: A facemask system with automated voice display is disclosed. The facemask includes a covering configured to be positioned about the face of a user. At least one microphone is positioned adjacent the covering and the facemask includes a display for displaying language spoken captured by at least one microphone. A processor is in operable communication with the microphone and the display. The facemask includes a memory that contains instructions that can be executed by the processor to perform operations. The operations include receiving signals from at least one microphone, identifying language contained within the signals, and displaying the language on the display.

Abstract: A glove includes a glove body including a front side and a back side. The front side and the back side adapted to each other and including a forward end and a wristward end. The forward end and the wristward end adapted to each other may include a first finger portion configured to receive a little finger of a user, a second finger portion configured to receive a ring finger of a user, a third finger portion configured to receive a middle finger of a user, a fourth finger portion configured to receive an index finger of a user, and a thumb portion configured to receive a thumb of the user. A panel is adapted to the back side of the glove body. The panel may be configured to receive a removably insertable cleaning cloth.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a water vapor permeable glove or a glove lining. The method includes steps: (A) preparing a functional layer assembly in the shape of a hand having a hand insertion opening and having a flat configuration, the flat functional layer assembly being stretchable in at least one direction, (B) subjecting the flat functional layer assembly to a stretching force and thereby transforming the flat configuration into a three-dimensional structure under the influence of the stretching force, (C) applying heat to the functional layer assembly while the functional layer assembly is subject to the stretching force, thereby relaxing the functional layer assembly and transforming the three-dimensional structure of the functional layer assembly into a stable three-dimensional structure, and (D) removing the stretching force from the functional layer assembly.

Abstract: The invention relates to a glove device (4), the glove (3) of which is provided for protected intervention in a working chamber (11) of a containment (1) through an access (24) present in a port flange (2). The port flange (2) is built into a front panel (12) or into a wall of a housing (10) of the containment (1) positioned in an installation area (19). Machinery (13) for processing goods to be treated can be provided in the working chamber (11). The glove device (4) is designed as an assembly in the form of an insert which can be inserted into the port flange (2) in a gas-tight manner, said glove device comprising, on one side, a seal (41) which can be removed or is to be opened and, on the other side, a cover part (7) or a shut-off part (5) which is releasable from the assembly, and the vacuum-packed glove (3) between these two sides. The glove device (4) also has a fixing part (40) which is intended for gas-tight fastening to the port flange (2) and between which the seal (41) is gripped.

Abstract: A palm protector and a method for protecting the palm of the hand while allowing top portions of the hand to remain uncovered for comfort is disclosed. The palm protector is comprised of a flexible material having a grip relief and is removably-secured to the hand by means of an adhesive substrate. An object of the palm protector is to minimize injury to the palm and fingers during work or sporting activities while at the same time allowing the top of the hand to remain uncovered for proper perspiration and comfort.

Abstract: A drinking bladder jacket apparatus for convenient beverage storage and drinking includes a jacket having a jacket body, a pair of sleeves coupled to the jacket body, and an inner lining. A bladder pocket is coupled to the inner lining. A bladder is coupled within the bladder pocket. The bladder has a fill port and a release port extending into a bladder inside that holds a beverage. A cap is selectively engageable with the fill port to seal or unseal the bladder inside. A drinking tube is coupled to the bladder and extends either through one of the sleeves of the jacket or through a hood portion of the jacket if present. A valve is coupled to the drinking tube to restrict or allow the flow of the beverage.

Abstract: A magnetic decorative buckle for fixing clothing, comprising Including a first attraction piece and a second attraction piece, each includes two holes in the middle, which are used to pass clothes through. The whole the area of the two holes is greater than one-half of each attraction piece. The shape of each hole can be circular, oval or irregular. Each hole has a different size, too. each attraction piece includes two magnetic mounting sections for magnet installing inside. The magnetic decorative buckle provides a new method of fixing clothing, which can produce extra texture and shape of clothing, while avoiding damage to the clothing caused by piercing, and can also be used for a single piece of fabric.

Abstract: The coat carrying straps invention allows and creates a unique feature for ANY garment such as a parka/coat/jacket the option to carry the garment without wearing it, allowing hands free movement, hanging on your back similar to how you would wear a backpack and or over one shoulder.

Abstract: A wig apparatus, comprising: a mesh cap configured such that artificial hair can be coupled to an outer surface thereof; an adjustable headband comprising a first end and a second end, wherein the headband extends around at least a portion of the circumference of the mesh cap; an elastic band extending around an entire circumference of the mesh cap; and wherein the headband is coupled to at least a portion of one of the mesh cap and the elastic band.

Abstract: A prosthetic eyelash unit includes a base with a plurality of follicle areas located within the base. The prosthetic eyelash unit includes a plurality of artificial hairs extending from the plurality of follicle areas located within the base and through a front surface of the base. The base is designed to attach at least in part to a lash line of a user to form a prosthetic lash line.

Abstract: A fabric buttoning apparatus, including a plate, a needle, and a string, a first end thereof being fixed to the plate, and a second end thereof being fixed to the wide end of the needle, and a slit crossing from side to side of the plate.

Abstract: A hat shaping device is configured to be installed on headwear (e.g., on a band of a peaked cap) to urge the headwear into an oblong and/or oval shape. The device includes a pair of hooks connected together in a manner that allows the device to be transitioned between a deployed configuration, in which the device is configured for installation on the headwear, and a stowed configuration, in which the device is configured for easy storage and/or transport. In some examples, the device is collapsed when in the stowed configuration (e.g., with respective legs of the pair of hooks nested together one on top of the other.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for preparing a host article and a decorative patch for removable attachment to one another using snap fasteners. In one example, a method includes simultaneously punching a first plurality of holes arranged in a first pattern into a front surface of the host article, positioning a plurality of host snap fasteners in the first plurality of holes, and simultaneously setting the plurality of host snap fasteners to secure the plurality of host snap fasteners to the host article. The method further includes simultaneously punching a second plurality of holes in a corresponding second pattern into a decorative patch and setting a plurality of patch snap fasteners in the second plurality of holes to secure the plurality of patch snap fasteners to the decorative patch, the plurality of patch snap fasteners being configured to mate with the plurality of host snap fasteners to removably attach the decorative patch to the host article.

Abstract: Concussion sensing helmet and methods of use including at least one accelerometer, at least one force sensor, at least one indicator, and a processor configured to receive and process accelerometer input from the at least one accelerometer and force sensor input from the at least one force sensor, and to instruct the at least one indicator to signal a concussion condition when the accelerometer input and the force sensor input are consistent with an impact sufficient to cause a concussion.

Abstract: A helmet including a lighting system integrated into said helmet, the lighting system comprising a first layer; light emitting means mounted to said first layer; controller means mounted to said first layer for controlling said light emitting means; wiring means for linking said light emitting means to said controller means; a second layer fixably attached to said first layer thereby providing an area between said first and second layer for said light emitting means, controller means, and wiring means; power means fixably attached to said second layer for powering said controller and light emitting means; and operating means functionally linked to said controller means for operating said controller means. The application also discloses lighting system contained in a shell that that can be attached to an existing helmet. This application also discloses a lighting system contained in a flexible material that can be fitted onto an existing helmet.

Abstract: Described is an upper garment worn by welders while welding overhead, which is made of a breathable fabric and leather. The garment has a hood comprising leather attached to the neckline of the garment body, at least one leather sleeve, and leather on one shoulder and an upper front portion and an upper back portion of the garment that is contiguous with the at least one leather sleeve. The hood may be partially or completely made of leather, and the other sleeve may be leather. The strategic placement of leather on the garment improves the garment's durability, minimizes burns on the wearer from sparks and spatter, and protects the garment from the environment.

Abstract: A system for dynamic movement scoring comprising an article of footwear or apparel and a processor in networked wireless communication with the article of footwear or apparel. The article includes at least one accelerometer or inertial measurement unit operative to monitor spatial motion of at least a portion of the article of footwear or apparel, and to generate a data stream indicative of the monitored spatial motion. The processor is configured to receive the data stream from the article of footwear or apparel, identify at least one motion primitive from the received data stream; and determine an accuracy metric representing a correspondence between the monitored spatial motion of the article of footwear or apparel and the ordered number of motion primitives.

Abstract: A system for motion-based media creation includes an article of footwear or apparel having at least one accelerometer or inertial measurement unit operative to monitor spatial motion of at least a portion of the article of footwear or apparel and generate a data stream indicative of the monitored spatial motion. The system further includes a processor in networked wireless communication with the article of footwear or apparel. The processor is configured to receive the data stream from the article of footwear or apparel; identify at least one motion primitive from the received data stream; and trigger the playback of an audio sample or a visual effect in response to the identified at least one motion primitive.