Abstract: An abnormality determination device for a transporting refrigeration apparatus includes a determination unit that determines an abnormality of the transporting refrigeration apparatus installed on a container. In pre-trip inspection that is conducted before the container is loaded on a transporting device, a test operation is performed for test operating modes. The pre-trip inspection is conducted multiple times. The abnormality determination device is configured to obtain at least part of time series test data related to a same one of the test operating modes in the pre-trip inspection. The determination unit is configured to determine whether the transporting refrigeration apparatus has an abnormality based on a change trend of the time series test data related to a same one of the test operating modes when the pre-trip inspection is conducted multiple times, and when there is no abnormality, estimate an abnormality occurrence time.

Abstract: A method of uniform RF-heating within a chamber is disclosed, which includes cyclically varying electromagnetic properties of a chamber according to a plurality of configuration, transmitting an alternating RF signal about a first frequency range between a first frequency and a second frequency from a transmitter into the chamber, measuring electromagnetic power at a random receiver location in the chamber for each of the plurality of configurations and at a predetermined resolution of frequency thereby generating a statistical distribution vs. frequency, applying a statistical test to the generated statistical distribution based on a predetermined statistical function, determining a standard deviation of the average received power as a function of frequency, choosing a third frequency range associated with a standard deviation lower than a second threshold, and choosing an operational frequency in the third frequency range which provides maximum heating depending on the material being heated.

Abstract: A bin ventilation apparatus and system may include a duct defining a duct interior and having an inboard end for orienting toward the bin and an outboard end for orienting away from the bin. The duct may have an inboard opening at the inboard end and a perimeter wall extending between the inboard and outboard ends. The perimeter wall may have an upper wall portion, a lower wall portion, and a pair of side wall portions about the duct interior. The apparatus may also include an air movement assembly mounted on the duct and being at least partially positioned in the duct interior between the inboard and outboard ends. The air movement assembly may include a motor and an impeller rotatable by the motor to move air through the duct.

Abstract: The present invention relates to delivering sand to a metal melting furnace to fill a tap hole. The swiveling sander moves into position through a horizontal arcing movement. The Swiveling Sanding Systems comprises a swiveling sander with slag plunger. The Swiveling Sander swivels from a home position into a sanding position in order to add sand to a metal melting furnace at the same time as the slag plunger moves out of the way. After delivering sand, the swiveling sander swivels back to home position while the slag plunger also moves back to home position followed by the plunger clearing any slag.

Abstract: A method for identifying, classifying, and sending notification of an electric arc furnace's (EAF) anomalies to improve the EAF efficiency. The method includes the steps of establishing baseline state measurements of the EAF, receiving new state measurements of the EAF and statistically testing the new state measurements against the baseline state measurements. The method further includes the steps of identifying as an anomaly a failed statistical test, classifying the identified anomaly and sending notification of the classified anomaly to a configurable list of recipients.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for stirring a molten metal are provided. The apparatus comprising: an electromagnetic stirrer, the electromagnetic stirrer including a core, the core being provided with two or more teeth, the core being provided with two or more electrically conducting coils; connections for applying a current to the electrically conducting coils; wherein the two or more teeth have an end proximal the core and an end distal the core, the end distal the core defining a tooth end face, the tooth end face for at least one of the teeth not being aligned with the tooth end face for at least one of the other teeth. In this way the air gap between the teeth and the container in which molten metal is to be stirrer can be kept small, even with curved walls or bases to the container.

Abstract: A heat transfer surface for use in conjunction with a heat exchanger is disclosed. The heat transfer surface a corrugated member where rows of corrugations that are offset relative to each other forming at least an alternating series of first and second rows or first, second and third rows. In some embodiments the heat transfer surface includes a heat transfer enhancement feature disposed within individual corrugations of the corrugated member to provide a more turbulent or tortuous fluid flow path through the heat transfer surface. In some example embodiments the heat transfer enhancement feature is a ridge disposed in the planar portions of at least some of the rows of corrugations. In other example embodiments the planar fin portions are porous fin surfaces. In other embodiments, the corrugated member cooperates with heat transfer enhancement features in the form of triangular protuberances disposed on their inner surfaces of spaced apart plates.

Abstract: A heat exchanger cooling system includes: a passage extending from a water tank and branching off into a first passage and a second passage at a branch portion provided in the middle of extension of the passage, the passage including a water discharge portion provided on a distal end side of the first passage so as to face a radiator; a pump configured to send water into the passage from the water tank; a first opening-closing valve provided in the first passage and configured to open and close the first passage; a second opening-closing valve provided in the second passage and configured to open and close the second passage; and a controlling portion configured to control an operation of the pump and to control opening and closing of the first opening-closing valve and the second opening-closing valve.

Abstract: A heat exchanger system includes a core structure with an oil flow path configured to receive an oil flow. The heat exchanger system also includes a fuel flow path included in the core structure and configured to receive a fuel flow. The fuel flow path is coupled to the oil flow path to allow the fuel flow to receive heat from the oil flow in the oil flow path. Also, the heat exchanger system includes a supplemental airflow path defined at least partly by the core structure and configured to receive a supplemental airflow that receives heat from at least one of the oil flow and the fuel flow.

Abstract: A heat exchanger has: a first manifold assembly having a stack of plates; a second manifold assembly having a stack of plates; and a plurality of tubes extending from the first manifold assembly to the second manifold assembly. The plurality of tubes is a plurality groups of tubes. For each of the groups of the tubes: the tubes of the group have first ends mounted between plates of the first manifold assembly; and the tubes of the group have second ends mounted between plates of the second manifold assembly.

Abstract: A heat exchanger includes: a first straight section; a second straight section; and a bent section or elbow linking the first straight section and the second straight section. Each straight section comprises a part of an internal cylindrical shell and of an external cylindrical shell, both cooperating to form an intershell space enclosing a bundle of parallel U-bent tubes having each a first and a second straight part respectively located in the first straight section and second straight section of the exchanger and a 180°-bent part located in the bent section or elbow of the exchanger, so that, in use, a first fluid to be heated and vaporized is flowing in the tubes. The external cylindrical shell is provided respectively at one end with an inlet and at another end with an outlet for a second fluid which is a hot thermal fluid.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a round plate heat exchanger having a heat exchange part in which a plurality of heat medium flow paths and a plurality of combustion gas flow paths are formed alternately adjacent to each other between a plurality of plates. The plurality of plates are formed by stacking a plurality of unit plates comprising a first plate and a second plate stacked each therein. The plurality of heat medium flow paths are formed to be spaced from each other between the first plate and the second plate, a plurality of heat medium connection flow paths are formed in some areas of the plurality of heat medium flow paths, and each of the plurality of combustion gas flow paths is formed between the second plate of one unit plate and the first plate of another unit plate stacked adjacent to the unit plate.

Abstract: A vapor chamber having a working fluid therein, includes a first and second casing, together forming an evaporator section having a plurality of first support structures therein, a condenser section having a plurality of second support structures therein, and a vapor flow chamber extending from the evaporator section to the condenser section is provided. The evaporator section further includes a plurality of extended heat transfer structures therein, contacting a first inner surface of the evaporator section of the first casing and being perpendicular thereto. The vapor flow chamber includes as least one evaporator vapor flow area. The first inner surface, second inner surface of the first and second casings, plurality of extended heat transfer structures, and at least one of a plurality of first support structures include evenly distributed and substantially the same thickness sintered powdered wick structures thereon.

Abstract: A vapor chamber and a heat dissipation device with the vapor chamber are provided. The vapor chamber includes a first plate, a second plate, a first capillary strip, a first communication structure and a working medium. An accommodation space is defined by the first plate and the second plate collaboratively. The first capillary strip is installed in the accommodation space. The accommodation space is divided into a first region and a second region by the first capillary strip. The working medium is accommodated within the accommodation space. The working medium flows between the first region and the second region through the first communication structure. Since the working medium is guided to flow in the accommodation space by the first capillary strip and the first communication structure, the heat dissipating efficacy is enhanced.

Abstract: A heat pipe comprises a first pipe and at least a second pipe. The first pipe includes an evaporator, a heat insulator and a condenser communicating with each other to define a hollow chamber. The second pipe disposed in the hollow chamber includes an accommodating space and a first capillary structure disposed in one end of the accommodating space closer to the evaporator. Two opposite sides of an outer pipe wall of the second pipe directly abut an inner pipe wall of the first pipe. The first pipe further includes a second capillary structure which is disposed in the hollow chamber closer to the evaporator and extended to an outside of the second pipe and occupies at least ? volume of the evaporator. A first part of the first capillary structure and the second capillary structure are connected to each other by winding so as to enhance transportation therebetween.

Abstract: An energy transportation and grid support system utilizes at least one transportable containment module capable of storing thermal or chemical energy typically produced from renewable or geothermal sources and providing connectivity with energy conversion equipment typically located in a land or sea-based operating facility. The system includes circuitry to hookup to an adjacent electricity grid for the provision of grid support and/or piping to move thermal energy typically used to drive steam turbines generating electricity. The operating facility also includes a communication arrangement to link with and exchange operations control data with a grid or heating operator and the energy transportation operator. The invention is directed to both apparatus and method for the energy transportation and grid support system.

Abstract: A tube-in-tube heat exchanger utilizes a selectively permeable tube having a selective permeable layer to allow the refrigerant to transfer into an ionic liquid to generate heating or cooling. The ionic liquid then provides heating or cooling to a heat transfer fluid through a non-permeable layer or tube. The system may be configured as a shell and tube design, with the third fluid free to flow on the outside of the shell, or as a shell and tube-in-tube, with a central tube containing a first liquid, a second tube containing a second liquid, and an outer shell containing the third liquid. The selectively permeable tube may include an anion or cation selectively permeable layer and this layer may be supported by a support layer or tube.

Abstract: A heat-sink base provided with heat-sink fin portions, a manufacturing method and a motor provided with the heat-sink base. The base is produced by pouring cast metal into a mold cavity to replace a pattern having a predetermined sublimation temperature. The base includes a preformed heat-sink member comprising a plurality of heat-sink fin portions and at least one anchor portion embedded at least partially in the pattern, and a base body comprising an enclosed base portion and a holder portion for receiving and holding the at least one anchor portion. By virtue of the invented method, the heat-sink member having an extremely thin thickness can be mounted on the base body and the overall surface area of the heat-sink base is increased considerably.

Abstract: An exhaust gas recirculation heat exchanger assembly that includes a tube, a fin structure, and a clip. The tube has first and second walls extending between a first lateral end and a second lateral end. The fin structure is received in the tube to form a cooling tube assembly. The cooling tube assembly defines a first channel between the first lateral end and a first fin of the fin structure, a second channel between the second lateral end and a second fin of the fin structure disposed opposite the first fin, and a plurality of intermediate channels extending between the first and second channels. The clip is coupled to the cooling tube assembly. The clip has at least one flow impeding portion being configured to impede a fluid flow through at least one of the first channel, the second channel, and one or more of the intermediate channels.

Abstract: A syngas loop boiler includes a casing that surrounds a tube bundle, wherein the tube bundle includes a plurality of tubes. One end of each of the tubes is joined to a tube-sheet provided with corresponding tube-sheet inlet holes for inletting the syngas in the boiler, wherein each tube-sheet inlet hole is internally provided with at least a protective sleeve welded at both ends to corresponding surfaces of the tube-sheet inlet hole. Each tube-sheet inlet hole is provided with a first respective weld overlay placed at the inlet mouth of the tube-sheet inlet hole, so that a first end of each protective sleeve is welded to the first weld overlay. Each tube-sheet inlet hole is internally provided with at least a bore groove that contains a respective in-bore second weld overlay, so that the second end of the protective sleeve is welded to the in-bore second weld overlay.

Abstract: A heat transfer device such as a heat sink includes one or more fins for dissipating heat received from a heat source, such as an integrated circuit or other electronic component. A thermosiphon component including a tube that defines a closed, continuous loop and contains a working fluid is attached to a face of a corresponding fin and is arranged to operate as a two-phase thermosiphon to transfer heat across areas of the fin. The heat transfer may equalize temperatures across the fin, enhancing efficiency.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides fluid eductors, systems that utilize fluid eductors, and methods of entraining a suction fluid flow using a fluid eductor. Exemplary fluid eductors include a concentric eductor space or a plurality of annular eductor spaces. Exemplary methods include ejecting a volume of motive fluid out of a concentric eductor space of a fluid eductor, accelerating a peripheral region of the suction fluid flow with the motive fluid ejecting out of the first annular eductor space, and accelerating a core region of the suction fluid flow with the motive fluid ejecting out of the second annular eductor space.

Abstract: A fan brake system for controlling an industrial fan system, the fan brake system including a fan brake having a brake pad movable on the fan brake to selectively engage the fan system. An actuator including a motor can be operable to cause the fan brake to perform a braking procedure on the fan system to resist rotational movement of the fan system. A controller can be communicated with the actuator, the controller operable to selectively cause the actuator and the fan brake to perform the braking procedure, wherein the controller is operable to monitor and control power being supplied to the motor of the actuator during the braking procedure to maintain a torque output of the motor according to a predetermined torque profile during the braking procedure.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a load bearing direct-drive system and a variable process control system for efficiently managing the operation of fans in a cooling system such as a wet-cooling tower, air-cooled heat exchanger (ACHE), HVAC system, blowers and centrifugal blowers, mechanical towers or chiller systems. In one embodiment, the load bearing direct-drive system comprises a load bearing torque multiplier device having an output rotatable shaft connected to a fan, and a load bearing motor comprising a rotatable shaft that drives the load bearing torque multiplier device.

Abstract: An automatic washing apparatus for a heat exchanger is proposed. The automatic washing apparatus is configured to recognize positions of tube holes through a camera, and to automatically wash the tube holes. The automatic washing apparatus is also configured to be able to automatically wash an external bundle and internal tubes of a heat exchanger in accordance with set operation patterns of an external washing module and an internal washing module, and to be able to reuse washing water used for washing a heat exchanger as washing water by reprocessing the washing water.

Abstract: A firearm breech device (100) has a breech body (110) with a lower part with functional elements for interaction with an upper part of a handle part of the firearm. A firing pin (130) is linearly movable within a bore (120) of the breech body (110) with a leading end face (111) adjacent to the cartridge chamber (200) of a barrel of the firearm. The firing pin can be propelled by means of a pulse generator (140) which is also linearly movable within the bore (120) from a retracted basic position into an advanced firing position. In the advanced firing position, an ignition pin (138) of the firing pin (130) strikes an ignition element of a cartridge (300) to fire a shot.

Abstract: A captured spring recoil buffer has a rod with a flanged rear end and a shaft defining a pin passage slot. An action spring is fitted around the rod and is defined by a forward end and a rear end abutting against the flanged rear end of the rod. A buffer has a cylindrical sidewall and defines an axial bore, with the cylindrical sidewall further defining a pair of aligned crosswise pin openings normal to the bore axis. The buffer is in sliding engagement with the rod, and the forward end of the action spring abuts against the buffer. A dowel pin is positioned through the crosswise pin openings on the cylindrical sidewall of the buffer and through the pin passage slot of the shaft.

Abstract: A modular grip device for a firearm. The modular grip is designed to be removable from a firearm's frame. The modular grip is designed with recesses on both sides of the grip. Removable panels are designed to fit into the recesses, with a beveled edge securing an edge of each panel to a undercut surface in the modular grip. A trim ring is affixed to an end of the modular grip, with a coaxial hole designed into the grip and trim ring, which is designed to receive a retaining pin.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods, wherein a device is attachable to a firearm and includes a pressure sensor configured to sense pressure generated from the firearm and provide a corresponding signal, a weapon movement sensor configured to sense at least one movement of the firearm and provide a corresponding signal, at least one processor; and memory including computer instructions, the computer instructions configured to, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to determine an event of the firearm based on the corresponding signal provided by the pressure sensor and the corresponding signal provided by the weapon movement sensor. Systems that include the device may record event data and transmit the event data to various user systems for situational awareness, record keeping, training, and other organizational or legal-process purposes.

Abstract: A fire control lockout assembly restricts a semiautomatic style firearm to single shot operation by requiring specific, sequential manual manipulation of the firearm by the operator prior to firing a subsequent round from the firearm. The lockout assembly has a modified safety selector and a modified disconnector and/or a modified trigger assembly that interrupts the usual automatic progression of the fire control group components after firing the firearm by increasing the upward distance the trigger sear must travel before contacting the disconnector. The increased distance prevents the hammer from automatically being released from the disconnector. The modified safety selector has a barrel that presses downward on the rearward end of the disconnector to release the hammer. After firing a round, the safety selector must be moved to its safe position and then to its fire position in order to fire a subsequent round from the firearm.

Abstract: The no-bullet no-firing structure of the toy gun is disclosed. The toy gun has an impact unit and the no-bullet no-firing structure. The structure has a barrel component, a switch unit and a magazine unit. The switch unit has a pull lever with an abut lever, an elastic member with an elastic arm, and a push member. The magazine unit has a magazine, a bullet and a pulled member. The pulled member is pushed by the bullet to push the abut lever to make the pull lever, the push member and the impact unit be aligned on a same linear line. When no bullet is in the magazine, the abut lever is pushed by the elastic arm to rotate the pull lever pivotally, and the pull lever drives the push member to swing to make the toy gun be unable to fire.

Abstract: A riflescope that stores several grouped ballistics data includes a reticle having individually addressable indicators, a memory that stores two or more stored sets of ballistics data, where each set of ballistics data is mapped to a respective set of indicators of the reticle, a selector configured to choose one of the stored sets of ballistics data as an active set of ballistics data, and a driver structured to energize only those indicators of the plurality of indicators that are mapped to the active set of ballistics data. Methods of selecting an active group of ballistics data are also described.

Abstract: Implementations of an optical sight mounting system are provided. An example optical sight mounting system comprises an optical sight having a base that can be secured to a pistol slide having an adapter interface. The base of the optical sight is configured so that it can be rotated into position within the adapter interface. In this way, the optical sight can be mounted on a pistol and used to aim. Another example optical sight mounting system comprises an optical sight having a base that can be secured to an adapter interface of an optical sight mount. The base of the optical sight is configured so that it can be rotated into position within the adapter interface. The optical sight mount is configured to releasable engage a mounting interface of a firearm (e.g., a MIL-STD-1913 rail). In this way, the optical sight can be positioned on a firearm (e.g., a rifle) and used to aim.

Abstract: An example barrier can be switchable between an at least partially collapsed state and at least partially expanded state (e.g., a deployed state). For example, the barrier can be formed from a sheet and a plurality of rigid sections (e.g., rigid panels) attached or incorporated into the sheet. The barrier can also include a plurality of hinges, such as hinge lines, between the panels that are formed from the sheet. The hinges enable the barrier to be rigid foldable (e.g., the hinges can fold and unfold while the rigid sections remain stiff and rigid) between the expanded and collapsed states.

Abstract: An armoured vehicle turret that can accommodate a crew including a gunner includes: a fixed roof with an opening; a retractable protection system having an armoured cover or dome, that is pivotably movable about a horizontal axis and/or in vertical translation, the retractable protection system being capable of assuming: a first position in which the retractable protection system is retracted against the roof and ensures a closing of the opening; a second partial open position in which the retractable protection system is partially deployed in vertical translation upwards so as to protect a soldier in an observation position; a third partial open position in which the retractable protection system is partially deployed in vertical translation upwards more so than in the second position, so as to protect the soldier in a sniper position; and a fourth fully open position in which the retractable protection system is fully deployed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a device and a method for protecting a bicyclist from attacks by persons and/or animals while bicyclist is using the bicycle. The device includes a bracket structure, a safety alarm device, self-defense spray device and a clamp unit. The clamp unit mounts the bracket structure on the bicycle handlebar. The safety alarm device and the self-defense spray device are used to deter/repel/scare off the attacker. The abstract of the disclosure is submitted herewith as required by 37 C.F.R. section. 1.72(b). As stated in 37 C.F.R. section 1.72(b): A brief abstract of the technical disclosure in the specification must commence on a separate sheet, preferably following the claims, under the heading “Abstract of the Disclosure.” The purpose of the abstract is to enable the Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and gist of the technical disclosure. The abstract shall not be used for interpreting the scope of the claims.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improved target system for use by target shooters. The target system includes any target that is solid enough to transfer a portion of the impact to the frame supporting the target. An impact sensor that is independent from the target is attached to the frame supporting the target. When the target is hit by a bullet, the impact causes the impact sensor to light an indicator light to indicate that the target was hit. In some embodiments, the indicator light is housed in a housing that includes an adjustable lens to focus the light and concentrate its direction toward the shooter. In other embodiments, a remote indicator light is utilized and the impact sensor sends a radio signal to the indicator light to cause it light up when the target is impacted.

Abstract: The present invention provides a subsonic ammunition comprising: a primer insert comprises a top surface opposite a bottom surface, a substantially cylindrical coupling element extending away from the bottom surface forming, a primer recess in the top surface that extends toward the bottom surface, a primer flash aperture positioned in the primer recess to extend through the bottom surface, a flash aperture groove in the primer recess that extends circumferentially about the primer flash aperture, and a flange that extends circumferentially about an outer edge of the top surface; a polymeric casing body comprising a generally cylindrical hollow polymer body molded over the substantially cylindrical coupling element, into the primer flash aperture and into the flash aperture groove to form a flash hole and extending toward a mid-body coupling joint; a nose comprising a projectile aperture that extends to a neck connected to a shoulder that transitions from the projectile aperture to a nose coupler, wherein the

Abstract: A method for forming a fragmentation explosive munition includes providing a casing, and forming holes in the casing using electrical discharge machining (EDM), thereby forming a modified casing.

Abstract: Methods and systems for collecting high definition images of spent firearm cartridges under different illumination conditions described herein. Features indicative of firing pin impact with each spent firearm cartridge are extracted and compared to features extracted from different spent firearm cartridges. The likelihood that the cartridges were fired from the same firearm is determined based on the differences between the extracted features. A cartridge fixture locates a spent firearm cartridge inside an imaging chamber illuminated by different combinations of illumination devices located in different locations with respect to the spent firearm cartridge. Collected images are filtered by a trained image feature filter to extract features indicative of a firing pin strike. Features extracted from different spent firearm cartridges are compared to determine the likelihood that the spent firearm cartridges were fired from the same firearm based on one or more error metrics characterizing feature differences.

Abstract: An explosive detonating system comprises connectable components to connect/disconnect a pathway that ignites an explosion. A firing actuator activates primers (percussion caps). An adapter connects the firing actuator to shock tube and channels the ignition force into the shock tube. A cap box houses blasting caps coupled to the end of the shock tube. A priming well is coupled to the cap box/blasting caps and the detonating cord. When the firing actuator is initiated, the percussion caps ignite, sending an explosive wave into the adapter, which channels the wave into the shock tube and ignites the shock tube. The explosive wave travels through the shock tube and activates the blasting caps, which activate the detonating cord in the priming well. The explosive is placed in a location to provide a desired explosive effect. For example, the system may be employed as a system to breach structures or other applications.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an intelligent explosion-proof table, including a worktable, an explosion-proof box; the worktable has a window passing through in the vertical direction. The explosion-proof box with an open top is arranged under the window of the worktable. A lifting plate which can be moved up and down and a support mechanism for driving the lifting plate to be lifted are provided inside the explosion-proof box. The lifting plate is used for placing a danger source and matches with the window and is capable of being raised into the window.

Abstract: A tape measure holder comprises a C-shaped clip having an adhesive disposed upon at least one interior face of the clip configured to removably secure a length of measuring tape upon the exterior surface of an object to be measured.

Abstract: A system for measuring the diameter of a suture includes a test bench, a first suture clamping assembly slidably mounted to the test bench, and a second suture clamping assembly fixed to the test bench. The system includes a suture diameter gauge slidably mounted to the test bench and located between the first and second suture clamping assemblies for obtaining suture diameter measurements for a suture secured to the clamping assemblies. The system has a rotation assembly coupled with the first and second suture clamping assemblies for simultaneously rotating the first and second suture clamping assemblies on an axis between a first position and a second position that defines a right angle with the first position. The system includes a suture tensioning assembly for applying tension to a suture secured to the first and second suture clamping assemblies as the suture is rotated on its axis.

Abstract: A measurement device can include a plurality of wheel support modules. Each of the wheel support modules can be configured to attach to a different type of vehicle wheel and to provide for rotation of the vehicle wheel about an axis. An arm can be removably attached to the first wheel support module. A measurement element that measures deformation of the vehicle wheel can be moveably attached to the arm. The different configuration of each of the wheel support modules allows for various types of vehicle wheels to be measured for deformation using the same measurement device.

Abstract: Surface measuring apparatus for measuring a surface of a workpiece has a probe for contacting the surface of workpiece, a feed apparatus for moving probe relative to surface of the workpiece along a feed axis for sampling surface of workpiece. The probe outputs a probe output signal during sampling of the workpiece. An evaluation apparatus is in data transmission connection with probe and is designed and programmed to reconstruct the profile of the surface of workpiece based on the probe output signal. Evaluation apparatus is designed and programmed to determine an apparatus frequency signature representing characteristic natural frequencies of the surface measuring apparatus, and an analyzer is provided which detects and analyzes the temporal course of the apparatus frequency signature, such that the functional state of the surface measuring apparatus is assessed based on the temporal course of the apparatus frequency signature.

Abstract: A strain gauge includes a flexible substrate and a functional layer formed of a metal, an alloy, or a metal compound, directly on one surface of the substrate. The strain gauge includes a resistor formed of a film including Cr, CrN, and Cr2N, on one surface of the functional layer. The substrate has an expansion coefficient in a range of from 7 ppm/K to 20 ppm/K.

Abstract: A sensor module includes a substrate; a resistor formed of a-film containing Cr, CrN, and Cr2N, on one surface of the substrate; an electronic component mounted on the one surface of the substrate, to be electrically connected to the resistor; and a power source mounted on the one surface of the substrate or on another surface of the substrate, to be electrically connected to the electronic component, to supply power to the electronic component.

Abstract: A method for measuring strain of a component includes determining a preferred placement for a strain sensor on the component, and a preferred feature dimension and orientation for the strain sensor at the preferred placement on the component; and printing the strain sensor at the preferred placement on the component with the preferred feature dimension and orientation.

Abstract: Embodiments of systems for classifying interference signals are disclosed. In an example, a system for classifying interference signals includes an interferometer including a light source and a detector, and at least one processor. The interferometer is configured to provide a plurality of interference signals each corresponding to a respective one of a plurality of positions on a surface of a semiconductor chip. A spectrum of the light source is greater than a spectrum of white light. The at least one processor is configured to classify the interference signals into a plurality of categories using a model. Each of the categories corresponds to a region having a same material on the surface of the semiconductor chip.